上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选

上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选

TEXT 1

(beside under aside character over distort slay suppose scrub sit separate home demonstrate tip genetic commencement accurate periodically expose address flicker investigate stand sample flaws meanwhile coincide puncture prosecution outline)

An attractive American student on trial for murder can count on support 6,000 miles away in her native Seattle. There, one of Amanda Knox's most vocal backers is attorney Anne Bremner, who has offered her counsel pro bono to the accused's family and is a spokeswoman for Friends of Amanda. On Friday, she sat down with TIME to go over the case against Knox, who took the witness (1) ____on Friday in her murder trial.

Video footage from the crime scene of British student Meredith Kercher's murder (2) ____ on a laptop screen as Bremner points out what she deems critical (3) ____ in the collection of evidence. After placing rulers on the sides of a bloody shoeprint, for example, a blue-rubber-gloved hand reaches down with a piece of white cloth and (4) ____ the bloody mark off the tile floor before putting the cloth into an evidence tube. This happens three times for three (5) ____footprints. In film footage taken at least a day later, another team of investigators attempts, using photographs, to place where the footprints had been. "They should have lifted the tile," Bremner says, shaking her head.

In what is surely a well-rehearsed (6) ____ by now, Bremner goes on to (7) ____ the case against Knox, point by point. The (8) ____, she says, is most likely relying on a knife found at the house of Knox's then boyfriend and fellow accused Rafaelle Sollecito. That knife has Knox's DNA on the handle and what some forensic scientists say is Kercher's DNA on the (9) ____. But Bremner dismisses the idea that it is the knife that killed Kercher: "They never found the murder weapon." Bremner claims that a bloody print on the bed linens conveys the shape of the actual murder weapon and that the knife in question "doesn't match an (10) ____ of the knife on the bed." Additionally, Bremner says, expert testimony has already indicated that at least two of the wounds on Kercher's neck couldn't have been made by that particular blade. That (11) ____, she points out, it's not surprising that Knox's DNA would be on its handle; she prepared dinner with Sollecito in his apartment.

As to whether the DNA on the tip belongs to Kercher, experts disagree. Patrizia Stefanoni, a police forensics expert who testified in the pretrial hearing in May, suggested that it was Kercher's DNA on the tip of the knife — and that the way the (12) ____ material was positioned indicated the knife had probably been used to (13) ____ the skin. But other experts who have analyzed the DNA evidence for the defense suggest that poor sample quality and possible contamination undermine the (14) ____ of these results.

Contamination was also likely with the DNA found on Kercher's bra clasp, Bremner says, pointing out that the clasp wasn't collected until more than two months after the murder and that throughout

film footage of the crime scene investigation it (15) ____ changes location — suggesting it was picked up and moved several times.

Bremner goes on to criticize the (16) ____ assassination the media have directed at Knox since the beginning of the trial, which she believes gives the defense an uphill battle in front of a jury that is unsequestered and thus (17) ____ to the often explosive stories in the press.

Accounts of Knox doing splits and cartwheels as she awaited questioning by the police are a (18) ___of the behavior of a teenager exhibiting restlessness, Bremner argues, and depictions of a hypersexualized relationship with her "on-again, off-again" boyfriend Sollecito have been (19) ___dramatized. "They met at a music concert and had been dating for two weeks when this happened," she says. "It's hard to be 'on-again, off-again' in two weeks."

Her list goes on. It was reported that Knox went out to buy lingerie and had an explicit conversation about sex with Sollecito as the investigation first got (20) ___ way. "That house was a crime scene," Bremner explains, "so she couldn't go back in and didn't have any clothes. And the person who (21) ____ reported that this conversation had been overheard didn't even speak English, and their conversation was in English."

As the trial goes on, the prosecution will surely continue to drive (22) ____ their most damning points: the knife; Knox's statement putting herself at the house the night Kercher was (23) ____. And the defense will probably point to the crime-scene video, with its frequent stops and starts, and to alleged flaws in the (24) ____ — for example, when a female investigator reaches down with tweezers to pluck a hair (25) ____ off the blood-stained duvet, her own long hair dangles down (26) ____ her.

(27) ____, back in Seattle, Knox's supporters will be following all this from afar. And observing a bitter milestone: this weekend, Knox's testimony (28) ____ with what would have been her college graduation. Her former classmates "are (29)____ their lives,"Bremner says, "and she's (30) ____ in jail."

TEXT 2

(affection consistent identity mar cultivate condition crackdown woe coherence dictator model same more little clamp pragmatism capitalism argue privilege click notable likely slap capture ally downgrade scrap sector traditionally pretense )

On a recent cover, weekly French news magazine Le Point featured a photo of a confounded- looking President Nicolas Sarkozy in a heavy rainstorm with a headline that read what's happening to him? Both the image and the question (1)____ Sarkozy's transformation from a leader who could do no wrong to one whose every move seems to incite opposition or controversy — even among (2)____. Many of the French President's (3)____ exist because voters are confused about what he stands for. His decisions seem to contradict each other, they complain, and his

policies are often ideologically schizophrenic. "For the first two years of his presidency, Sarkozy convinced French public opinion that all he had to do was announce reform for it to be as good as done — that his word and desired results were one and the (4)____," says Denis Muzet, president of Médiascopie, a public-opinion research institute in Paris. "Since last January, however, people have not only begun complaining it's all gesticulation with (5) ____ real result, but that the reforms themselves are clashing in nature, illegible in content, and often harmful in what they achieve. They see no ideological (6)____ in Sarkozy's reform or leadership." Which means that the more salient question might actually be: Who is Nicolas Sarkozy? Is he the man elected President in May 2007, who immediately set out to lower income taxes, (7)____ France's 35-hour workweek, revoke special retirement (8)____ for public-transport workers, and harangue employees to "work (9)____ to earn more"? Or is he the leader who in the past year has (10)____ down greedy bankers, fumed at U.S. and British resistance to French plans for strict new regulations of the global finance (11)____, and preached the gospel of "moralizing (12)____ "? Is he the man, a son of a Hungarian immigrant, who, newly elected, challenged French (13)____ of color-blind égalité by (14)____ for American-style affirmative action? Or is he the leader who, facing critical regional elections next March, has begun openly courting voters of the extreme-right National Front with a (15)____ on illegal aliens and a divisive national debate on immigration and French (16)____?

All politicians contradict themselves, of course. It's almost impossible to remain perfectly (17)____ and ideologically pure under the watchful gaze of the media —especially in an age when conflicting statements are just a (18)___ on YouTube away. But Sarkozy's slipperiness is (19)____ because his political success has been built around his reputation as a straight talker and someone who acts rather than bloviates. Now many voters — and even some of his former allies — are questioning the President they thought they knew. "This is classic Sarkozy: claiming that adaptable principles and a willingness to take any stand (20)____ to reinforce his own political interests are in fact proof of (21)____ and openness to all views," says a former adviser to conservative politicians, who spoke on (22)____ of anonymity. "Zero conviction and fidelity —except to himself."

Take international affairs. During the first year of his presidency, Sarkozy's frosty relationship with German Chancellor Angela Merkel led him to (23)____ the Franco-German relationship that has (24)____ been central to French policy in Europe and instead (25)____ closer ties with the U.K. But in April, ahead of the G-20 summit in London, the French leader rushed back to Merkel on the issue of tougher international regulation of financial markets, and has since encouraged a tighter relationship with Berlin. Last week, Sarkozy even started a public fight with British Chancellor Alistair Darling by bragging that the appointment of a French official to oversee E.U. regulation of financial markets was both a "victory of the European (26)____, which has nothing to do with the excesses of financial capitalism," and a chance to "(27)____ down on the City [London's financial hub]" —a threat Darling described as "self-defeating" and "a recipe for confusion."

Sarkozy's early idolization of U.S. President Barack Obama has likewise given way to bitter disappointment over the American's slow, consensual method of reform —and his refusal to return Sarkozy's public displays of (28)____.

There's also the pesky issue of human rights. Sarkozy pledged to place human rights at the top of his list of requirements for diplomatic partners before he was elected but that quickly gave way to an embrace of leaders like Muammar Gaddafi from Libya and Bashar al-Assad from Syria, state trips to pal around with African (29)____, and a congratulatory call to Vladimir Putin after his party's December 2007 success in legislative elections (30)____ by accusations of corruption.

TEXT 3

(Awareness, Bail, Misusing, Modesty, Faith, Opposite, Behalf, Stick, Malaria, Trials, Involvement, Disappointments, Presidency, Echoing, Successor, Security, Promise, Ground, Insist, Dated, Nominee, Detonate, Displaying, Challenge, Deficits, Trouble, elected, Charge, Bragging, Expanded)

"We will reopen Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House." —the 2000 Republican platform.

But they never did. Eight years later, the barricades remain. It was a phony issue, of course — just another ___1___ with which to beat Bill Clinton, who closed the road at the ___2___ of the Secret Service. In an interview with PBS a month after Sept. 11, 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney stated the obvious: "Pennsylvania Avenue ought to stay closed because, as a fact, if somebody were to ___3___ a truck bomb in front of the White House, it would probably level the White House, and that is unacceptable."

Sept. 11 is the excuse for many of the Bush Administration's failures and ___4___. It is also the basis for the one great claim made on George W. Bush's ___5___: At least he has protected us from terrorism. In the seven years since that day, there has not been another foreign-terrorist attack on the American homeland. The ___6___ is that there were no foreign-terrorist attacks on the American homeland in the seven years before 9/11 either. The risk of another terrorist attack didn't increase on 9/11 — only our ___7___ of the risk. The Bush Administration took office mocking the concern that someone might blow up the White House but soon enough was ___8___ that concern.

The platform on which Bush entered the presidency eight years ago comes from a lost world, in which even the party out of power saw an America of unthreatened prosperity and___9___ "Yesterday's wildest dreams are today's realities, and there is no limit on the ___10___ of tomorrow," the GOP said. The biggest foreign policy ___11___ America faced in 2000, according to this party document, was to avoid ___12___. our enormous power. "Earlier generations defended America through great ___13___" the platform declared. Then it quoted the Republican ___14___ Bush, on the importance of showing the "___15___ of true strength. The humility of real greatness." Even enthusiasts of Bush's foreign policy would not describe it as ___16___ the humility of true greatness. More like the pugnacity of lost greatness. All that talk of one superpower — us — bestriding a "unipolar" world seems as ___17___ as Seinfeld reruns.

The measure of Bush's failure as President is not his broken promises or unmet goals. All politicians break their promises, and none achieve the goals of their soaring rhetoric. But Bush stands out for abandoning the promises and goals that got him ___18___, taking up the ___19___ ones and then failing to keep or meet those.

In 2000 Bush excoriated his predecessor for launching wars without an "exit strategy." In 2008 he leaves his ___20___ a war that has already lasted for years longer than America's ___21___ in World War II, with no exit in sight. Bush got elected warning against using U.S. troops for "nation-building" — meaning any goal beyond immediate military necessity. Then once in office, he promised to bring democracy to the entire Middle East and ended up destroying Iraq as a nation in the name of saving it.

Bush leaves the stage still justifying his Iraq disaster on the ___22___ that prewar intelligence showed that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. He acknowledges that this intelligence was wrong but maintains he relied on it in good ___23___. Who cares? What matters is whether there were WMD, not how sincerely he believed there were. WMD were how he justified the war. How do you explain to families of the war dead why a war must go on for years after even the man who started it thinks starting it was based on a mistake?

The current economic calamity was a bolt from the blue to many who should have known better, but only one of them had been in ___24___ for the previous eight years. Only one spent much of that time ___25___ about how swell everything was, thanks to him. Many shared the heedless assumption that there was no limit on how much government or individuals could borrow, but only one turned record surpluses into record ___26___. And only one lectured us, Reagan-style, about burdensome government and then, almost casually, ___27___ government's role in the economy more than any President since F.D.R.: taking over banks and ___28___ out the auto companies.

O.K., but didn't he do anything right? Well, he came up with serious money to treat AIDS and ___29___ in Africa. He used the bully pulpit to embrace Muslims in the great post-9/11 American bear hug, when there was real danger of the opposite reaction. And you could say that Bush's disastrous ___30___ vindicates democracy. Let's not forget that, in 2000, more people voted for the other guy.

TEXT 4

(issue recommendations reinstate motivations confessions outrage convictions uncertainty term commute manifest pardon precedented imprisonment announcement righteousness death drama significance forensic overturn testimony review rush rash elect fallibility dogged prosecutor form)

After 16 years of wearing prison-issue denim, Madison Hobley barely had time to change into the suit his wife had brought him before he was (1) ____ out of the gate last week by Illinois officials, an exonerated man. Condemned to death for the murder of his first wife, baby son and five other

people in a 1987 arson case, Hobley--who had no previous (2) ____ --insisted that police had beaten and suffocated him to get a confession. Years later, his lawyers claimed that crucial evidence had not been made available to them by (3) ____. Yet for all the (4) ____ over Hobley's arrest and (5) ____, his release played only a bit part in the (6) ___ of Illinois Governor George Ryan's final hours in office. After granting a full pardon to Hobley and three others condemned to death, Ryan then (7) ____ the death sentences of an additional 157 inmates. Death row in the Land of Lincoln is now officially empty.

There is no known precedent in the U.S. for universal clemency in death-penalty cases, and Ryan's (8) ____ was undoubtedly the most (9) ____ of his troubled gubernatorial career, which ends this week. He has put his state--one of 10 to have ordered a review of their death-penalty process--at the center of a growing national debate over the (10) ____ of capital punishment. Although polls show that Americans overwhelmingly believe in the moral (11)____ of executing murderers for their crimes, they turn squeamish at the thought of an innocent's being punished for another's evil deeds. Thanks to DNA testing and other (12)____ advances, convictions are being (13)____ with increasing frequency.

When Ryan came into office in 1999, he supported the death penalty. But he found Illinois' record "shameful": the state's 12 executions since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1977 had been outstripped by 13 exonerations. By November 1999, half of the state's almost 300 capital cases were reversed; 46 death-row inmates had been convicted on (14)___ from jailhouse informants. A Chicago police commander was fired after an internal inquiry found that he and his detectives had systematically tortured murder suspects (all four inmates released last week said their (15)____ were coerced by these officers).

Ryan declared a moratorium on executions in January 2000 and ordered a comprehensive (16)____. His blue-ribbon commission issued more than 80 (17)____, but the state legislature hasn't passed any reform measures. As the clock ticked on his (18)____, Ryan began to personally review all death-row inmates' cases. "I have taken extraordinary action to correct (19)____ wrongs," he said. But Cook County state's attorney Richard Devine, whose office prosecuted the four (20)____ men, called the Governor's actions "outrageous and unconscionable." Ryan, he said, "has breached faith with the memory of the dead victims, their families and the people he was (21)____ to serve."

Death-penalty supporters are furious that Ryan took the criminal-justice system into his own hands, although a (22)____ of pardons by a departing politician is not (23)____. Some accuse Ryan of being motivated by a cynical desire to create a last-minute legacy. (24)____ throughout much of his governorship by the investigation and indictment of 12 former staff members for alleged offenses that included using state money to fund political campaigns, Ryan--who has not been charged with any wrongdoing--decided not to seek re-election.

Regardless of his (25)____, death-penalty opponents believe the Governor has delivered a wake-up call to the nation. For every 8 people executed since the Supreme Court (26)____ the death penalty in 1976, 1 person was exonerated from the crime that landed him on (27)____ row,

according to statistics collected by the Death Penalty Information Center. Juries seem to be taking note of the (28)____ in the system: the number of death sentences (29)____ nationwide has dropped, from 303 in 1998 to 155 in 2001, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Madison Hobley, now 42, plans this week to visit the graves of his (30)____ wife and son. Then he will begin to think about the future--buying a house, raising a family. Says Hobley: "I want a second chance to be a father."

TEXT 5

(unlikely link churning medication metabolism injection sew intestine obsolete all gain solid tolerance agent govern morbid dieting set diagram have face disband receptacle magic trigger resort normal existent complex effective )

Like millions of less celebrated Americans, Carnie Wilson was not just fat. At 5 ft. 3 in. and more than 300 lbs., she was (1)____ obese--more than 100 lbs. above her ideal body weight. After trying all sorts of diets that didn't work, the daughter of Beach Boy Brian Wilson and member of the now (2)____ pop trio Wilson Phillips turned to a drastic last (3)____: gastric-bypass surgery. Doctors (4)____ up most of her stomach, reducing it to a tiny (5)___ that holds several tablespoonfuls at best, and isolated much of her small (6)____ to reduce nutrient absorption. Result: filled to bursting after just a few swallows, she simply couldn't eat the way she used to. In three years, Wilson dropped an astonishing 150 lbs. What's surprising, though, is that she lost not just the ability to overindulge but also her appetite. "For the first year and a half," she says, "it was almost (7)____. I had to remind myself to eat."

Wilson's experience isn't (8)____ that unusual, and while doctors still aren't exactly sure what's going on, a report in last week's New England Journal of Medicine offers a tantalizing clue. The loss of appetite in bypass patients may be (9)____ to a recently discovered gastric hormone called ghrelin. Not only that, ghrelin may turn out to be one reason we feel hungry in the first place and why it's so hard for dieters to keep weight off. Understanding how ghrelin works could even lead to (10)____ weight-loss drugs or drugs to promote weight (11)____ in anorexics and cancer patients.

For now, researchers are careful to emphasize only what they know for sure. Their study involved just 28 patients, and while the scientists came to three conclusions, lead author Dr. David Cummings of the University of Washington says, "I feel very (12)____ about two of them." The first is that ghrelin levels in the bloodstream rise significantly before meals and drop afterward. This suggests that ghrelin is involved in (13)____ the desire to eat--and indeed, earlier studies performed since the hormone was discovered in 1999 have shown that a ghrelin (14)____ just before a meal causes people to eat more than they normally would.

The second conclusion reached by Cummings and his colleagues is that ghrelin levels are higher on average in people who have lost weight from (15)____. "It's well known that your body works against you when you try and lose weight," he says. If your weight falls below a certain "(16)____

point," which varies from one person to the next, your (17)____ adjusts to bring you back. "What's new," explains Cummings, "is the possibility that a rise in ghrelin is one way it's done."

Cummings is less sure of the third conclusion, that bypass patients have only a quarter as much ghrelin as most people of (18)____ weight. "It was based on only five people," he says, "and it's quite possible that (19)____ we studied a sixth, he would not show that." Still, the conclusion makes sense on its (20)____. Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach; if large parts of that organ are cut off from the rest of the digestive system, they may well stop (21)____ out the hormone.

But while it's tempting to think that ghrelin is a (22)____ bullet that could be used to keep us all at a perfect weight, doctors think that's highly (23)____. Similar hopes were raised a few years ago for leptin, a hormone that acts as an appetite suppressant. After years of trying, nobody has found

a way to make it into a useful (24)____, largely because patients quickly develop a leptin

(25)____.

What doctors suspect is that both leptin and ghrelin are part of a (26)____ system of brain and body chemicals that have evolved over millions of years to (27)____ weight and appetite. Says Dr. Rudy Leibel, an obesity expert and head of the molecular-genetics department at Columbia University: "It's just unlikely that any single component of this system will necessarily lead to a definitive therapeutic (28)____."

That doesn't mean pharmaceutical weight control is forever out of the question. "In the next 10 years," says Dr. Bradford Lowell, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard and an expert on obesity, "we'll be able to determine the complete wiring (29)____ for body-weight control." And once scientists understand the entire system, not just a few of its components, they may be ready to design drugs that will make (30)____ the drastic surgery that Carnie Wilson underwent.

TEXT 6

(speed line accidentally rapport compromise consultant duty dramatic top various remedy translate interactions reduce understaffed come nursing potentially practice considerable technology ultimately distribution list dizzying ward outpatient check administer daunting )

According to a recent survey in the Archives of Internal Medicine, an average of 40 drug errors occurred each day of 1999 in a typical, 300-bed hospital or (1)____ home. That (2)____ to about two errors per patient each day, most of which involved giving patients medications at the wrong time or not giving the dose at all. And while only seven percent of those errors are considered (3)____ dangerous, the numbers are still enough to leave patients — and families of patients —wondering how to protect themselves.

Hospitals are taking their own steps. "These numbers, while they sound (4)____, have been reported before," says Duane Kirking, professor and chair of the Department of Social and

Administrative Sciences at the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy. "Hospitals do know that errors are happening." (5)____ range from introducing new computers to monitor and control prescription medication output to adding better-qualified pharmacy staff. The computers will help cut back on mistakes (6)____, Kirking says, but the hospitals are still tied to imperfect technology — and human error — so existing problems can't be solved overnight. Additional staff will help (7)____ off the fatigue-related errors sometimes found in hospitals with overworked and (8)____ nursing departments — nurses, after all, are often the ones stuck processing prescriptions.

Pharmacists and drug companies are also trying to avoid dangerous mistakes, says Jesse Vivian, a pharmacist and a professor of pharmacy (9)____ at Wayne State University in Detroit. "A lot of pharmacies are now using barcode (10)____ to make sure the medications match the drug that's prescribed," he says.

(11)____, though, your health is in your own hands. What can you and your family do to (12)____ prescription error?

Be an active patient: The most common drug error, according to the new study, is (13)____ skipping a dose. The second most common mistake is taking the medication at the wrong time. Both of these errors could be diminished considerably if patients and patients' families pay careful attention to the dosage and (14)____ of what can often be a (15)____ array of medications. This is especially true if you're keeping an eye on prescriptions for a young child, an elderly person or someone with (16)____ immunity, populations that can suffer much more dangerous responses to drug errors than someone whose immune system is up to (17)____.

Ask questions: "Know what medications you’re taking," advises Kirking, "or have a family member keep a (18)____ of the prescriptions. Don't be afraid to ask questions: ask what medications a patient will be on, find out what they do, when they should be taken, how many a day, et cetera." Often, the patient is the best (19)____ of defense against mistakes. "You should know what your medication looks like," says Vivian. "If the appearance, color or smell is different, ask your pharmacist to double-check the prescription."

(20)____ on the people writing the prescriptions: Though people in many hospitals, nursing homes and community pharmacies are overworked, try to find the best staffing situation you can. Look especially for a place where patients and their families can (21)____ in and talk to pharmacists. "In hospitals and nursing homes," says Vivian, "be sure to check on staffing levels after midnight —a time when many drugs are (22)____, and often when the least experienced staff are on (23)____."

Stay on (24)___ of the situation: This can be (25)____; it's often difficult to find out exactly what's happening with a family members' prescriptions because things change so quickly and so many different doctors can be involved with the case. It's critical, says Kirking, to ask if the facility has a pharmacy (26)____ who can sit down with you and your family to discuss (27)____ prescriptions, drug (28)____ and side effects. Some nursing home facilities make this relatively easy, providing weekly "consultations" for family members.

Don't forget to check (29)____ prescriptions, too: If you visit a hospital and are given a prescription to fill, try to take it to a pharmacist you know and trust. "It's important to develop a good (30)____ with one or two pharmacists who know you and your family members," says Vivian. "Don't assume every pharmacist will know every drug you're taking."

7. Australia’s Sporting Success澳大利亚的体育成就

(work, fast, transformation, drop, collaborate, success, run, wring, bother, impact, develop, back,underpin, coach, turn, copy, happen, sensor, build, nutrition, ethereal, demolish, angle, motion, contribute, frequent, each, unveil, experimentation, gear)

A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, _____ rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies _____ by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both Drovide intensive _____, training facilities and _____ advice.

B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and _____ with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as _____ muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are _____ up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. 'We can't waste our time looking at _____ scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exact _____ of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to _____ improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimeter there. No gain is too slight to _____ with. It's the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system _____, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3

D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow _____. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason's _____ to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras _____ at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analyzed individually - stroke length, stroke _____, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SW AN spits out data on each swimmer.

D ‘Take a look,' says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam _____. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn tim es were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,' says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his _____, he can do much better. 'This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists' research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive _____ that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an _____ on an athlete's ability to run. There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of _____, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or _____ altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably _____ at staying healthy.

E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by _____ a 'competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times. 'You design the model to make that time,' says Mason. 'A start of this much, _____free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is then _____ towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have _____Australia into arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.

F Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries _____ - and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS _____ coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has _____ to the 'altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia's success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.

8. Greying Population Stays in the Pink老夫聊发少年狂

(reflect, retain, target, finances, beat, expect, massive, smaller, lifestyle, subtle, activity, underestimate, link, addition, cover, attention, associate, complain, deterioate, downside, drawback, afflict, suggest, acclerate, expose, age, improve, striking, accept, function)

Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases _____ with old age are _____ fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.

In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and _____ of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major

medical _____ in this age group - are troubling a _____ proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to _____. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.

It really raises the question of what should be considered normal _____,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors _____ as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.

Clearly, certain diseases are _____ a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. _____ in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.

On the _____, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may _____ changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be _____ influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been _____ to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'

One interesting correlation Manton _____ is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are _____, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical _____.

The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a _____ trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their _____. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued,researchers calculate there would be an _____ one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, _____ that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.

The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably _____ to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to _____ a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.

Maintaining a level of daily activity may help mental _____, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain- derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this

hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from _____.

As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging _____ such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been _____ to heart disease.

But independence can have _____. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. seeman The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.

Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense, says Seeman. They also show that we may be _____ the impact of these simple factors. "The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on _____," she says.

9. Numeration

(conviction arithmetic grasp memorised number count sequence feat diverse distinct readily reflect imagination perform attachment convenience formation set reference exist register against numerate hindrance qualify interchangable instead gesture thought trace)

One of the first great intellectual _____ of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to _____. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of _____ to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the _____ that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.

It is impossible to learn the _____ of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to _____. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; _____ their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to _____ on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their _____ in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system becameparamount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi- permanent settlements.

Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be _____ found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one,

two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by _____ to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of _____ that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human _____.

The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when _____ back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become _____ with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to _____ as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!

Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple _____ to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the _____ of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are _____ from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great _____ to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be _____ in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being _____, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to _____.

Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct _____ of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being _____. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This _____ of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.

Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the _____ of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted _____ a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today's society due to their _____. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a _____ sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.

10. (dynamic value form flood intimately transfer frighten immediate unbelievable pay eudure flow leap realism novelty head precede concentration thrill whim lease initial gimmick donimate convince magnify embrace capture move

obvious)

The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 _____ customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895.Before the eyes of the stunned, _____ audience, photographs came to life and _____ across a flat screen.

So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined _____ of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the _____ shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most _____,effective art form of the 20th century.

One of the Lumiere Brothers' earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform _____ with sunshine. A train appears and _____ straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists,described the film as a 'work of genius'. 'As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky,'panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The _____ audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.'

Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to _____ its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real _____ of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the _____ of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was _____.

One effect of this _____ was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people traveled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived.

Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded - at least in film fiction - have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has _____ the world film market. American imagery- the cars, the cities, the cowboys - became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and _____ around the globe.

And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more _____ than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopaedic detail. We shall be known better than any _____ generations.

The 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an _____ presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves .The star as _____ human self is one of

cinema's most strange and _____ legacies.

Cinema has also given a new _____ of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means _____ how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this _____ had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing _____, a fairground attraction.

Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary _____. Or it might have developed like television - as a strange, noisy _____ of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories - early producers doubted the ability of audiences to _____ for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

And it has all happened so quickly. Almost _____, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, _____ by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again - that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

11.（arena volunteer conflict climate complex survival incompatible responsible important intrinsic concern self-evident cover independent essential consistency peer displacement absorb harbor proportion form future indigenous refine incorporate mistake relate duration）(29个词)

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily _____ is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes-about the _____ of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have _____ ideas about rainforests-what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them- _____ of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be _____ .

Many studies have shown that children _____ misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become _____ into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children _____ ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and _____ by teachers and their _____.

Despite the extensive _____ in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to _____ misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in

their schools.

The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are _____ from the term ‘rainforest’. Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question _____ the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continent or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America(30%), Brazil(25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.

Responses to question three concerned the _____ of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils ，was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the _____ populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) and boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats.

Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally _____ with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an _____ value on non-human animal life.

The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils(59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalizing the _____ by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.

One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar _____ said that pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere _____ with human life on Earth.

In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to _____. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.

The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconception in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosy stems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between _____ change and destruction of rainforests.

Pupils did not _____ ideas that suggested that they appreciated the _____ of causes of rainforest

destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate value and evaluate _____ views. Environmental education offers an _____ in which these skills can be developed, which is _____ for these children as _____ decision-makers.

12.(surprisingly sprawl shrink rebound peppered critically traditions faith mass endangered breed alone run kill chair list voluntary deadliest transmit erosion bound activity changes structured fostering mounting deprive approach pair weaving)

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

In the Native American Navajo nation, which _____ across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are _____ in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not _____, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.

Navajo is far from _____. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish with two generations-that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity _____ at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ sys Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a _____ extinction, and whether we will ever _____ from the loss is difficult to know.’

Isolation _____ linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is _____ with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered _____ despite having 150,000speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The _____ endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose _____ in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generati on reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old _____.’

The change is not always _____. Quite often, governments try to _____ off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger _____. But Salikoko Mufwene, who _____ the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the _____ weapon is not

government policy but economic globalization. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to social-economic pressures,’ he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial _____ is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.

Language is also intimately _____ up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversi ty may also _____ us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says Pagel. There is _____ evidence that learning a language produces physiological _____ in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be _____ by the linguistic habits of our community.’

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappea r over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to _____ diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the _____ of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar _____ in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. V olunteer ‘apprentices’ _____ up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket _____, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to _____ the language to the next generation. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says.

However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and ten been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.

TEXT 1

(1) stand (2) flickers (3) flaws (4) scrubs (5) separate (6) demonstration (7) address (8) prosecution (9) tip

(10) outline (11) aside (12) genetic (13) puncture (14) accuracy (15) periodically (16) character (17) exposed (18) distortion (19) overly (20) under (21)supposedly (22)home (23) slain (24)investigation (25)sample (26)beside (27)Meanwhile (28)coincides (29) commencing (30)sitting

TEXT 2

(1) captured (2) allies (3) woes (4) same (5) little (6) coherence (7) scrap (8) privileges (9) more (10) slapped (11) sector (12) capitalism (13) pretense(14) arguing (15) crackdown (16) identity (17) consistent (18) click (19) notable(20) likely (21) pragmatism (22) condition (23) downgrade (24) traditionally (25) cultivate

(26) model (27) clamp (28) affection (29) dictators (30) marred

TEXT 3: Eight Years Later

1 Stick

2 Insistence

3 detonate

4 Disappointments

5 Behalf

6 Trouble

7 awareness

8 echoing

9 security 10 promise 11 challenge 12 misusing 13 trials 14 nominee 15 modesty 16 displaying 17 Dated 18 elected 19 opposite

20 successor21 involvement 22 grounds 23 faith 24 charge 25 bragging 26 deficits 27 expanded 28 bailing 29 malaria 30 presidency

TEXT 4 : Dead Men Walking

(1) rushed (2) convictions (3) prosecutor (4) outrage (5) imprisonment (6) drama (7) commuted (8) announcement (9) significant (10) fallibility (11) righteousness (12) forensic (13) overturned (14) testimony (15) confessions (16)review (17) recommendations (18) term (19) manifest (20) pardoned (21) elected (22) rash (23) unprecedented (24) Dogged (25) motivations(26) reinstated (27) death (28) uncertainty (29) issued (30) former

TEXT 5 : Lean and Hungrier

(1)morbidly (2)disbanded(3)resort (4)sewed (5)receptacle (6)intestine (7)nonexistent (8)all (9)linked (10) effective (11) gain (12) solid (13) triggering (14) injection (15) dieting (16) set (17) metabolism (18) normal19) had (20) face (21) churning (22) magic (23) unlikely (24) medication (25) tolerance (26) complex (27) govern

(28) agent (29) diagram (30) obsolete

TEXT 6 : Think Before You Take That Pill

(1) nursing (2) translates (3) potentially (4) dramatic (5) Remedies (6) considerably (7) ward (8) understaffed (9) practice (10) technology(11) Ultimately (12) reduce (13) accidentally (14) distribution (15) dizzying

(16) compromised (17) speed. (18) list (19) line (20) Check(21) come (22) administered (23) duty." (24) top (25) daunting (26) consultant (27) various (28) interactions (29) outpatient (30) rapport

Text 7

demolishing/underpinned/coaching/nutritional/collaborates/

building/backed/ethereal/angle/wring/bother/works/motion/

contribution/running/frequency/faster/turns/sensors/impact/

experimentation/dropped/successful/developing/each/geared/

transformed/copying/unveiled/happened/

Text 8

associated/afflicting/lifestyles/complaints/smaller/accelerate/

aging/accepted/beating/Improvements/downside/reflect/subtle/

exposed/uncovered/expected/attention/striking/finances/additional/

suggesting/linked/retain/functioning/deteriorating/activities/linked/

drawbacks/underestimating/target

Text 9

feats/count/imagination/conviction/sequence/perform/instead/

reflect/thoughts/readily/gestures/numbers/existence/traced/

interchangable/qualify/attachment/grasp/distinct/hindrance/registered/

referenced/arithmetic/sets/numerated/diversity/formation/against/convenience/memorised

Text 10

paying/thrilled/moved/leap/initial/dynamic/flooded/heads/

2005-2015年历年考研英语一完形填空真题

The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1 this is largely because,2 animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million. Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary.This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire. 1.[A]although [B]as [C]but [D]while 2.[A]above [B]unlike [C]excluding [D]besides 3.[A]limited [B]committed [C]dedicated [D]confined 4.[A]catching [B]ignoring [C]missing [D]tracking 5.[A]anyway [B]though [C]instead [D]therefore 6.[A]even if [B]if only [C]only if [D]as if 7.[A]distinguishing [B]discovering [C]determining [D]detecting 8.[A]diluted [B]dissolved [C]determining [D]diffused 9.[A]when [B]since [C]for [D]whereas 10.[A]unusual [B]particular [C]unique [D]typical 11.[A]signs [B]stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses 12.[A]at first [B]at all [C]at large [D]at times 13.[A]subjected [B]left [C]drawn [D]exposed 14.[A]ineffective [B]incompetent [C]inefficient [D]insufficient 15.[A]introduce [B]summon [C]trigger [D]create 16.[A]still [B]also [C]otherwise [D]nevertheless 17.[A]sure [B]sick [C]aware [D]tired 18.[A]tolerate [B]repel [C]neglect [D]notice 19.[A]available [B]reliable [C]identifiable [D]suitable 20.[A]similar to [B]such as [C]along with [D]aside from

2015年考研英语(一)深度解析：完型

2015年考研英语（一）深度解析：完型 1. [A] what 【解析】此题考查疑问代词辨析：题干中过去分词短语published from the University of California and Yale University…作后置定语，修饰study，而真正的句子主干是That is 1 a study has 2 .简化后的句子可以让我们清晰地看出第一题要说的是研究study的具体内容是what，不是方式how，也不是原因why，更不是时间when。 2. [B] concluded 【解析】此题考查动词辨析：同第一题一样，根据简化的句子That is what a study has 2 来解题。题目选择的动词是说明study怎样才有了上面what表示的内容。所以此题选择concluded“推断;得出结论”。其他的动词据不符合要求。 3. [D] on 【解析】此题考查介词辨析：根据题干The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects的要求，所选择的介词能用在conduct“实施;进行”之后，又得和subject 搭配，所以这个题目应该选择on，构成on some subjects“关于某类主题”。 4. [C] compared 【解析】此题考查动词辨析：通过观察题干，我们发现第4题位于which引导的定语从句之内，作从句的谓语动词。Which修饰主句的主语study“研究”，如此补全定语从句就是： The study 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers…所以正确答案选择C。该项研究是对比所选择的两个样本。其他选项都不符合题意。 5. [C] samples 【解析】此题考查名词辨析：The same people were used in both 5 .通过观察题干，我们发现第5题空前的单词是both，表示“两者都…”。而上文中提到两者的只有“unrelated friends”和“unrelated strangers”，即这项研究的两个样本，所以答案选择C. samples“样本”。 6.[A] insignificant 【解析】此题考查形容词辨析和让步关系：题干While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist句首的While引导让步状语从句，同时提示我们逗号后和逗号前的内容形成一定程度上的对立关系，而且作者的表达重点位于逗号之后，1%的数量对于基因研究者来说影响程度很大。那么对于普通人而言这个数据就显得微不足道了。正确答案只能选择A。 7. [C] know 【解析】此题考查动词辨析和转折关系：题干Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin中说“大多数人甚至不他们的第四代表亲，但是尽量选择和亲属人作为朋友”。even“甚至”这一个词就提示我们应该本题只能选择know“了解，认识”，其他选项都不符合题目要求。 8. [D] resemble

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2006年考研英语完形填空真题答案解析 1.A逻辑关系题(总分关系) 根据要填的空所在语句的前一句“无家可归者在美国人口中所占比例越来越大”与后一句“无家可归者所占的比例已经达到如此地步以至于…”，并不难发现后一句是对前一句的一个例证和强调。ABCD四个选项中，A.Indeed的确，一般表示强调;B.Likewise类似地，表示前后两句的相似性;C.Therefore因此，是一个因果连词，强调结果;而D.Furthermore进一步说，表示递进关系。因此，只有A选项符合前后两句间的例证强调关系，故为正确答案。 2.B词义辨析题(动词辨析) 考察动词的辨析，首先要找到空所在那句话的主干，即“homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly__”，该句给出了动作的发出者(主语)，即localgovernment，那么只要判断出该主语可以发出选项中的哪个动作，问题就迎刃而解了;此外，空后没有其他成分，即宾语，因此，填入的动词应为不及物动词。ABCD四个选项中，A.stand，忍受，及物动词，不符合句子结构;B.cope，处理，忍受，不及物动词，放在原句中表达完整意思，“…已达到政府无法忍受的地步”，为正确选项;C.approve，批准，通常“批准”的是文件，与原句语言环境不符;而D.retain，保留，与无家可归人的数量搭配在一起不合适。因此，正确答案为B.cope。 3.D固定搭配题(介词辨析) 选项中的四个介词都可以与help搭配，分别构成：A.helpsb.indoingsth.帮助某人做某事;B.helpsb.for为…而帮助某人;C.helpsb.withsth.帮助某人处理某事;D.helpsb.toward…帮助某人向(某个方向发展)。结合语境具体信息，“Tohelphomelesspeople__independence,thefederalgovernmentmust…”，“为帮助无家可归人__独立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训计划…”，D选项toward最符合题意，故为正确答案。 4.A词义辨析+逻辑关系题(动词辨析+并列关系) 通过并列连词and及三个结构相似的短语：“supportjobtrainingprograms”，“__theminimumwage”和“fundmorelow-costhousing”可以判断出这道题考查的是短语之间的并列关系，通过并列关系一致性的原则从所给短语中寻找线索就可以解答这道题。第三个短语中出现了more，说明要填的动词一定表示数量上的增加或提高，C(take，拿走)和D(keep，保持)排除;而B选项add通常用在addsth.tosth.(将某物加到另一物上面)中，并非数量的增加。因此，正确答案为A选项，“提高最低收入”。 5.D词义辨析题(副词辨析) 选项中出现表示否定意味的词语，且该空位于段首，无法通过上文获取提示信息，因此应先解答6、7等题，才能获取有效信息。第6题所在语句意为：估计数字在60万到300万这个范围内变化;第7题所在语句意为：尽管数字可能不同，分析师们在另一问题上达成了一致意见。由此可见，对于无家可归者数量的问题众说纷纭，因此，并非每个人都同意美国无家可归者的数量。正确答案为D.not。 6.C词义辨析题(动词辨析) “Estimates__anywherefrom60,000to3million.”，该句中的anywherefrom…to…决定所填动词表示一个范围的变化，并可与from…to…搭配。A.cover，覆盖，不能与from…to搭配;B.change，变化，改变，changefrom…to…，表示没有规律的变化;C.range，在某个范围内变化，符合原句;D.differ，不同于…，常与from连用，构成differfrom…，不同于…，不符合题意。因此，正确答案为C.range。