英国国家概况

英国国家概况

一、概念

1.The British state is made up of Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern

Ireland. It is one of the 15 members of the European Community. Its full name if the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK).

2.The oldest part of the capital, the City of London, also known as “the square mile”, is

situated on the north bank of River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge. Royal Courts of Ju stice, Old Bailey, St Paul’s Cathedral. To the West, Inns of Court, Big Ben. Nearby, Trafalgar Square, National Gallery, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace and St James’s Palace.

3.The West End: famous as centers for drama and music, the British Museum, theme parks,

Wembley Stadium and Wimnledon.

The East End:demonstrates the inequalities of British society. Areas of low cost housing where the families of less skilled workers are close to redeveloped exclusive residential facilities and expensive office blocks where millions of pounds are being made in finance and other thriving service sector activities.

4.England is the most densely populated while Scotland is the lest populated.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7712089572.html,mon characteristic of British family:①live in two generation households ②parents

and married children live close together but in separate houses ③or parents and married children live further apart (an hour’s car drive).

6.Marriage remains the most important goal for the majority and is seen as one’s priority and

main concern in life. The moral and the romantic ideal of total commitment to the other forever is a widely held hope. Marriage between 16 and 18 is possible with parental consent.

7.Since the 1950s almost each decade has had a characteristic youth cult with the image of the

rebellious teenager, identifiable by the particular style of clothes and music. The first cult to emerge was the Teddy Boys in the 1950s, associated with early rock ‘n’ roll music. In the 1980s it was the Acid House scene, associated with music and the drug Ecstasy which expanded into the rave culture and clubbing of the 1990s.

8.It was not until the Education Act 1944that all children were given the right to free

secondary (middle-school) education.

9. A “tripartite” system of secondary modern, technical and grammar schools selected 11

year-old children at the end of their primary education by means of an exam.

10.Four key stage: Infant School, Junior School (Primary Scholl), Secondary School and School

Sixth form, Youth Training Programmes.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7712089572.html,prehensive schools were introduced in the 1960s with the idea that pupils should not be

selected and streamed at such an early age.

12.The main examination that all students should take at 16 is the General Certificate of

Secondary Education (GCSE).

13.“Six form” is where students continue in the same school for a further two years of study,

leading to the examination of the General Certificate of Education, Advanced level. Usually four or five academic subjects are studied in the first year, leading to an Advanced Subsidiary

qualification. Students then specialized in three of these, with possibly an additional general studies paper to gain their GCE A levels.

14.Academic year: three terms, 12 weeks each. Compulsory education extends up to 16 years.

15.Trade Unions were first formed in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, b groups of

industrial workers who suffered from extremely low pay and bad working conditions.

16.Four types of unions:

General Unions

Craft Unions

Industrial Unions

White Collar Unions

17.Trade Unions negotiate with management to try to get better pay and conditions for their

members, but are also involved in research into issues which may affect workers, as well as providing educational services and legal assistance.

Trade Unions negotiate with employers by means of “collective bargaining” to improve pay and working conditions and job security.

18.At weekend many people do not work and traditionally Sunday has been a day of rest.

19.Pubs usually have two separate rooms; the “public bar” is more sparsely furnished than the

“lounge bar”. The public bar is in general frequented more by men than by women, and will nearly always have a dartboard on the wall. There are darts teams, a local league and other games like skittles and dominoes or electronic game machines.

20.It is customary for friends who go out to the pub together to take it in turns to buy drinks for

each other---- to buy “a round of drinks”.

21.The National Trust is a voluntary organization founded in 1895 for the preservation of land

and buildings of historical interest or beauty. It is the largest landowner in Britain and owns property “inalienably” which means that it cannot sell or develop property given to it except by special Act of Parliament. Its founding was inspired by the writings of romantic poets and Christian socialists of the 19th century and precipitate by the immediate threats of urban expansion and unrestrained economic. No direct funding from the government but benenfits legacies of property owners.

22.A package holiday includes:

the transport to the holiday destination

the accommodation throughout the holiday

the transfer from the airport or ferry, to the accommodation

23.“Corporate crime”: such as the failure of a company to maintain health and safety standards,

may lead to injury or death of employees or customers.

24.“White Collar crime”, such as where business managers or officials use their position at work

for dishonest personal gain, may deprive other people of their rightful property to a much greater extent than petty juvenile theft. (serious and less visible crimes committed by the middle class and the middle aged)

25.The common nickname for a British policeman, Bobby, with its connotations of helpful and

friendly assistance on the streets, is a derivation of Robert, the first name of the founder of the modern police force.

26.In England and Wales local police committees are formed from councilors and magistrates

and the committee is responsible for the appointment of Chief Constable and for maintaining

the force. The local forces are inspected by inspectors of constabulary who report to central government.

27.The local Chief Constables are in charge of their forces and are responsible for the

appointment, promotion and discipline of all ranks below them, except for the assistant chief constables.

28.Members of the police service are not allowed to join a trade union, nor are they allowed to

go on strike. However all ranks have staff associations to represent their interests.

29.Police officers are normally unarmed, but they carry a truncheon (short thick club).

30.“Common law” is law as decided by judges,, their decisions in cases being arrived at agter

considering the customs and practices of the people involved.

31.“Statue law”is law made by Parliament.

32.“Case law”is law that has evolved through decisions in actual trails.

33.The civil law deals with cases where individual or/and companies find that their interests

conflict.

34.Precedent: Where there have been similar cases the court will look at these to see how they

were decided. If they are particularly the same the court will follow that decision.

35.Crown Courts: trails of indictable offences, appeals from magistrates’ court

36.Magistrates’Courts: trails of summary offences, committals to the Crown Court, family

proceeding courts and youth courts.

37.The use of professionals and lay people in the judicial system. Magistrates and the public

serving on a jury have no professional training in the law.

38.The twelve person jury system where a small cross-section of the community give a verdict

in a criminal case.

39.95% of criminal cases in England are tried in a magistrate’s court.

40.In civil cases it is very rare to have a jury such cases for example as to the custody of children

after a divorce case, or damages for breach of contrast between two business, are therefore decided by a judge alone.

41.There is no death penalty in Britain today, although it was only abolished in 1965.

42.The most severe punishment is life-imprisonment which may be given for example to a

person guilty of murder.

43.Barrister or advocate pleads the case in court and wear traditional dress of wig and gown.

They only can be contacted indirectly through a solicitor.

Solicitor has full rights of audience in court since 1999, traditionally prepares the case for the barrister before the court hearing. Members of the public can call at a solicitor’s office and seek advice in a personal interview.

44.King Henry VIII founded the Anglican, or the Church of England.

45.In England Henry ordered the Bible to be translated into English. Previously the Bible had

been only available in Latin and the leaders of the Church had been the only people allowed to interpret it.

46.Britain is unique in the Western world in not having a constitution which is written down in a

single document.

47.The system of government is known as representative democracy, which means that the

people do not rule themselves directly but elect representatives to rule for them.

48.Under the parliamentary democracy, there are certain assumed rights, termed civil liberties,

including:

the freedom to organize politically

the freedom of speech

the freedom of the press

the freedom of all people under the law

49.The system government: the executive runs the day to day government and devises the laws,

the legislature approves, amends or rejects them, and the judiciary interprets the laws in practice. Parliament is said to be “sovereign”. This principle of dividing the function of government is known as“the separation of powers”and the principle behind it is to ensure that there is no excessive use or abuse of power by any small group of people.

50.Britain is divided into areas called “constituencies” (650).

51.the House: debates, question time and making the law

52.the three main parties in Britain: the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Social &

Liberal Democratic Party

53.Britain is a constitutional monarchy, that is, a monarchy in which the sovereign has mainly

advisory and ceremonial responsibilities. The other major form of monarchy is the absolute monarchy, in which the monarch is also the ruler. The constitutional position is summed up in the famous phrase “The Queen reigns but does not role.”

54.Pressure groups do not try to gain the sort of political power necessary to form a government,

but seek to influence political parties and decision makers who will act on their behalf.

55.The Commonwealth is a voluntary, free association of 50 independent sovereign states each

responsible for its own policies but co-operating together in their common interests and promoting international understanding.

二、简答

1.Why are there so many different ethnic groups in Britain?

Because of its long tradition of accommodating immigrants and refugees and because it is part of a multiracial Commonwealth. People have come to Britain in search of better economic opportunities or to escape religious or political persecution. Recently, people from the Commonwealth countries come to Britain. In addition, it also admitted Asians expelled from Uganda… After the Second World War more Chinese come to the UK. There are also overseas students and business men in the UK.

2.What is the popular image of a “typical” British family?

It consists of a married couple.

Neither of them has been married before.

They have two or three children of their own.

The husband works full-time but the wife probably does not.

The wife does most of the housework although the husband may help occasionally.

Lastly, all its members are happy.

3.The differences between public schools in the UK and the US.

In the UK: The older foundations were originally established by rich individuals in the 16th and 17th centuries and known as “public schools”. They remain the name and generally provide education for the children of parents who can afford to pay sometimes very high fees.

In the US: public schools are state founded, usually provide by the government and is cheaper than private school.

4.What is the role of the Police?

①Maintenance of order to provide a service to the community. This is known as “bobby on

the beat”. This includes the officer visiting local schools to give advice to children on how to avoid being a victim, liaising with local ethnic community groups and advise local people to form a “Neighborhood Watch Scheme”.

②Law enforcement. The police are considered as a force with a primary function of

enforcing the criminal law.

5.What are the major differences between the Catholic and Protestant Churched?

The Catholic Church attached a lot of importance to the religious education of its children and requires that its members try to bring up their children in the Catholic faith.

①in the amount of authority they give to the heads of their churches.

In Catholic Church the Pope, who is seen as God’s representative on earth, is the source of all authority within the worldwide Catholic Church. The priest acts as a link between the individual and God.

In the Anglican Church the bishops have authority as administrators and the clergy lead worship, teach and care for their congregation. However, as in other Protestant denominations, the individual is seen as directly in communication with and responsible to God.

②the emphasis given to the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus.

In the Catholic faith she is seen as a mediator between the people and God and as such is worshipped and is the object of prayer.

For Anglicans she has no special power to mediate between the worshipper and God.

6.The role of the Queen (constitutional Head of State) symbolic

①As Head of State the Queen presides over the State Opening of Parliament (Nov).

②The Queen has to give the Royal Assent of agreement to nay new law that is passed by

parliament.

③She is kept in touch with the government by a weekly meeting with the Prime Minister in

Buckingham Palace.

英国国家概况及英国文化

英国国家概况及英国文化 、教育简介国名： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)国旗： 呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。 为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。 旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。 此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。 国徽： 即英王徽。 中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。 盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。 盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。 盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。

国歌： 《上帝保佑女王》杜摯猠癡?桴?畱敥屮（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为杜摯猠癡?桴步湩屧）国花： 1 / 10 玫瑰花国鸟： 红胸鸽国石： 钻石科学节： １８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周： １９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理： ２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７.８８万平方公里，威尔士２.０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１.４１万平方公里。 位于欧洲西部的岛国。 由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。 隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。 它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。 海岸线总长１１４５０公里。 全境分为四部分： 英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河（３５４公里）和泰晤士河（３４６公里）。

英国国家概况(八)(中英文版)

英国国家概况（八）（中英文版） 第八章 Justice and the law 法律与司法机构 There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of "unwritten" or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的"不成文法" 或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。 I．Criminal Proceedings 刑事诉讼程序 1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。 2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察

英国国家概况中英文版

英国国家概况（一）（中英文版） 第一章英国的国土与人民 第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。

英语国家概况

《英语国家概况》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程编码：B170832223 课程类别：专业基础课 课程名称：英语国家概况 课程性质：必修 适用专业：翻译 开课学期：第三学期 总学分：2 总学时：32 先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译 课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013 参考书目： [1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007 [2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000 [3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003 二、课程总目标 以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。 三、教学指南 课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的 其他情况。 课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立 工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习

英语国家概况(英国部分)

Chapter 1 The Land and History 英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。 公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。1688年，―光荣革命‖爆发，确立了君主立宪制。18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。 I. General Introduction Map of British Isles 1. Location and the Four Nations The full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles. Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country). England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.

英美国家概况 英国历史重大事件年表

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英语国家概况B （英国）——课程介绍及教学大纲 英语国家概况B （英国） 课程介绍 外语教学不仅要向学生传授语言知识，还应让学生了解目的语国家的文化背景。“英语国家概况”是一门以知识传授为主的课程，其内容所涉及的知识领域繁多复杂，例如地理、历史、经济、政体、教育、艺术、哲学、性格、民俗、宗教等。该课程具体教学目标就是使学生对英语国家的地理风貌、重大历史事件、重要历史文件、政体制度、教育制度、家庭生活、风俗习惯、价值观念等有一个较系统和清楚的了解，并就自己感兴趣的某一领域能够进一步深入研究。该课程教学目的就是开阔学生的视野，扩大知识面，弥补文化背景知识的不足，为大学阶段的外语学习和以后的英语教学工作打下良好的基础。在该课程教学过程中，利用视频、音频、图片等现代化的辅助教学手段，教师不是局限于文化背景知识的传授，同时还注意培养学生的文化意识和英语学习兴趣，进一步扩大学生的英语词汇量，提高跨文化交际能力。 《英语国家概况(B)》教学大纲 一、课程中英文名称 中文名称：英语国家概况(B) 英文名称：A Survey of English-speaking Countries (B) 二、授课对象：英语专业二年级下总学时36 三、本课程与其他课程的联系 先修课程：英语国家概况A、精读C、听力C、泛读C、口语提高 后续课程：精读E、泛读E、视听说E 四、课程教学的目的 一、课程目标 《英语国家概况》是一门介绍英语国家(包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰)社会文化综合背景知识的课。目的在于帮助学生了解所学语言国家的背景情况，培养学生的文化意识,帮助学生克服由于缺乏背景知识给语言学习带来的障碍，拓宽知识面。这对进一步提高语言水平，特别是交际能力有重要的指导意义。本学期以英国概况为重点。本科程目的在于帮助学生了解所学语言国家的历史、地理、政治制度、社会生活等方面的背景情况，帮助学生克服由于缺乏背景知识给语言学习带来的障碍，拓宽知识面。这对进一步提高语言水平，特别是交际能力有重要的指导意义。 五、课程教学的主要内容 第一章英国地理、主要城市、社会生活（4学时）