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大学英语四级模拟试题（一）

Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Popularity of Getting Certificates on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

1.大学校园内各种证书的报考十分火热

2.大学生考证的利弊

3.考证面前，我的选择

The Popularity of Getting Certificates on Campus

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.

For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Main Energies for the Body

A balanced diet is one that provides an adequate intake of energy and nutrients for maintenance of the body and therefore good health. A diet can easily be adequate for normal bodily functioning, yet may not be a balanced diet.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a rapid source of energy, they are the body's fuel. The bulk of a balanced diet should be made from carbohydrates. If eaten in an excess of the dietary requirements carbohydrates are easily stored as fats in the cells, although carbohydrate is the first source of energy in the body. An average adult requires about 12,000kJ of energy a day, most of this is supplied by the respiration of carbohydrates in the cells.

Carbohydrates are used principally as a respiratory substrates, i.e. to be oxidized to release energy for active transport, macromolecule synthesis, cell division and muscle contraction. Carbohydrates are digested in the duodenum and ileum and absorbed as glucose into cells. Sources of carbohydrates such as starch are rice, potatoes, wheat and

other cereals. Sugars are also carbohydrates, sources of sugars are refined sugar - sucrose, which is a food sweetener and preservative and fruit sugars - fructose. If the diet lacks carbohydrate stores of fat are mobilized and used as an energy source.

Proteins

Protein is not a direct source of energy in the body, it is used primarily for growth and repair of body tissues while remaining an energy source as a last resort. Proteins fulfill a wide variety of roles in the body. They are broken down in the stomach and intestines to amino acids which are then absorbed. The body can only form 8 amino acids to build proteins from, the diet must provide Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) which are synthesized into proteins which can be structural, i.e. collagen in bone, keratin in hair, myosin and actin in muscle; metabolic enzymes, hemoglobin, protective antibodies and communicative hormones.

Sources of protein include meat, fish, eggs and pulses. The diet needs to provide 8 EAAs as the body is unable to synthesis proteins without these molecules. 2 other amino acids are synthesized from EAAs so if the diet lacks the original EAAs these other two will not be present either. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine and methionine is converted to cysteine. Cells draw upon a pool of amino acids for protein synthesis which either come from dietary protein digested and absorbed in the gut and the breakdown of body protein such as muscle. However, unlike fats and carbohydrates there is no store of amino acids for cells to draw on, any amino acid in excess of immediate bodily requirements is broken down into urea and excreted. It is therefore important to maintain the dietary intake of protein everyday. If the body lacks protein, muscle wasting occurs as muscle is broken down.

If protein is lacked in a diet a person develops kwashiorkor which is caused when high levels of carbohydrates are eaten to overcome the lack of protein in the diet. One symptom of kwashiorkor is the abnormal collection of fluid around the abdomen due to the lack of protein in the blood. The body cannot retain water by osmosis and fluid accumulates in tissues causing them to become waterlogged.

Vitamin Categories

Vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body so must be supplied by diet. Vitamins have no common structure or function but are essential in small amounts for the body to be able to utilize other dietary components efficiently.

Vitamins fall into two categories, fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E and K which are ingested with fatty foods and water soluble vitamins such as the B group vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins are known as micronutrients because only small quantities are required for a healthy diet, in fact fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in high concentrations, for example the body stores vitamin A, or retinol, in the liver as it is toxic if kept in high concentrations in the blood stream, a dose of more than 3300mg of vitamin A can be considered toxic. Water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and B groups vitamins can be excreted in the urine if in excess in the diet.

Vitamins A

Vitamin A is essential to the proper functioning of the retina in the eye and the epithelial tissues. A lack of vitamin A results in dry, rough skin, inflammation of the eyes, a drying or scarring of the cornea - xerophthalmia, which occurs when the secretion of lubricating tears is stopped, the eyelids become swollen and sticky with pus. Mucous surfaces of the eye may become eroded allowing infection to set in, leading to ulceration and destruction of the cornea. Night blindness - an inability to see in dim light can also occur. Rod cells in the retina of the eye detect light of low intensity, they convert vitamin A into a pigment, rhodopsin, which is bleached when light enters the eye. Rod cells resynthesis rhodopsin, but if there is a deficiency of the vitamin, rod cells can no longer function and the result is night blindness. Epithelial cells use retinol to make retinoic acid, an intracellular messenger used in cell differentiation and growth. Without retinoic acid epithelial cells are not maintained properly and the body becomes susceptible to infections, particularly measles and infections of the respiratory system and gut.

Xenophthalmia is common among children who's diets consist of mainly cereals with little meat or fresh vegetables, this is common in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines.

Vitamins D

Vitamin D, or calciferol, is another fat soluble steroid vitamin which functions to stimulate calcium uptake from the gut and its deposition in bone. vitamin D acts as a hormone when converted by enzymes in the gut and liver into an active form of "active vitamin D", which stimulates epithelial cells in the intestine to absorb calcium. vitamin D is therefore essential in growing children's diets to enable the growth of strong bones. Without adequate amounts of vitamin D children can develop rickets, which is the deformation of the legs caused when they lack calcium

to strengthen the bones. In adults a lack of vitamin D in the diet can lead to osteomalacia, a progressive softening of the bones which can make them highly susceptible to fracture.

Vitamin D is made by the body when exposed to sunlight and is stored in the muscles, however, if the skin is rarely exposed to the sunlight or is dark little vitamin D is produced. Foods such as eggs and oily fish are all rich in vitamin D.

Vitamins K

Vitamin K, phylloquinone, is found in dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. It is a fat soluble vitamin which is involved in the clotting process of blood. In the intestines bacteria synthesize a number of important clotting factors which need vitamin K. Without vitamin K cuts can fail to heal and internal bleeding can occur.

Vitamins C

Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin, known chemically as ascorbic acid. It is found in citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons, and also in potatoes and tomatoes. The main function of vitamin C is the formation of connective tissues such as collagen. It is also known to be an antioxidant which helps to remove toxins and aids the immune system. A lack of vitamin C leads to Scurvy, a condition experienced by sailors on long journeys when they did not have fruit in their diets. Scurvy causes painful, bleeding gums. As vitamin C is water soluble, it is not toxic in high doses as it can be excreted in the urine, very high doses can however cause diarrhea.

Vitamins B

B group vitamins have a wide range of roles acting as co-enzymes in metabolic pathways. They are found in most plant and animal tissues involved in metabolism, therefore foods such as liver, yeast and dairy products are all rich in B group vitamins. Deficiency of B group vitamins include dermatitis, fatigue and malformation of red blood cells.

1. An adult needs about 12,000kJ of energy a day from ________.

A. the cell

B. the respiring process of carbohydrates

C. fats in the cell

D. a balanced diet

2. Carbohydrates are ultimately absorbed into cells in the process of _______.

A. digestion

B. respiration

C. oxidization

D. mobilization

3. The Essential Amino Acids which build part of proteins can be obtained from______.

A. stomach

B. body tissues

C. the body

D. the diet

4. The ultimate cause of kwashiorkor is lack of ________.

A. protein

B. carbohydrates

C. vitamins

D. diet

5. Vitamins are called “micronutrients” in that _________.

A. excessive fat soluble vitamins can be excreted in the urine

B. the body only requires small amount of vitamins

C. a dose of 3300mg of vitamins can be considered toxic

D. the high concentrations of water soluble vitamins are toxic

6. Night blindness is a disease normally caused by lack of __________.

A. fat soluble vitamins

B. water soluble vitamins

C. vitamin A

D. innate disability

7. The main function of vitamin D is to prevent adults from ________.

A. the growth of strong bones

B. fracture

C. a progressive softening of the bones

D. calcium uptake from the gut

8. Although the human body produces vitamin D normally, it fails to do so if there is not enough ______________.

9. The reason why vitamin C is seen as an antioxidant is that it drives __________ out of the body.

10. If you are in lack of B group vitamins, you should turn to

_______________.

Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

11. A) He thinks he’s very organized.

B) He doesn’t want to join the display.

C) He doesn’t think he should lead the study group.

D) He knows someone who can lead the study group.

12. A) He doesn’t know where his brother keeps his computer.

B) The woman should buy a used computer.

C) He doesn’t know how much computers cost.

D) His brother paid too much for the computer.

13. A) It’s been to warm to wear the jacket.

B) The jacket is too big for him.

C) He doesn’t like cold weather.

D) He didn’t buy the jacket until cooler weather arrived.

14. A) He started the semester in a bad mood.

B) He’s not usually bad-tempered.

C) He has few responsibilities.

D) He doesn’t like the man.

15. A) He forgot to cancel the reservation.

B) They can go to the restaurant after the woman has finished working.

C) He has to work late tonight.

D) They don’t have a reservation at the restaurant.

16. A) Use bleach on his socks.

B) Buy new white socks.

C) Wash his red T-shirt again.

D) Throw away his pink socks.

17. A) He isn’t satisfied with his progress.

B) He wants to move up more quickly than he’s presently doing.

C) He has advance quickly enough in his career.

D) He feels frustrated as he tries to move up the ladder.

18. A) Try on a smaller sweater.

B) Look for another style at a different store.

C) Give the sweater away as a gift.

D) Exchange the sweater for a bigger one.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) She's unable to attend the study session.

B) She has seen a doctor recently.

C) She's concerned about medical care.

D) She mentions the need for some medical tests.

20. A) To improve the study skills of university students.

B) To suggest changes in the student government.

C) To give people the opportunity to speak with a politician.

D) To discuss graduation requirements for political science majors.

21. A) Graduate school application procedures.

B) Funding for university education.

C) Winning the confidence of voters.

D) Preparing for an important test.

22. A) Tell her what to study for the history test.

B) Write a favorable letter of recommendation.

C) Advise her about how to run an election campaign.

D) Suggest a topic for a research paper.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23. A) Boston schools.

B) Frontier life.

C) Teaching requirements.

D) Immigration patterns.

24. A) She was a famous author.

B) Her family later became famous landowners.

C) She exemplifies the immigrant spirit.

D) She invented some labor-saving farm equipment.

25. A) To the library.

B) To the movies.

C) To a bookstore.

D) To a travel bureau.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some question. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) They were drawing pictures. B) They were watching TV.

C) They were making a telephone call. D) They were tidying up the drawing room.

27. A) They locked the couple up in the drawing room.

B) They seriously injured the owners of the house.

C) They smashed the TV set and the telephone.

D) They took away sixteen valuable paintings.

28. A) He accused them of the theft.

B) He raised the rents.

C) He refused to prolong their land lease.

D) He forced them to abandon their traditions.

29. A) They wanted to protect the farmers’ interests.

B) They wanted to extend the reservation area for birds.

C) They wanted to steal his valuable paintings.

D) They wanted to drive him away from the island.

Passage Two

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

30. A) Through food. B) Through air.

C) Through insects. D) Through body fluids.

31. A) They ran a high fever. B) They died from excessive bleeding.

C) Their nervous system was damaged. D) They suffered from

heart-attack.

32. A) To see what happened to the survivors of the outbreak.

B) To study animals that can also get infected with the disease.

C) To find out where the virus originates.

D) To look for the plants that could cure the disease.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33. A) To determine whether the Earth’s temperature is going up.

B) To study the behavior of some sea animals.

C) To measure the depths of the ocean.

D) To measure the movement of waves in the ocean.

34. A) They were frightened and distressed.

B) They swam away when the speaker was turned on.

C) They swam closer to “examine” the speaker when it was turned off.

D) They didn’t seem to be frightened and kept swimming near the speaker.

35. A) To attract more sea animals to the testing site.

B) To drive dangerous sea animals away from the testing site.

C) To help trace the sea animals being tested.

D) To determine how sea animals communicate with each other.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for

its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

Dreams are a way for the subconscious to communicate with the __47__ mind. Dreaming of something you’re worried about, researchers say, is the brain’s way of helping you rehearse for a disaster in case it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your __48__. And cognitive neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement (REM) that happens while you’re dreaming are __49__ to our ability to learn and rem ember. Dreaming is a “mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, PhD, chairman of the psychology __50__ at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. She’s found that dreams help people work through the day’s emotional quandaries. “It’s like having a built-in therapist,” says Cartwright. While we sleep, dreams __51__ new emotional experience to old memories, creating plaid-like patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “You may wake up and think, What was Uncle Harry doing in m y dream? I haven’t seen him for 50 years. But the old and new images are __52__ related.” It’s the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship. In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists treat patients __53__ traumatic (创伤的) life events. In a new study of 30 recently __54__ adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams over a five-month period, measuring their feelings toward their ex-spouses. She discovered that those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the best chance of successfully coping with divorce. “If their dreams were bland,” Cartwright says, “they hadn’t started to work through their emotions and __55__ with the divorce.” For therapists, this finding will

help __56__ whether divorced men or women need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away.

A. deal

B. physically

C. wake

D. performance

E. making

F. undergoing

G. experience

H. divorced

I. determine

J. compare

K. department

L. conscious

M. presentation

N. linked

O. emotionally

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper (给…换尿布) their firstborn son. “You do not have to be unhappy about it,” she protested. “You can talk to him and smile a little.” The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, “He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him.”

Psychologist now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parents, and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought (and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry (模糊的) shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.

Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.

Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn’t. He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.

When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he’s twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony (同时发生) to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.

57. The author points out that the father diapering his first-born son was wrong because________.

A) he believed the baby was not able to hear him

B) he thought the baby didn’t have the power of speech

C) he was a psychologist unworthy of his profession

D) he thought the baby was not capable of any response

58. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A) A new infant can see only blurry shadows.

B) A new infant’s senses are undeveloped

C) All a new infant requires is nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.

D) A new infant is actually able to influence his or her environment

59. What does the sentence “He is a glutton for novelty” probably mean?

A) The newborn is greedy for new food.

B) The newborn tends to overeat.

C) The newborn always loves things that are new to him.

D) The newborn’s appetite is a constant topic in novels.

60. According to the passage, it’s groundless to think that newborns prefer________.

A) a human face to a head-shaped outline

B) animate things to inanimate ones

C) human voice to non-human sounds

D) nourishment to a warm bassinet

61. What is the passage mainly discussing about?

A) What people know about newborns.

B) How wrong parents are when they handle their babies.

C) How much newborns have progressed in about a decade’s time.

D) Why the first month of life is the most significant four weeks in a lifetime.

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

Mobile office is the mutual product of economic，scientific，and social progress.Mobile office has become a solution that provides users with convenient, prompt, safe, reliable, and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime via the support of mobile interconnection platform(MIP)and its applications systems. Using mobile office and WAP technology, people can do their work anywhere anytime, can send and receive data via terminals such as mobile phone, and palm computer, and can surf the Internet.

When you leave your office to attend meetings or travel on business，what would happen to your business routine?Of course, faxes and e-mails would be still sent to your fax machine or e-mail box, but you cannot read them and make prompt reaction timely. When your clients need you to make some urgent modifications on your work and you are neither in the office nor carrying relevant documents, what can you do?Maybe you have to say “sorry” to the clients. But, your business will be affected，the clients will be unhappy and disappointed because of your delay，and you will lose a lot of business opportunities.

In fact, very frequently, you need to check, reply, distribute, modify, or read some materials when you are not in your office. You must get out of this dilemma. The best solution to normally handle your business anywhere anytime and not to disappoint your clients is to let your office “move” with you. With the development of communications technology, mobile office has become simpler and smaller, and even can be realized via one mobile phone with data communications function. Thus, mobile office has already been put into your pocket, and office mobility has been realized.

Mobile office has provided people with convenient, casual working environment, but at the same time it still has some unsatisfactory aspects such as mismatching equipment interface and inadequate battery. Nevertheless, we believe that with technical progress, people can certainly overcome all kinds of difficulties. Mobile office will realize the dream of completely free communication. Users will enjoy more colorful life and better working environment, and users’ living standard, working efficiency, and even enterprises’ production efficiency will certainly be immensely raised.

注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上作答

62. According to the passage, mobile office help you with the following except ________ .

A) keeping update with the latest news

B) checking e-mails any time one wants

C) conducting internet surfing

D) finding one’s true love in life

63. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the second paragraph?

A) You would lose a lot of business opportunities if you always delay your work.

B) You should read and reply faxes and e-mail timely.

C) When you leave your office your business routine might be damaged.

D) When you cannot meet the need of your clients you should immediately say sorry.

64. When you let your office “move” with you, you __________ .

A) will never let your clients down

B) you don’t have to stay at office anymore

C) you then find the best way to handle your business anywhere anytime

D) you no longer face the dilemma between work and life

65. It can be inferred from the passage that __________ .

A) mobile office communication is very cost-consuming

B) with the development of science, mobile office has eventually come to our life

C) people had no convenient and reliable communications and office faculty before

D) economic factors are essential in the operation of mobile office

66. According to the author, mobile office _________ .

A) would help achieve complete communication mobility

B) is too expensive to afford by small companies

C) has some fatal defects impossible to modify

D) is too complicated to operate in everyday business

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work, they have to read all kinds of materials. In _67_a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend _68_can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are _69_readers.

Most of us develop poor reading _70_at an early age, and never get over them.

The main deficiency _71_in the actual component of language itself-words. Take individually, words have _72_meaning until they are put together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs.

_73_, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often turning back to _74_words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over _75_you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which _76_down the speed of reading is vocalization-sounding each word wither orally or mentally when a _77_reads.

To overcome these bad habits some reading clinics use a device called an _78_, which moves a bar (or a curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate _79_the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch” him. The accelerator

forces the reader to read fast, _80_word-by-word reading, regression and vocalization, practically impossible.

At first _81_is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, _82_your comprehension will improve.

Many people, business managers, executives and engineers, have found _83_reading skill improved dramatically after some

training. _84_John Muir, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 182 words a minute _85_the training, now it is an excellent 1, 378 words a minute. He is delighted that now he can _86_a lot more reading.

67. A) applying B) doing

C) offering D) getting

68. A) quickly B) easily

C) roughly D) decidedly

69. A) good B) curious

C) poor D) urgent

70. A) training B) habits

C) situations D) custom

71. A) lies B) combines

C) touches D) involves

72. A) some B) a lot

C) little D) dull

73. A) Fortunately B) In fact

C) Unfortunately D) Logically

74. A) reuse B) reread

C) rewrite D) recite

75. A) what B) which

C) that D) if

76. A) scales B) cuts

C) slows D) measures

77. A) someone B) one

C) he D) reader

78. A) accelerator B) actor

C) amplifier D) observer

79. A) then B) as

C) beyond D) than

80. A) enabling B) leading

C) making D) indicating

81. A) comprehension B) meaning

C) gift D) content

82. A) but B) nor

C) or D) for

83. A) our B) your

C) their D) such a

84. A) Look at B) Take

C) Make D) Consider

85. A) for B) in

C) after D) before

86. A) master B) go over

C) present D) get through

Part Ⅵ Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentence on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

Part I

Directions: In this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Should We Study in Libraries or on the Internet. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below..

1. 有人认为在图书馆学习好处多；

2. 有人认为通过网络学习好处多；

3. 你的观点。

Should We Study in Libraries or on the Internet？

参考答案：

Part 1 作文

Part 2 快速阅读

1. B

2. D

3. D

4. D

5. C

6. B

7. D

8. the challenges of married life 9. a formal suit 10. marriage promise Part 3 听力 Section A

(11-15) CACBD (16-20) ACDAC (21-25) BBBCA

Section B

(26-30) BDCAD (31-35) BCADC

Section C

(36) damage (37) underdeveloped (38)

intelligence (39) nourished

(40) cause (41) breast (42)

disease (43) lack

(44) can cost developing nations up to three percent of their yearly earnings

(45) poor countries could possibly double their economic growth if they improved nutrition

(46) Instead of directly providing food, the study suggests educational programs in health and nutrition for mothers with young babies

Part 4 阅读（Reading in Depth）

Section A

47. conscious 48. performance 49. linked 50. department 51. compare

52. emotionally 53. undergoing 54. divorced 55. deal 56.

2017年市政实务案例

2017年二建市政实务案例第一题 小小工程家1月8日 案例分析题一 背景资料 某公司承建一座城市桥梁，该桥上部结构为6×20m简支预制预应力混凝土空心板梁，每跨设置边梁2片，中梁24片；下部结构为盖梁及Φ1000mm圆柱式墩，重力式U型桥台，基础均采用Φ1200mm钢筋混凝土钻孔灌注桩。桥墩构造如图1所示。 图1桥墩构造示意图（单位：mm） 开工前，项目部对该桥划分了相应的分部、分项工程和检验批，作为施工质量检查、验收的基础。划分后的分部（子分部）、分项工程及检验批对照表如表1.

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二级建造师市政案例分析完整版

二级建造师市政案例分 析完整版 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

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[背景材料] 1.某桥梁施工公司，在甲、乙两处桥梁工地施工，在安排施工时将一套张拉设备先由甲工地使用七个月，后交由乙工地进行混凝土梁的张拉工作。 [问题] 乙工地应如何使用这一套张拉设备？ [分析] 本案例应从预应力张拉设备的准确性、可靠性以及人员与相关技术要求角度考虑： （1）应注意按规定对设备进行有权威性的校验； （2）应注意为使张拉设备的系统性误差最小，必须成套设备一起校验； （3）应注意人员培训，熟悉张拉工艺、安全措施、混凝土强度等方面的技术要求与规定。 [背景材料] 2.某新建预制构件厂，拟生产一批30m有黏结的后张预应力混凝土工字形梁。 [问题] 如何进行后张法预应力张拉的全过程质量控制。 [分析] 本案例背景条件为新建厂，问题是全过程质量控制，因此在本案例的分析中要注意本条大纲的后张法要点和预应力质量控制的总体要点，为此，对一个新建厂，应从以下几个方面考虑后张法预应力的全过程质量控制。 （1）人员控制：应注意预应力施工操作人员资格的要求； （2）安装孔道的过程控制：管材、接头、压浆孔、排气孔、绑扎成形； （3）穿预应力筋的过程控制：钢材、下料、编束、初张拉、锚头、穿束时间、穿束；

（4）预应力张拉的过程控制：设备校验、张拉时混凝土的强度、张拉次序、张拉程序、张拉控制、事故处理； （5）孔道灌浆的过程控制：设备校验、浆料的配制、灌浆时机、灌浆方法、饱满度的评定。 [背景材料] 1.某污水处理厂设计有一座长28m，宽22m混凝土贮泥池，墙厚为400mm.墙体混凝土施工在5月初进行，一次浇筑完成。墙体混凝土采用现场搅拌站供应，混凝土中水泥、砂、碎石、外加剂质量和用量符合有关国家标准要求。混凝土入模温度29℃，在墙体拆模时气温为6℃，事后发现有数条纵向宽左右的裂缝。 [问题] 试分析产生裂缝的原因。 [分析] （1）从提供的背景看，有关原材料质量及配合比中水泥、砂、碎石、外加剂用量符合有关国家标准要求，说明出现裂缝与原材料质量和混凝土配合比无直接关系。 （2）在背景中提到了墙体施工一次浇筑完成，说明没设置后浇带。28m×22m大的墙体混凝土不设后浇带，从结构混凝土收缩角度分析，是可能导致墙体裂缝的一个隐患。 （3）混凝土实际入模温度29℃，比规定的最大入模温度25℃高，使混凝土凝固时其内部在较高的温度起升点升温，从而可造成混凝土内部温度更高，而5月初大气温度还不是太高，这样使结构内部和表面温差如果超过限值，也是造成裂缝一个隐患。 [背景材料] 2.在某城市轻轨铁路跨过河流时，拟建一斜拉桥，该桥为独塔、双面索、弯斜拉桥。主塔为宝石型，塔高70m、塔梁为固接，塔下设有四边形承台（长24m、宽12m）、台厚，在承台下设有钻孔灌注桩。 [问题] 大体积混凝土承台在冬季施工时，应考虑哪些方面的问题？

药剂学的总结_副本

一、名词解释 1.剂型： 2.渗漉法： 3.热压灭菌法： 4.软膏剂： 5.表面活性剂： 6.转相： 7.灭菌法： 8.浸出制剂： 9.协定处方： 10.热原： 11.昙点： 12.栓剂： 13.粉碎： 14.微型胶囊： 15.HLB值： 16.输液剂： 17.助溶： 18.脂质体： 二、填空题 1.根据赋形剂在制备片剂过程中的主要作用不同，可分为、、、和。 3.一般膜剂最常用的成膜材料为，其外文缩写，其性质主要是由其和决定。 4.倍散较为适宜的赋形剂为。 5.滴丸剂的基质可分为和两大类。 6.玻璃瓶输液剂的灭菌温度为时间为；塑料袋输液剂的灭菌温度为时间为。 7.输液剂的质量检查项目有、、、。 8.现需配发硫酸阿托品散1mg×10包，应取硫酸阿托品千倍散。 9.影响粉体流动性的因素有、、、和。 10.决定乳剂类型的主要因素是乳化剂的和。 11.软膏剂中烃类基质以为最常用，类脂中以应用较多。 12.气雾剂的组成是由、、、四个部分组成。 13.用于增溶作用的表面活性剂HLB值应在之间。 14.片剂的包衣的种类有、、。 15.盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中加入氯化钠具有和的作用。 16.滴眼剂常用的PH值调整剂有、、。 17.湿法制粒压片一般常用至的乙醇作润湿剂。 18.膜剂的主要制法有、、。 19.片剂的质量检查项目有、、、、、。 20.常用的浸出方法主要有、、。 21.羊毛脂不单独用作，常与合用，可改善。 25.微孔滤膜的滤过机制主要是，用于注射剂滤过的滤膜孔径为。 26.药品生产质量管理规简称。

27.眼膏基质凡士林宜选用灭菌，工作服、工作帽、脱脂棉、纱布宜选用灭菌。 28.常用的软膏剂基质有水溶性基质、油溶性基质和乳膏型基质。 29.热原是微生物产生的一种毒素，其主要成分是脂多糖，去除的方法有高温法、酸碱法、吸附法、离子交换法等。 30．注射剂的质量检查项目有澄明度、热原、无菌、pH检查、刺激性检查、降压物质、含量等。 31．热原是微生物产生的一种毒素，其主要成分是脂多糖，去除的方法有高温法、酸碱法、吸附法和离子交换法等。 32.输液剂的质量检查项目有澄明度检查、漏气检查、热原、无菌检查、含量及PH值检查。 33.药物剂型因素可以影响药物的吸收、分布、代与排泄，但对那一项影响最大吸收。 三、是非判断题 1.（√）粉碎小量毒剧药应选用玻璃制乳钵。 2.（× ）表面活性剂作为O/W型乳化剂其HLB值应为15-18。 3.（× ）中华人民国药典是由卫生部制定的药品规格标准的法典。 4.（√）粉末直接压片时，既可作稀释剂，又可作粘合剂，还兼有崩解作用的辅料是淀粉。 5.（√）生物制品、抗生素适宜的干燥方法是冷冻干燥。 6.（×）表面活性剂的毒性大小，一般是阴离子型>非离子型>阳离子型。 7.（×）热压灭菌时，压力表指针开始上升时即可计算灭菌时间。 8.（×）栓剂浇注后应于起模后把模孔上多余部分切掉 9.（× ）GLP为药品生产质量管理规简称。 10.（×）干胶法制初乳时，液状石蜡：水：胶比例为4：2：1。 11.（√）输液剂灌封室消毒后的菌落数应控制在2个以下。 12.（√）虫蜡常用作片剂包糖衣打光物料。 13.（√）滑石粉、炉甘石、朱砂等应采用水飞法粉碎。 14.（√）医院处方制度中规定一般保存期为一年。 15.（√）凡规定检查溶出度的片剂，可不进行崩解时限检查。 16.（×）微孔滤膜用于注射剂滤过的滤膜孔径为0.45—0.8um。 17.（√）亚甲兰染色，水相为兰色，油相为白色。 18.（√）含热量高.穿透力强.灭菌效果最好的蒸气是饱和蒸气。 19.（√）滴眼剂中常用的PH值调整剂是硼酸-硼砂缓冲液。 20.（√）醑剂与酊剂共同点是浓度都有一定的规定。 21.（×）灌封室是制备注射剂无菌操作的关键地区，要求洁净度达到1000级。 22.（×）药材粉碎越细药材中有效成分浸出效果越好。 23.（×）输液剂中可添加适宜的抑菌剂。 24.（×）凡规定检查含量均匀度的片剂，可不进行重量差异检查。 25.（×）硬脂酸镁为片剂的润滑剂，共用量为10%—20%。 26.（√）新药系指我国未生产过的药物。 27.（×）热原的组成中致热活性最强的是磷脂。

二建市政案例真题胡宗强版

2015年二建案例（胡宗强版）三??案例分析题 （一）背景资料 某公司中标北方城市道路工程，道路全长1000m，道路结构与地下管线布置如图1所示： 图1道路结构与地下管线布置示意图（单位：m） 施工场地位于农田，临近城市绿地，土层以砂性粉土为主，不考虑施工降水。 雨水方沟内断面2.2m×1.5m，采用钢筋混凝土结构，壁厚度200mm；底板下混凝土垫层厚100mm。雨水方沟位于南侧辅路下，排水方向为由东向西，东端沟内底高程为-5.0m（地表高程±0.0m），流水坡度1.5‰。给水管道位于北侧人行道下，覆土深度1m。 项目部对①辅路、②主路③给水管道、④雨水方沟⑤两侧人行道及隔离带（绿化）作了施工部署，依据各种管道高程以及平面位置对工程的施工顺序作了总体安排。 施工过程发生如下事件： 事件1：部分主路路基施工突遇大雨，未能及时碾压，造成路床积水、土料过湿，影响施工进度。 事件2：为加快施工进度，项目部将沟槽开挖出的土方在现场占用城市绿地存放，以备回填，方案审查时被纠正。 问题： 1.列式计算雨水方沟东、西两端沟槽的开挖深度。 2.用背景资料中提供的序号表示本工程的总体施工顺序。 3.针对事件1写出部分路基雨后土基压实的处理措施。 4.事件2中现场占用城市绿地存土方案为何被纠正？给出正确做法。 参考答案 1·列式计算雨水方沟东、西两端沟槽的开挖深度。 东侧开挖深度：5.0+0.2+0.1=5.3m

西侧开挖深度：5.3+1000×1.5‰=6.8m 解析：最近几年二建的计算开始多起来，如果图纸可以看懂，那么计算就难度不大，这个小题与2014年案例四的计算属于同一类型。 2.用背景资料中提供的序号表示本工程的总体施工顺序。 总体施工顺序④-③-②-①-⑤ 解析：排序题目一建经常考核，此题目与2014年一建交通导行排序相同，都是考核对实际施工当中的工序是否熟悉 （二）背景资料 某公司承建的市政桥梁工程中，桥梁引道与现有城市次干道呈T型平面交叉，次干道边坡坡率 1:2，采用植草防护；引道位于种植滩地，线位上现存池塘一处（长15m，宽12m，深1.5m）；引道两侧边坡采用档土墙支护：桥台采用重力重力式桥台，基础为直径120cm混凝土钻孔灌注桩。引道纵断面如图2-1所示，挡土墙横截面如图2-2。 项目部编制的引道路堤及桥台施工方案有如下内容： （1）桩基泥浆池设置于台后引道滩地上，公司现有如下桩基施工机械可供选用：正循环回转钻，反循环回转钻，潜水钻，冲击钻，长螺旋钻机，静力压桩机。 （2）引道路堤在挡土墙及桥台施工完成后进行，路基用合格的土方从现有城市次干道倾倒入路基后用机械摊铺碾压成型。施工工艺流程图如下： 监理工程师在审查施工方案时指出：施工方案（2）中施工组织存在不妥之处；施工工艺流程图存在较多缺漏和错误，要求项目部改正。 在桩基施工期间，发生一起行人滑入泥浆池事故，但未造成伤害。 问题： 1.施工方案（1）中，项目部宜选择哪种桩基施工机械？说明理由。 2.指出施工方案（2）中引道路堤填土施工组织存在的不妥之处，并改正。 3.结合图2-1，补充好改正施工方案（2）中施工工艺流程的缺漏和错误之处。（用文字叙述） 4.图2-2所示挡土墙属于哪种结构形式（类型）？写出图2-2中构造A的名称。 5.针对“行人滑入泥浆池”的安全事故，指出桩基施工现场应采取哪些安全措施。

二建市政公用工程

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