Unit 3 An American Love Affair

Unit three: An American Love Affair

Brock Yates

Text

Translation from English into Chinese

Translation from Chinese into English

Key to Vocabulary and Structure

Key to Reading Practice

(Introductions: Automobiles have greatly contributed to the prosperity of our modern economy and brought people much convenience. But they are a mixed blessing. They have caused plenty of problems that we have to live with, such as pollution, road accidents, traffic congestion, etc. The text tells us an American's attitudes towards cars. Can you summarize their basic arguments?)

1.My father was a Buick man. Prior to the Great Depression he had been a Stutz man. But like thousands of other upward and mobile citizens, he faced a severe adjustment in his automotive tastes because of that tragic shift in the economy. To the day he died, his Buicks were more than mundane transportation modules. They defined him in the class structure - better off than a Pontiac man, not as well off as a Cadillac man - and offered him instant identification on the social landscape. Equally well positioned were the Ford men and the Chrysler men.

2.These loyalties, hard won and supremely valued, form a granite-like foundation for the special bond we Americans enjoy with our automobiles. Is it love? The word may be overwrought, but Americans revere these machines above all others - not only as objects of 20th century rolling sculpture but also as social amulets. The first Buick I remember was a shining black sedan with acres of mohair upholstery and a newfangled column-mounted shifter. My father liked to brag that it would go 120 miles an hour.The very thought of such velocity electrified men and lent credence to my nicknaming the smart beast Black Beauty, after the mysterious machine piloted by the Green Hornet inside the recesses of the family Philco.

3.Unlike the telephone, the television or the personal computer, all of which have strongly altered the human condition in this century, cars enjoy anthropomorphic status. Some become members of the family, mechanical pets. We give them names.

4.We preen them in our driveways, curse them when they fail and lament their passing at trade-in time.

This is a love affair that annoys environmentalists, safety advocates and social engineers who believe that the path to paradise is overlaid with the shining rails of mass transit. They see us packed into futuristic bicycles, not behind the wheels of what one fevered critic denounced as "insolent chariots". This attitude is not new. The mobility represented first by the railroad, then the automobile, has traditionally unsettled the privileged classes. The Duke of Wellington, brilliant on the battlefield but noted for his disdain for the great unwashed, opposed the development of the British railway system 150 years ago because trains would only encourage the common people to move around needlessly". Because the accepted party line is that automobiles pollute, kill, maim and displace populations at a contemptible rate, the sooner they are excised from the planet, the better (and take with them the clutter of shopping malls, drive-ins, and junk-food stores).

5.While the automobile is surely guilty of many sins, its critics choose to ignore that it has been the great liberator, permitting monumental population shifts, city to suburb, east to west, south to north and, more recently, north back to south, as millions of citizens sought improved economic opportunities. Sprawling new metropolitan complexes - Los Angeles, Orlando, Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, Las Vegas, Phoenix - have risen up based on layouts that accommodate the auto. The configurations have not been perfect (nor have the mass transit alternatives), but the fact remains that massive growth is being enjoyed by southern and western cities built around cars. While environmentalists fret, the multitudes drive on.

6.There are more than 175 million licensed drivers in America, wheeling nearly 200 million vehicles over 3.9 million miles of roads and streets. Hopping aboard their cars, pickups, motorcycles,motor homes and sport utilities, they roll nearly 2.4 trillion miles every year. About 15 million brand-new cars and light trucks pour onto the highways annually. Stock car racing is the fastest-growing sport in the nation. The automobile industry employs more workers than any other manufacturer - 2.3 million

7.To be sure, cars hurt people, but recent advances in body structures (door beams), passenger packaging (air bags) and brakes (discs, antilock) have made them significantly safer. In the past 30 years, deaths have dropped from 5.3 to 1.7 per 100 million miles driven (a statistic that includes fatalities involving farm implements, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles - any vehicle on a public road).

8.Yes, the car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and efficiency, and in microprocessed or engine technology, have radically cut emissions. Experts estimate that as few as 10 percent of the automobiles on the road - poorly tuned, aging crocks - produce as much as 50 percent of the emissions. If they could be eliminated from the highways, automobiles might cease to be a major factor in the production of dirty air.

9.Yes, the automobile has been the source of urban sprawl and freeway traffic jams from coast to coast. But the fact remains that drivers by the millions are unwilling to forgo the freedom of movement (although sometimes slow) for the podlike constriction of mass transit. Says a commuter who daily drives his BMW from suburban Westchester County into the jammed maw of Manhattan, "It's the only time of the day when I'm alone and completely in control of my own destiny. It's outrageously expensive, considering the tolls and the parking, and heaven knows it can be slow and frustrating. But it's my choice, and in a world where that becomes rarer by the day, that is important."

10.Such talk may annoy the anticar crowd. If only people would climb aboard the buses and trains the government has so thoughtfully provided. If only people would behave! And that is the crux of it: The modern automobile is a tool of anarchy. It offers such freedom that, short of a total redesign of the nation's cities and the completely banning of autos from vast areas of the nation, the automobile will remain integral to modern life. It might be that even if every last mile of pavement were torn up, every last parking garage leveled, every last service station closed, the automobile would change into a more adaptable form and continue as the essential provider of individual transport. The basic concept is legitimate.

11.Now that the genie is out of the bottle, the challenge is to housebreak it as much as possible, to integrate it into a population that grows by the year, spreading across the landscape. It will take a careful balance of planning and prudence. The automobile will remain the central source of personal transportation in all free, high technology societies. How best to integrate it into a global ecosystem with finite resources is a question that may not be easy to solve, but the first step might be to acknowledge that like it or hate it, the automobile is here to stay.

12.And if my father were still alive, he'll still be a Buick man.

Explanation of the text

1.Buick, Stutz, Pontiac, Cadillac and Chrysler like Ford, are the brand names of a car. The cars with different brands one drives can immediately show one's different socioeconomic status. The ranking of these cars from low to high may roughly be Pontiac(庞蒂亚克), Buick(别克), Ford(福特), Chrysler(克莱斯勒), Stutz, Cadillac(卡迪拉克).

2. prior to: prep. (formal) before, previous to e.g. He set off prior to the notice.在通知发布之前他就动身了。prior adj. 1) earlier e.g. have a prior engagement有约在先2) more important优先的 e.g. You have the prior claims on the professor's time.你有优先占用教授时间的权力。c.f. former /previous/past: former engagement (以前的约会是针对以后的约会而提的latter engagement); previous two attempts 前两次努力（所指不仅是时间还有顺序）; the previous pages 前几页; past story 过去的经历(past是相对于present而说的，多指时间)

3.Great Depression: a term applied, especially in the United States, to the worldwide economic disaster of 1930s.The Great Depression was the longest and deepest of the setbacks that have scarred the American economy.

4.upward and mobile citizens: people who try to rise from a lower to a higher economic or social class

5.adjustment n.适应,调整an adjusting or being adjusted e.g. make adjustment adjust (=adapt) v.1) change so as to fit 改变…以适应能力e.g. adjust oneself to new conditions 2) set right 校正, 调整e.g. adjust a telescope to one's sight

6.to a/the day: exactly e.g. We left high school five days ago to a/the day.我们离开中学整整五年了。cf. to this day: up to now e.g. haven't told him the whole story to this day.直到今天我都没有将整个事情告诉他。

7.his Buicks were more than mundane transportation modules: his Buick cars not only symbolized his means of transportation tools but also ...mundane: ordinary

8.offered him instant identification on the social landscape: clearly showed his social status. the social landscape: the social hierarchy 社会等级

9.These loyalties, hard won and supremely valued: The loyalties which are difficult to win and are greatly appreciated. These loyalties here refer to "faithfully buying and/or praising a particular brand of car." supreme adj. 1) highest in degree or rank or authority e.g. the Supreme Court 2) greatest, most important e.g. make the supreme sacrifice (=lay down one's life)

10.granite-like: solid, firm

11.the special bond we Americans enjoy with our automobiles: a special kind of feeling of love or connection that unites Americans and their cars bond: n. 1) sth. that joins or unites 明盟,联系e.g. crate a sympathetic bond between two countries 在两国间建立起和谐的联系; dissolve the bonds of matrimony 解除婚姻关系2) printed paper in which a government or a corporation promises to pay back with interest money that has been lent 契约,债券e.g.issue a baby/ lottery /public bond 发行小额/有奖/公债债券

12.overwrought: adj. 1) overworked, fatigued 用得过滥的, 精疲力竭2) too elaborate 矫揉造作的

13.revere: respect and admire e.g. revere virtue; my revered grandfather

14.amulet: sth. worn in the belief or hope that it will protect the wearer 护身符e.g. The baby is wearing amulet in red against evil.

15.a shining black sedan with acres of mohair upholstery and a newfangled column-mounted shifter:这辆小轿车乌黑发亮。轿车软椅的垫衬是用许多马海毛布做的，轿车还装有崭新的柱形的换挡器。sedan: a small car acres of:(spoken) lots of newfangled:(Am E) new

16.brag: boast e.g. He bragged of having won first prize. nothing to brag about: not very good e.g. His performance was nothing to brag about, and he won't be coming back.

17.The very thought of such velocity electrified men and lent credence to my nicknaming the smart beast Black Beauty:人们对此车速度如此震惊以至于对我把时髦别克车叫做黑美人投出信任的目光。electrify: excite or shock as if by electricity 使兴奋,使惊奇lent credence to my nicknaming the smart beast Black Beauty: gave validity to the nickname Black Beauty, which I called my first Buick. credence: n. quality of sth. which makes people believe it is true e.g. letter of credence介绍信; 推荐信;（大使等的）国书lend/give/attach/(full) credence to sth. (both sth. and sb. can be used as subj. (formal) believe sth. e.g. I’m not prepared to give credence to complaints made anonymously.refuse credence to sth.: not believe. e.g. His mother refused credence to gossip she heard about his daughter. conquer/gain credence from sb. or find credence with sb. (sth. as subj.) e.g. These tales found credence with him.他相信这些无稽之谈。Those views were too extreme to gain credence from the practical- minded. 那些看法过于极端，不大能为讲究实际的人所相信。

18.after the mysterious machine piloted by the Green Hornet inside the recesses of the family Philco: after the car driven by the Green Hornet...在Philco品牌半导体传出的Green Hornet 音乐节目的美妙乐曲声中, 驾驶着神奇的别克车。The Green Hornet: a radio broadcast program. Philco: a brand of radio inside the recesses of the family Philco: refers to the sounds the program produced through the radio to help people imagine a mysterious car being driven by the main character. 19.anthropomorphic: regarding sth. as having the form and qualities of man 人性

的

20.preen:1)(of a bird)smooth with its peak （鸟）用嘴整理（羽毛）2)(of a person)tidy (oneself)打扮自己preen oneself on: pride oneself, show self-satisfaction 赞扬自己，夸耀自己

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7e12436766.html,ment their passing at trade-in time: feet sorry about having to get rid of a current car when it's time to buy a new one lament: 1) v.: feel sorry about e.g. He deeply lamented the death of his wife. He laments the changing pattern of life in the countryside. 2) n. strong expression of grief e.g. The band was playing a lament.乐队正在演奏哀乐。passionate lament悲痛欲绝trade-in: n.以旧换新业务trade... in: hand over (a used article) in payment for a new purchase trade...for: exchange, barter

22.the path to paradise is overlaid with: path to: e.g. Hard work is the path to success. be overlaid with: be covered with

23:mass transit: public transportation by means of bus, light rail or subway

24.They see us packed into futuristic bicycles, not behind the wheels of what one fevered critic denounced as "insolent chariots”. Pay more attention to the structure of it. The clauses both one fevered and critic denounced as "insolent chariots"modify"what". behind the wheels of what one fevered critic: behind the steering wheels of cars

25.unsettled the privileged classes: unsettle: make troubled, anxious and uncertain the privileged classes: the elite classes

26.Duke of Wellington:(1769-1852) a British general, victor over Napoleon at Waterloo (1815).

27.but noted for his disdain for the great unwashed: but known for his contempt for the people of lower classes disdain v. /n.: dislike (of) sb or sth. that you feel does not deserve your interest or respect e.g. They disdained him for the coward he was. The older musicians disdain the new, rock-influenced music. Our posh new neighbors seem to disdain to speak to us. (refusing to speak to us because they think we do not deserve their attention)The local citizens showed their disdain of/for the foreign artists. unwashed a. /n.: (an) ignorant or low-class (group) e.g. Popular support lay in the unwashed social stratum. 民众的支持存在于社会的底层。

28.the accepted party line: the official view taken by a political party. Here it refers to the view taken by the public.

29.maim: injured badly e.g. After the car accident she was maimed for life.

30.displace: 1)put out of the right or usual place 被迫离开家园e.g. displaced person (=refugee left homeless, unable or unwilling to return to his own country) 2) replace 代替e.g. Tom has displaced Harry in Mary's affections. cf. replace (displace) B with/by A; substitute A for B or substitute B with /by A

31.contemptible: a. deserving or provoking disdain 可鄙的e.g. For a person in a position of such responsibility, her behavior was contemptible. He is contemptible for his meanness. 他很卑劣，实在可鄙。contemptuous a.: showing disdain (表示)轻蔑的He was very contemptuous of "popular” writers, whom he described as talentless and worthless. contempt n. [U] a strong feeling of combined dislike and lack of respect; disdain They used to have/feel contempt for peasants. Such accusations are beneath contempt.这样的指责实在不值得一顾。

32.excise...from:(formal) remove completely...from e.g. excise an organ from the body cf. amputate a finger

33.guilty (of): 1) having done wrong e.g. He was guilty of arson. 2) showing or feeling guilt e.g. look guilty; guilty look

34.monumental population shifts: large-scale population movement

35. sprawling new metropolitan complexes: a group of buildings spread out irregularly a big cities

36. layout: the planned arrangement of a town, garden etc.

37.configuration:=layout

38.While environmentalists fret, the multitudes drive on: While environmentalists worry about the effects of cars, the majority of people continue to drive them unconcernedly.

39.licensed/licensed drivers: drivers who have official permission to drive licensed:得到许可（或）批准的领有执照的 e.g. a licensed house/premises 特许的卖烟酒处

40.hop aboard: climb aboard

41.pickups:a type of light van having an open body with low sides 轻型货车

pick-up n. :1)a stimulant; bracer 临时餐, 饮料e.g. want to stop for a cup of tea, I should have a pick-up. 2)(sl)person whose acquaintance is made usually 偶然结识的人adj.(Colloq.) assembled informally or hastily e.g. a pick-up jazz band 临时拼凑而成的乐队

42.motor homes:(Am E)an automotive vehicle with a truck chassis, outfitted as a traveling home with self-contained electrical and plumbing facilities 旅宿汽车, 车屋, 住房汽车, 流动住宅（一种长车厢,设备齐全,可供宿营或旅行时, 暂居住使用的汽车）cf.m obilee home

43.light trucks: 小吨位运货汽车

44.stock car racing:汽车比赛

45.to be sure:1)it is admitted, granted （用作插入语）诚然，固然e.g. She is not pretty, to be sure, but she is very intelligent.2) an expression of surprise （用于惊叹句) e.g. So it is, to be sure.哎呀//啊，真的是那样。

46.door beams:光束(射束）门

47.air bags:（汽车驾驶室内的）保险气袋（以备发生撞车时能立刻充气鼓起成的一种保护性垫子）

48.antilock:a.（指制动系统）防车轮卡住（齿合）打滑的，防抱死的

49.statistic: n. (only sl)统计量，统计资料中的一项statistics 1)(pl) collection of information shown in number 统计数字（资料）Statistics tell part of the story.2)(sl) the science of statistics 统计学e.g. Statistics is rather modern branch of mathematics. statistical adj. e.g. statistical date/figures

50.fatality: misfortune, calamity

51.farm implements: plows, threshing machines and other farming tools and equipment

52.efficiency: [U] state or quality of being efficient e.g. The skilled carpenter worked with great efficiency to finish the job quickly. Efficient: adj.1)(of person) capable e.g. efficient secretary 2) producing a desired or satisfactory result e.g. efficient methods of teaching [Ant] inefficient

53.microprocessed: 微处理

54.the automobiles on the road-poorly tuned, aging crocks: very old cars that are so poorly adjusted that they could not work well

55.eliminated: remove, take or put away: e.g. Be sure to eliminate spelling mistakes in your article.

56.urban sprawl: urban expansion

57.drivers by the millions: millions of drivers

58.forgo (=forego), forwent, forgone: give up; do without e.g. I shall be happy to forgo pleasures in order to study hard.

59.the podlike constriction of mass transit: a situation in which you are confined in

a very small space while taking public transportation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7e12436766.html,muter:person who commutes 乘公交车辆上下班的人commute: v. travel regularly e.g. by train or car, between one's work in a town and one's home in the country or suburbs e.g. commute between Guang Zhou and Zhu Hai 经常往返于广州与珠海之间

61.maw: an animal's stomach or throat

62.outrageously: adv.outrageous: adj. shocking, very cruel蛮横的，残暴的: e.g. outrageous behaviour 2) shameless, immoral 令人憎厌的,令人不能容忍的: an outrageous price/remark

63.toll: n.1) payment required for the use of a road, bridge, harbour, etc e.g. collect tolls at the gateway 在入口处收通行费2)(fig.)sth paid, lost or suffered: The war took a heavy toll of the nation's manhood.战争使一个国家的男子汉伤亡惨重。

64.it:refers to the movement of driving.

65.that: refers to the choice for people to make about freedom.

66.if only:(=I wish) used to express a wish or desire. With this use, there is often no main clause to go with the if-clause. e.g. If only he would arrive in time! If only she had asked someone's advice. cf.only if

67.thoughtfully: carefully thoughtful: adj. 1) expressing thought e.g. The girl looked thoughtful for a moment and answered. 2) careful e.g. You should be more thoughtful of your safety. 你应当注意自己的安全。3) considerate, thinking of e.g. It was thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你来之前先通知我，真是考虑得很周到。More examples: She is always thoughtful for her friend.她总是关心朋友。Young people are often thoughtless for the future. 年轻人常常不想到未来的事。

68.crux:(pl. ~es) part that is the most difficult to solve 症结关键 e.g. The crux of matter is this.

69.short of: except for e.g. Short of unexpected delay on his way, he will arrive by tomorrow. 只要路上没有意外的耽搁, 他将尽快于明天到达。We will never stop short of the goal.我们不达到目的，决不罢休。

70.integral: a. essential e.g. The arms and legs are integral parts of a human being.

71.tear up: destroy by breaking (it) into pieces e.g. Parks, once bursting with flowers, were now being torn up in favor of factories. She folded the letter, intending to tear it up and throw it out of the window.

72.level: make or become level or flat e.g. level the building with the ground; Death levels all men. (makes them equal by ending social distinctions)

73.housebreak: control

74.integrate ... into: combine ... into e.g. integrate theory with practice

75.prudence:[U] wise thought before acting 谨慎, 慎重 e.g. exercise prudence in dealing with sth.慎重处理某事; cast/fling/ throw prudence to the winds 不顾一切,鲁莽从事

76.finite: limited, having bounds e.g. Human understanding is finite.

Translation and Writing

A. Translate the following English into Chinese.

Historically, Jeep's reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the Second World War when the original Jeeps, supplied by the Willys company, carried Allied forces through the Pacific and Europe.

The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring says the mane Jeep stemmed from the United States Army's decision to call the vehicle GP, for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to "jeep," from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became a trademark owned by the Willy company.

Jeep became part of Chrysler in 1988 and the company has since spent a lot of money to revitalize the Jeep production facilities, and to increase the number and style of models available. Chrysler says the Jeep's wartime reputation and rugged image undoubtedly helped it to carve out a new role in peacetime as a recreational vehicle. It says the Jeep created the original market for recreational, off-road vehicles using the powerful four-wheel drive traction (known commercially as 4 WD) for which the army jeep was famous.

B. Translate the following Chinese into English.

1. 汽车诞生后发展很快，不久就替代了马。（displace）

2.由于汽车污染环境并严重伤害人体，甚至杀人，我们可能不得不削减私人拥有汽车的数量而更多地依赖公共交通系统。(mass transit systems)

3.汽车给我们带来了更好、更为便利的交通时，它也应对诸如空气污染、交通事故、交通拥挤之类的许多问题负责。(be guilty of)

4. 美国人对汽车的热爱以及他们较大的工作流动性时出了名的。(be noted for)

5. 要是燃料质量和效率的提高和技术的进步能大大减少汽车的排放量，那该多好啊。(if only)

6. 在美国，高度发达的公路网使在各地之间来来往往成为可能。(from coast to coast)

7. 一想到这条林荫大道的建设速度，参观者都感到很吃惊：这条路不久前还在开挖及铺设排水管。(the very thought of , tear up)

8. 环境保护主义者严厉谴责了汽车，认为汽车是产生空气污染的主要因素。(denounce)

9. 由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，许多新建的住宅群拔地而起。(rise up, complex)

10. 尽管非常喜欢汽车，许多人还是相信广泛地使用公共交通系统能缓解交通拥挤。(lend credence to)

Comprehension of the Text

A. Questions(Textbook pp63-64)

1 What social and economic status did the author's father enjoy in his days? Was he

satisfied with it? What did he attempt to do?

3 What are the other words showing such a feeling in this paragraph?

4 What is the difference between cars and other high tech products, such as the telephone, the television, the personal computer, etc.? Give evidence to support your idea.

5 How do environmentalists and social engineers look at automobiles? What does the author intend to mean by the example of "the Duke of Wellington?"

6 What is the ugly image of the automobile commonly accepted?

7 What has contributed to the expansion of metropolitan complexes? Why?

8.In paragraph 6, the author mentions a series of statistics. Why does he do so? What kind of paragraph is it in terms of organization?

9 In paragraphs 7, 8, and 9, the author deals with the problems caused by automobiles and their possible solutions. What are they?

1) Problem / solution

2) problem / solution

3. problem / solution

10.Why are millions of drivers reluctant to give up their freedom of movement?

11.Why will automobile continue to be the essential means of individual transport?

12. What is the conclusion the author has made about the future of automobiles?

B. Answers for Reference

1.The author's father enjoyed a middle-class status. He was satisfied with what he had achieved and attempted to rise to a higher socioeconomic position.

3.Love, revere, social amulets, brag, electrify, smart, beast, Black Beauty, and mysterious machine are the words and expressions that show such a feeling.

4.The difference lies in the fact that cars enjoy anthropomorphic status. They are treated as members of the family and have their own names. People curse them when they fail and feel sorry for them when they trade them in.

5.They see automobiles negatively the author gives the example of the Duke of Wellington to illustrate how the privileged classes did not encourage common people to have the freedom to move around.

6.Automobiles are the cause of many problems. They are the cause of death, injury and population movement. Therefore they should be abandoned as soon as possible.

7.Automobiles have contributed to the expansion of many metropolitan areas because they make monumental population shifts possible, thus resulting in expanding cities. The last sentence implies that people will continue to move in large numbers by means of automobiles no matter how worried environmentalists are about it.

8.This paragraph is a supporting paragraph.

9.1) problem: Cars hurt people. solution: Automobiles have been made much safer by means of various technological advances.

2)problem: Cars pollute.solution: a. Advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in microprocessed engine technology, have radically cut emissions. b. The elimination of poorly tuned, aging cars or vehicles from the highways, which account for 50% of the emissions.

3) problem: Cars are the source of traffic jams and urban sprawl. solution: a. People take the buses and trains the government has so thoughtfully provided. b. People behave properly

10.Because they highly value their freedom and want to control their own destiny In the world today people have fewer and fewer choices and this is their own choice, though it is not perfect.

12.We will live with the automobile despite all the problems it has brought with it.

Key to the Translation from English into Chinese

A.

在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。

《麦氏汽车驾驶大全》一书认为，“吉普”这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做GP（for General Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。

1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该公司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克莱斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及其坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该公司说，吉普为休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。

B.Key to t he Translation from Chinese into English.

1.The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.

2. We may have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.

3. While wheels (automobiles) have brought with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.

4. Americans are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.

5. If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.

6. A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.

7. The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torn up to lay drainpipes not long ago.

8. Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.

9. Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public transportation.

10. Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.

Suggested Key to Vocabulary and Structure

A. 1 -d 2 - f 3 - j 4 - a 5 - i6 - h 7 - g 8 - e 9 - c 10- b

1. mobility

2. toll

3. accommodate

4. landscape

5. sprawled

6. implement

7. legitimate

8. transit 9. electrified 10. pickup

B.1. Integral 2. better off 3. sprawling 4. emissions 5. metropolitan 6. ban 7. commuters 8. clutter 9. accommodate 10. displaced

C.1. from coast to coast 2. the great unwashed 3.revere 4.denounce 5. tore up 6. Short of 7. are noted for 8. constriction 9. was guilty of 10. well off

D.1. C. overcrowded 2. B. worthy 3. A. sitting 4. D. recovered 5. D. in nonsmokers and nondrinkers 6. D. poured 7. B. unaware of 8. C. recent 9. C. out of the question

10. B. understands

E.1. move 2. drive 3. down 4. wheels 5. out 6. without 7. majority 8. imagine

9.realize 10. plagued 11. burns 12. that 13.to 14. what 15. But 16.done 17. altogether 18.on 19. electricity 20. practical

Key to Reading Practice:

1B 2A 3D 4C 5D

高考英语第二轮总复习提升突破专题07 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题(测)

专题7阅读理解IV：篇章结构 （测试时间：45分钟） 1.【2020届山东省淄博市高三下学期一模】 The production of coffee beans is a huge,profitable business,but,unfortunately,full-sun pro duction is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coff ee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds,and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance. On a local level,the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种)t hat depend on the trees’flowers and fruits.Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result,many species are quickly dying out. On a more global level,the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threat ens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests’plant and animal life,an d the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain disease s.In addition,new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally,and eventually the world’s groundwater. Both locally and globally,the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(种植园)could m ean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world’s climate,and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to ai r pollution and global warming.Moreover,the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的)soil conditions. It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life,from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible,although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. 15. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

大学英语精读第三版第二册课后答案

大学英语精读第二册（第三版）book2Unit1答案上海外语教育出版社 一） 1. bare 2. empty 3. empty 4. bare 5. empty 6.empty 二） 1. shortly 2.track down 3.faint 4.motioned 5.at the sight of 6.feel like 7.slamming 8.rang out 9.contract 10.made for 11.heated 12.emerged 三） 1. host 2. sprang up/rang out 3. impulse 4. came to 5. track down 6. unexpected 7. outgrow 8. widened 9. shortly 10. emerge / spring up 11. at the sight of 12. made for 13. crisis 14. colonial 四） 1. Jimmy has outgrown the shirts his aunt made for him a few years ago. 2. Does the doctor think the elderly lady is likely to survive the operation / it is likely that the elderly lady will survive the operation? 3. The other day your cousin paid us an unexpected visit. 4. Don't you see the nurse motioning us to be silent? 5. Her face lit up with joy at his return.

高考英语二轮复习专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题

专题7 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题 班级姓名学号分数 （测试时间：45分钟） 1.【黑龙江省佳木斯市第一中学2018届高三上学期第五次调研】C The Indian government may use 3D paintings as virtual speed-breakers on major highways arid roads, in an attempt to check speeding and careless driving, and eventually make its deadly roads a little safer. “We are trying out 3D paintings used as virtual speed breakers to avoid unnecessary requirements of speed breakers,” India's transport minister Nitin Gadkari tweeted. The visual illusions (幻象）are supposed to encourage drivers to slow down automatically. Earlier this month, India had ordered the removal of all speed breakers from highways, which are considered to be a danger to safety for high-speed vehicles. India has the highest number of road accident deaths in the world. According to the World Health Organisation, over 200,00 people are killed by road accidents due to poor application of road safety laws. This is considerably higher than its official figures of 141,526 for 2014. The use of visual illusions as speed breakers was first pioneered in the American city of Philadelphia in 2008, as part of a campaign against speeding motorists. The technique has also been tried out in China to create floating 3D crossings. In India, cities such as Ahmedabad and Chennai have already experimented with 3D zebra crossings in the last one year. In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year. The artists say their motto is “to increase the attention of drivers”, and that the concept has been successfully tested in zones where accidents easily occur on a highway.” However, critics argue that once drivers know that these speed breakers arc visual illusions, they may ignore them. Others also point out that India's decision does not consider the safety of a large number of walkers. In the end, the new policy may be just one step towards improving road safety. 10. The author explains the experiment of 3D zebra crossings in India by . A. giving examples. B. analysing causes. C. providing figures. D. making comparisons. 【答案】10. D

高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧

高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧 阅读理解占有较大的分值,掌握有效的解题技巧可以有效快速解题, 高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧 1． 确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… … 2． 对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….; The example of … …in para….is used to illustrate/show … …. 3． 对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …; The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. …. 4． 对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized?；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 在上述几类题中考生感觉难做的题是第四类, 这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式,且逐步

得到语言教育专家们的认可。并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。分析这一类的题我们看出：对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构。 首先，看看这样考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况： 图1表明：①（Paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。 下面具体看看 The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.

专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题(讲)2019年高考英语二轮复习含解析

【构建知识体系】 篇章结构题考点段落层次、写作方法和行文走势 【考纲解读】 考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短 文，从每题所给的4个选 项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。考查主旨 大意、细节 理解、推理 判断、词义 猜测、篇章 结构等题 型。 篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所 描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在 论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结 的能力。 【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向 B【2018·天津卷】 When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address? ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. " "Oh, stop. There it is!” The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us. "May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one

大学英语精读第三版

大学英语精读第三版(上海外语教育出版社董亚芬主编) 第三册Book3 Unit1~Unit10 翻译答案 ? Unit1 翻译 1) 发言人（spokesman）明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消（cancel）这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the President would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 2) 杰克对书架上那些书一本也不了解，所以他的选择是很随意的。 Jack didn't know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf, so his choice was quite arbitrary. 3) 随后发生的那些事件再次证明了我的猜疑（suspicions）是对的。(confirm) The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 4) 我认为我们应该鼓励中学生在暑假找临时工作。 I think we should encourage high school students to find temporary jobs / employment during their summer holidays. 5) 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长（governor）竟然是个贪官（corrupt official）。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty turned out to be a corrupt official. 6) 少数工人得到提升（be promoted），与此同时却有数百名工人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted, but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7) 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家了。(given) Given the chance, John might have become an outstanding painter. 8) 数小时后，有人看见那个男孩在林子里瞎转。 Several hours later, the boy was found wandering around in the woods. Unit3 翻译 1) 许多美国大学生申请政府贷款交付学费。 Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education / tuition. 2) 除阅读材料外，使用电影和多媒体（multimedia）会激发学生学习的兴趣。 Besides reading materials, the use of films and multimedia can stimulate students' interest in a subject. 3) 这位律师试图说服陪审团（jury）他的当事人（client）是无辜的。(convince sb. of) The attorney / lawyer tried to convince the jury of his client's innocence. 4) 提问常常会引发创造的火花。 Asking questions often generates the spark of creativity. 5) 我已经把我的简历（résumé）寄往几家公司，但尚未收到回复。 I have sent off my résuméto several corporations, but haven't yet received a reply. 6) 她的结论是建立在对当前国际情况进行了认真的分析的基础上的。 Her conclusion is built / based on a careful analysis of current international affairs. 7) 我们满怀期望地来参加会议，离开时却大失所望。 We came to the meeting full of expectations, yet we left very disappointed. 8) 暂时他只得接受了一份给一家化妆品公司发促销传单的活儿。 At the moment he has to take the job of distributing leaflets to promote products for a cosmetic company.

英语阅读理解

英语阅读理解 ----篇章结构题 所谓的篇章结构题，就是指那些针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次所设置的问题。这类题主要考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在高考题中，这是一种较为新颖的考查方式，这里，我们将要探讨篇章结构题的解题方法。 一、篇章结构题的题干表现形式 1. What is the right order of the steps in doing ...? 2. The second paragraph is developed by ... 3. How is the passage mainly organized/ developed? 4. The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ... 5. Which of the following picture shows the structure of the passage? 6. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you ... 7.Which of the following best fits into paragraph 8? 二、篇章结构题的解答技巧 篇章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章或段落的发展方法，因此解题的关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等等。要做好这一类题，主要解题策略常有： 1.了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种： 总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、 并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、 对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反). 2.了解文章的写作手法在高考阅读理解中主要考查 下定义(definition)：下定义（definition）就是解释某事物是什么，不是什么。 A pencil is an instrument for writing on paper． 用描述、举例或比较对比方法扩充定义

大学英语精读1--第三版--课文英汉对照.

UNIT 1 As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier. 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies for Learning English Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them. 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, "I am interested in English", but "I am good at French"? And have you ever asked yourself why native English speakers say, "learn the news or secret", but "learn of someone's success or arrival"? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives. 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'm interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I'm good at French”？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learn the news or secret”，而“获悉某

2017年高考英语阅读理解文章结构图题

2017年一模 D Integrity Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny(命运) of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt, it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society. On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members. Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society. However, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue(追求) integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining wh at it could be. Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, compassionate and caring, are the factors decisive in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society. 70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? A. B. C. D. 1

大学英语精读第一册(第三版)答案

大学英语精读第三版(上海外语教育出版社董亚芬主编)第一册答案Book 1 Unit 1 Study&Practice Vocabulary Activities 1. 1)e 2)g 3)j 4)a 5)b 6)i 7)c 8)d 9)h 10)f 2. 1) handling 2) summarized 3) process 4) absorb 5) are bound to 6) feel free 7) for instance 8) strategies 9) complained 10) has committed... to memory 11) Nevertheless 12) rely... on 13) Apart from 14) command 3. 1) over and over again 2) at a time 3) put it into practice 4) watching out for 5) by no means 6) concentrate on 7) In addition to 8) in detail Enriching Your Word Power 1. 1)action 2)employ 3)announce 4)examination 5)communication 6)express 7)compose 8)improvement 9)concentration 10)management 11)consider 12)motivate 13)development

15)discuss 16)operate 17)division 18)production 19)educate 20)repeat 2. 1) a) additional b) add c) addition d) addition 2) a) effectively b) effect c) effective d) effect 3) a)helpful b) help c) helpless d) help e) helplessly f) helpfully g) helpful 4) a) reliant b) reliable c) reliance, reliable d) relies e) reliably 5) a) repetition b) repeating c) repeatedly d) repeated e) repetition Usage 1) In my opinion 2) According to Mary 3) In our opinion 4) According to today’s papers 5) In most doctors’ opinion ( According to most doctors) Structure 1. 1) Shakespeare was not only a dramatist but also an actor. 2) Miss Crain not only took me home in her car, but also came the next day to see if I had recovered. 3) Hainan Island attracts tourists not only in winter but also in summer. 4) There is always a black market not only in Britain, but also in other European countries. 5) At the Athens Olympics in 2004, Liu Xiang not only won a gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles, but also broke the Olympic record. 2. 1) It is true that your sentences are all gramma tically correct, but they don’t make any sense. 2) It is true that they lost that battle, but they still went on fighting. 3) It is true that Tom’s very clever and hardworking, but I still don’t think he is the right person for the job. 4) It is true that learning English is by no means easy, but we can make the task easier by using some learning strategies. Cloze 1. 1) strategies 2) frequently 3) over and over again 4) commit to memory 5) acquaintance 6) watch out for 7) communicate 8) process

高考英语-阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题(讲)-专题练习(七)(含答案)

高考英语专题练习（七） 阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（讲） 一、阅读理解 Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star”and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 1．The author explains the law of over learning by（） A．presenting research findings