辉四级冲刺阅读讲义

2014年12月四级考试真题（第一套）

Part lll Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single Line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once

Questions36to45are based on the following passage.

As an Alaskan fisherman,Timothy June,54,used to think that he was safe from industrial pollutants(污染物)at his home in Haines—a town with a population of2,400people and4,000eagles,with8million acres of protected wild land nearby.But in early2007,June agreed to take part in a__36__of35Americans from seven states.It was a biomonitoring project,in which people's blood and urine(尿)were tested for__37__of chemicals —in this case,three potentially dangerous classes of compounds found in common household__38__like face cream,tin cans,and shower curtains.The results—__39__in November in a report called"Is It in Us?"by an environmental group—were rather worrying.Every one of the participants,__40__from an Illinois state senator to a Massachusetts minister,tested positive for all three classes of pollutants.And while the__41__presence of these chemicals does not__42__indicate a health risk,the fact that typical Americans carry these chemicals at all __43__June and his fellow participants.

Clearly,there are chemicals in our bodies that don't__44__there.A large,ongoing study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found148chemicals in Americans of all ages.And in2005,the Environmental Working Group found an__45__of200chemicals in the blood of10new-borns."Our babies are being born pre-polluted,"says Sharyle Patton of Commonweal,which cosponsored"Is It in us?""This is going to be the next big environmental issue after climate change."

A)analyses B)average C)belong

D)demonstrated E)excess F)extending

G)habitually H)necessarily I)products

J)ranging K)released L)shocked

M)simple N)survey O)traces

Section B

Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement cont ains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.Yo u may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by mar king the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.

In Hard Economy for All Ages,

Older Isn't Better...It's Brutal

[A]Young graduates are in debt,out of work and on their parents'couches.People in their30s and40s can't afford

to buy homes or have children.Retirees are earning near-zero interest on their savings.

[B]In the current listless(缺乏活力的)economy,every generation has a claim to having been most injured.But

the Labor Department's latest jobs reports and other recent data present a strong case for crowning baby boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的人)A)as the greatest victims of the recession and its dreadful consequences.

[C]These Americans in their50s and early60s—those near retirement age who do not yet have access to

Medicare and Social Security—have lost the most earnings power of any age group,with their household

incomes10percent below what they made when the recovery began three years ago,according to Sentier Research,a data analysis company.Their retirement savings and home values fell sharply at the worst possible time:just before they needed to cash out.They are supporting both aged parents and unemployed young-adult children,earning them the unlucky nickname"Generation Squeeze."

[D]New research suggests that they may die sooner,because their health,income security and mental well-being

were battered(重创)by recession at a crucial time in their lives.A recent study by economists at Wellesley College found that people who lost their jobs in the few years before becoming qualified for Social Security lost up to three years from their life expectancy(预期寿命),largely because they no longer had access to affordable health care.

[E]Unemployment rates for Americans nearing retirement are far lower than those for young people,who are

recently out of school,with fewer skills and a shorter work history.But once out of a job,older workers have a much harder time finding another one.Over the last year,the average duration of unemployment for older people was53weeks,compared with19weeks for teenagers,according to the Labor Department's jobs report released on Friday.

[F]The lengthy process is partly because older workers are more likely to have been laid off from industries that

are downsizing,like https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,pared with the rest of the population,older people are also more likely to own their own homes and be less mobile than renters,who can move to new job markets.

[G]Older workers are more likely to have a disability of some sort,perhaps limiting the range of jobs that offer

realistic choices.They may also be less inclined,at least initially,to take jobs that pay far less than their old positions.

[H]Displaced boomers also believe they are victims of age discrimination,because employers can easily find a

young,energetic worker who will accept lower pay and who can potentially stick around for decades rather than a few years.

[I]In a survey by the center of older workers who were laid off during the recession,just one in six had found

another job,and half of that group had accepted pay cuts.14%of the re-employed said the pay in their new job was less than half what they earned in their previous job."I just say to myself:'Why me?What have1 done to deserve this?'"said John Agati,56,whose last full-time job,as a product developer,ended four years ago when his employer went out of business.That position paid$90,000,and his resume lists jobs at companies like American Express,Disney and USA Networks.Since being laid off,though,he has worked a series of part-time,low-wage,temporary positions,including selling shoes at Lord&Taylor and making sales calls for a car company.

[J]The last few years have taken a toll not only on his family's finances,but also on his feelings of self-worth.

"You just get sad,"Mr.Agati said."I see people getting up in the morning,going out to their careers and going home.I just wish I was doing that.Some people don't like their jobs,or they have problems with their jobs, but at least they're working.I just wish I was in their shoes."He said he cannot afford to go back to school,as many younger people without jobs have done.Even if he could afford it,economists say it is unclear whether older workers like him benefit much from more education.

[K]"It just doesn't make sense to offer retraining for people55and older,"said Daniel Hamermesh,an economics professor."Discrimination by age,long-term unemployment,and the fact that they're now at the end of the hiring queue just don't make it sensible to invest in them."

[L]Many displaced older workers are taking this message to heart and leaving the labor force entirely.The share of older people applying for Social Security early rose quickly during the recession as people sought whatever income they could find.The penalty they will pay is permanent,as retirees who take benefits at age62will receive as much as30%less in each month's check for the rest of their lives than they would if they had waited until full retirement age(66for those born after1942).

[M]Those not yet eligible for Social Security are increasingly applying for another,comparable kind of income

support that often goes to people who expect never to work again:disability benefits.More than one in eight people in their late50s is now on some form of federal disability insurance program,according to Mark Duggan,chairman of the department of business economics and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School.

[N]The very oldest Americans,of course,were battered by some of the same ill winds that tormented those now nearing retirement,but at least the most senior were cushioned by a more readily available social safety net.More important,in a statistical twist,they may have actually benefited from the financial crisis in the most fundamental way:prolonged lives.

[O]Death rates for people over65have historically fallen during recessions,according to a November2011study by economists at the University of California,Davis.Why?The researchers argue that weak job markets push more workers into accepting relatively undesirable work at nursing homes,leading to better care for residents.

46.Greater mobility puts younger people at an advantage in seeking new jobs.

47.Many of the older workers laid off during the recession had to accept lower pay in their new jobs.

48.Those who has their jobs shortly before retirement age live a shorter-than-average life.

49.Seniors at nursing homes could benefit from the weak job market.

50.Age discrimination in employment makes it pointless retraining older workers.

51.According to recent reports and data analyses,boomers suffer most from the weak economy.

52.Unemployed boomers are at a disadvantage in job-hunting because employers tend to hire younger workers.

53.People in their fifties and early sixties bear the heaviest family burdens.

54.People who take benefits from Social Security before official retirement age will get much less for the rest of their lives.

55.Older workers'choice of jobs can be limited because of disability.

Section C

Directions:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished state ments.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions56to60are based on the following passage.

New Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling passengers on those shining blue Citi Bikes.But what about local bike shops?Is Citi Bike rolling up riders at their expense?

At Gotham Bikes in Tribeca,manager W.Ben said the shop has seen an increase in its overall sales due to t he bike-share program."It's getting more people on the road,"he said.James Ryan,an employee at Danny's Cycle s in Gramercy said Citi Bike is a good option for people to ease into biking in a city famed for its traffic jams and aggressive drivers."They can try out a bike without committing to buying one,"he said.

Rentals are not a big part of the business at either Gotham Bikes or Danny's Cycles.But for Frank's Bike Sh op,a small business on Grand St.,the bike-share program has been bad news.Owner Frank Arroyo said his rental business has decreased by90%since Citi Bike was rolled out last month.Arroyo's main rental customers are Euro pean tourists,who have since been drawn away by Citi Bikes.

However,Ben said the bike-share is good for bike sales at his shop."People have used the bike-share and re alized how great it is to bike in the city,then decide that they want something nicer for themselves,"he noted Christian Farrell of Waterfront Bicycle Shop,on West St.just north of Christopher St.,said initially he was concerned about bike-share,though,he admitted,"I was happy to see people on bikes."

Farrell's early concerns were echoed by Andrew Crooks,owner of NYC Velo,at64Second Ave."It seemed like a great idea,but one that would be difficult to implement,"Crooks said of Citi Bike.He said he worried abou t inexperienced riders'lack of awareness of biking rules and strong negative reaction from non-cyclists.However, he said,it's still too early to tell if his business has been impacted.

While it's possible bike-share will cause a drop in business,Crooks allowed that the idea is a positive step fo rward for New York City.

56What is the author's chief concern about the increasing use of Citi Bikes in New York?

A)How non-cyclists will respond to it.B)Whether local bike shops will suffer.

C)Whether local bike businesses will oppose it.D)How the safety of bike riders can be ensured.

57.What happened to Gotham Bikes as a result of the bike-share program?

A)It found its bike sales unaffected.B)It shifted its business to rentals.

C)It saw its bike sales on the rise.D)It rented more bikes to tourists.

58.Why is the bike-share program bad news for Frank's Bike Shop?

A)It cannot meet the demand of the bike-share program.

B)Its customers have been drawn away by Citi Bikes.

C)Its bike prices have to be lowered again and again.

D)It has to compete with the city's bike rental shops.

59.Why did Andrew Crooks think that the bike-share program would be difficult toexecute?

A)Inexperienced riders might break biking rules.

B)Conflicts might arise among bike rental shops.

C)Traffic conditions might worsen in the downtown area.

D)There are not enough lanes to accommodate the bikes.

60.What is the general attitude of the local bike shops towards Citi Bike?

A)Wait and see.B)Negative.

C)Indifferent.D)Approving.

Passage Two

Questions61to65are based on the following passage.

Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has not led to measurable improvements in le arning.Between1980and2008,staff and teachers at U.S.public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students.Ye t students showed no additional learning in achievement tests

Universities show similar trends of increased administration personnel and costs without greater learning,as do cumented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift Limited Learning on College Ca mpuses.

A survey shows that63%of employers say that recent college graduates don't have the skills they need to succe ed and25%of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.

Some simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of the skilled students by pr ivate schools,but far more significant events were at work.

Public schools worked well until about the1970s.In fact,until that time,public schools provided far better edu cation than private ones.It was the under performing students who were threw out of public schools and went t o private ones.

A prominent reason public schools did well was that many highly qualified women had few options for workin g outside the house other than being teachers or nurses.They accepted relatively low pay,difficult working conditi ons,and gave their very best.

Having such a large supply of talented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services.Wo men's liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women,and,over time,some of the best left teachi ng as a career option,bringing about a gradual decline in the quality of schooling.

Also around that time,regulations,government,and unions came to dictate pay,prevent adjustments,and introd uce bureaucratic standard for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,rge education bureaucracies and unions came to dominate the lands cape,confusing activity with achievement.Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums,talk nonsense about the the ories of education,and require ever more administrators.The end result had been that,after all the spending,stude

nts have worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spending far less on ed ucation—as all the accumulating evidence now documents.

61.What do we learn from various studies on America's public education?

A)Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.

B)Public schools lack the resources to compete with private schools.

C)Little improvement in education has resulted from increased spending.

D)The number of students has increased much faster than that of teachers

62.How do some people explain the decline in public education?

A)Government investment does not meet school's needs.B)Skilled students are moving for private schools.

C)Qualified teachers are far from adequately paid.D)Training of students'basic skills is neglected.

63.What was significant contribution to the past glory of public schools?

A)Well-behaved students.B)Efficient administration.

C)Talented women teachers.D)Generous pay for teachers.

64.Why did some of the best women teachers leave teaching?

A)New career opportunities were made available to them by women's liberation

B)Higher academic requirements made it difficult for them to stay in their jobs.

C)They were unhappy with the bureaucratic administration in their schools.

D)The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.

65.What docs the author think is one of the results of government involvement in education?

A)Increasing emphasis on theories of education.B)Highly standardized teaching methods.

C)Students'improved academic performance.D)An ever-growing number of administrators.

2014年12月四级考试真题（第二套）

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blan k from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before ma king your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter on Answ er Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions36to45are based on the following passage.

One principle of taxation,called the benefit principle,states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits th ey receive from government services.This principle tries to make public goods similar to__36__goods.It seem s reasonable that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in__37__for movie tickets than a person wh o rarely goes.And__38__a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a perso n who gets little benefit.

The gasoline tax,for instance,is sometimes__39__using the benefits principle.In some states,__40__from th e gasoline tax are used to build and maintain roads.Because those who buy gasoil-ne are the same people who us e the roads,the gasoline tax might be view edas a__41__way to pay this government service.

The benefits principle can also be used to argue that wealthy citizens should pay higher taxes than poorer ones,_ _42__because the wealthy benefit more from public services.Consider,for example,the benefits of police protec tion from__43__.Citizens with much to protect get greater benefit from police than those with less to protect.Th erefore,according to the benefits principle,the wealthy should__44__more than the poor to the cost of__45_the police force.The same argument can be used for many other public services,such as fireprotection,national defe nse,and the court system.

A)adapt B)contribute C)exerting

D)expenses E)fair F)justified

G)maintaining H)private I)provided

J)revenues K)similarly L)simply

M)theft N)total O)wealth

Section B

Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement cont ains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.Yo u may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by mar king the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.

Growing Up Colored

[A]You wouldn't know Piedmont anymore—my Piedmont,I mean—the town in West Virginia where I learned t

o be a colored boy.

[B]The1950s in Piedmont was a time to remember,or at least to me.People were always proud to be from Pied

mont—lying at the foot of a mountain,on the banks of the mighty Potomac.We knew God gave America n o more beautiful location.I never knew colored people anywhere who were crazier about mountains and wate r,flowers and trees,fishing and hunting.For as long as anyone could remember we could out hunt,out shoo t,and out swim the white boys in the valley

[C]The social structure of Piedmont was something we knew like the back of our hands.It was an immigrant tow

n;white Piedmont was Italian and Irish,with a handful of wealthy WASPs(盎格鲁撒克逊裔的白人新教徒)o n East Hampshire Street,and"ethnic"neighborhoods of working-class people everywhere else,colored and w hite.

[D]For as long as anyone can remember,Piedmont's character has been completely bound up with the Westvac

o paper mill:its prosperous past and doubtful future.At first glance,the town is a typical dying mill center.M any once beautiful buildings stand empty,evidencing abygone time of spirit and pride.The big houses on Eas t Hampshire Street are no longer proud,as they were when I was a kid.

[E]Like the Italians and the Irish,most of the colored people migrated to Piedmont at the turn of the20th centur

y to work at the paper mill,which opened in1888.All the colored men at the paper mill worked on"the platf orm"—loading paper into trucks until the craft unions were finally integrated in1968.Loading is what Dadd y did every working day of his life.That's what almost every colored grown-up I knew did.

[F]Colored people lived in three neighborhoods that were clearly separated.Welcome to the Colored Zone,a larg

e stretched banner could have said.And it felt good in there,like walking around your house in bare feet an

d underwear,or snoring（打鼾）right out loud on th

e couch in front o

f the TV—enveloped by the comforts o

f home,the warmth of those you love.

[G]Of course,the colored world was not so much a neighborhood as a condition of existence.And though our ow

n world was seemingly self-contained;it impacted on the white world of Piedmont in almost every directio n.Certainly,the borders of our world seemed to be impacted on when some white man or woman showed u p where he or she did not belong,such as at the black Legion Hall.Our space was violated when one of the m showed up at a dance or party.The rhythms would be off.The music would sound not quite right:attempts t o pat the beat off just so.Everybody would leave early.

[H]Before1955,most white people were just shadowy presences in our world,vague figures of power like remot

e bosses at the mill or tellers at the bank.There were exceptions,o

f course,the white people who would com

e into our world in ritualized,everyday ways we all understood.Mr.Mail Man,Mr.Insurance Man,Mr.Whit

e-and-Chocolate Milk Man,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,ndlordMan,Mr.Police Man:we called white people by their trade,like cha racters in a mystery play.Mr.Insurance Man would come by every other week to collect premiums on colleg

e or death policies,sometimes50cents or less.

[I]"It's no disgrace to be colored,"the black entertainer Bert Williams famously observed early in the century,"bu

t it is awfully inconvenient."For most of my childhood,we couldn't cat inrestaurants or sleep in hotels,we cou ldn't use certain bathrooms or try on clothes in stores.Mama insisted that we dress up when we went to shop.S he was carefully dressed when she went to clothing stores,and wore white pads called shields under her arm s so her dress or blouse would show no sweat."We'd like to try this on,"she'd say carefully,uttering her words precisely and properly."We don't buy clothes we can't try on,"she'd say when they declined,and we'd walk ou t in Mama's dignified(有尊严的)manner.She preferred to shop where we had an account and where everyo ne knew who she was.

[J]At the Cut-Rate Drug Store,no one colored was allowed to sit down at the counter or tables,with one exceptio n:my father.I don't know for certain why Carl Dadisman,the owner,wouldn’t stop Daddy from sitting dow n.But I believe it was in part because Daddy was so light-colored,and in part because,during his shift at the p hone company,he picked up orders for food and coffee for the operators.Colored people were supposed to sta nd at the counter,get their food to go,and leave.Even when Young Doc Bess would set up the basketball tea m with free Cokes after one of many victories,the colored players had to stand around and drink out of pape r cups while the white players and cheerleaders sat down in comfortable chairs and drank out of glasses. [K]I couldn't have been much older than five or six as I sat with my father at the Cut-Rate one afternoon,enjoyin

g two scoops of caramel ice cream.Mr.Wilson,a stony-faced,brooding Irish man,walked by."Hello,Mr.Wi

lson,"my father said."Hello,George."

[L]I was genuinely puzzled.Mr.Wilson must have confused my father with somebody else,but who?There wer en't any Georges among the colored people in Piedmont."Why don't youtell him your name,Daddy?"I asked l oudly."Your name isn't George."He knows my name,boy,"my father said after a long pause."He calls all color ed people George."

[M]I knew we wouldn't talk about it again;even at that age,I was given to understand that there were some subje cts it didn't do to worry to death about.Now that I have children,Irealize that what distressed my father wasn' t so much the Mr.Wilsons of the world as the painful obligation to explain the racial facts of life to someon

e who hadn't quite learned them yet.Maybe Mr.Wilson couldn't hurt my father by calling him George;but I h

urt him by asking to know why.

46.The author felt as a boy that his life in a separated neighborhood was casual and cozy.

47.There is every sign of decline at the paper mill now.

48.One reason the author's father could sit and eat at the drug store was that he didn't look that dark.

49.Piedmont was a town of immigrants from different parts of the world.

50.In spite of the awful inconveniences caused by racial prejudice,the author's family managed to live a life of di

gnity.

51.The author later realized he had caused great distress to his father by asking why he waswrongly addressed.

52.The author took pride in being from Piedmont because of its natural beauty.

53.Colored people called white people by the business they did.

54.Colored people who lived in Piedmont did heavy manual jobs at the paper mill.

55.The colored people felt uneasy at the presence of the whites in their neighborhoods.

Section C

Directions:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statem ents.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions56to60are based on the following passage.

Children are a delight.They are our future.But sadly,hiring someone to take care of them while you go to work i s getting more expensive by the year.

Earlier this month,it was reported that the cost of enrolling an infant or small kid at a childcarecenter rose3%in2 012,faster than the overall cost of living.There are now large strips of the country where daycare for an infant co sts more than a tenth of the average married couple's income.

This is not necessarily a new trend,but it is a somewhat puzzling one.The price of professional childcare has bee n rising since the1980s.Yet during that time,pay for professional childcare workers has stood still.Actually care givers make less today,in real terms,than they did in1990.Considering that labor costs are responsible for up t o80%of adaycare center's expenses,one would expect flat wages to have meant flat prices.

So who's to blame for higher childcare costs?

Childcare is a carefully regulated industry.States lay down rules about how many children each employee is allo wed to watch over,the space care centers need per child,and other minute details And the stricter the regulation s,the higher the costs.If it has to hire a caregiver for every two children,it can't really achieve any economies o f scale on labor to save money when other expenses go up.In Massachusetts,where childcare centers must hire o ne teacher for every three infants,the price of care averaged more than$16,000per year.In Mississippi,where ce nters must hire one teacher for every five infants,the price of care averaged less than$5,000.

Unfortunately,I don't have all the daycare-center regulations handy.But I wouldn't be surprised if as the rules hav e become more elaborate,prices have risen.The trade off(交换)

might be worth it in some cases;after all,the health and safety of children should probably come before cheap ser vice.But certainly,it doesn't seem to be an accident that some of the cheapest daycare available is in the least reg ulated South.

56.What problem do parents of small kids have to face?

A)The ever-rising childcare prices.B)The budgeting of family expenses.

C)The balance between work and family.D)The selection of a good daycare center.

57.What does the author feel puzzled about?

A)Why the prices of childcare vary greatly from state to state.

B)Why increased childcare prices have not led to better service.

C)Why childcare workers'pay has not increased with the rising childcare costs.

D)Why there is a severe shortage of childcare professional in a number of states.

58.What prevent childcare centers from saving money?

A)Steady increase in labor costs.B)Strict government regulations.

C)Lack of support from the state.D)High administrative expenses.

59.Why is the average cost of childcare in Mississippi much lower than in Massachusetts?

A)The overall quality of service is not as good.B)Payments for caregivers there are not as high.

C)Living expenses there are comparatively low.D)Each teacher is allowed to care for more kids.

60.What is the author's view on daycare service?

A)Caregivers should receive regular professional training.

B)Less elaborate rules about childcare might lower costs.

C)It is crucial to strike a balance between quality and costs.

D)It is better for different states to learn from each other.

Passage Two

Questions61to65are based on the following passage.

Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cel lphone or computer.And that,he claims,is pretty much all of us.When we're not online,where we spend four m onths annually,we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.

The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book.It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of ou r computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness.A"profess ional futurist",Pang urges an approach which he calls"contemplative(沉思的)

computing."He asks that you pay full attention to"how your mind and body interact with computers and ho w your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."

Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get m ore done.What is commonly called multitasking is,in fact,switch-tasking,and its harmful effects on productivit y are well documented.Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world.Instead,he asks you to"take a mo re ecological(生态的)

View of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks e asier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."

The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor —often for the worse.For architects,computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapene d the design process.As one architect puts it,"Architecture is first and foremost about thinking...and drawing i s a more productive way of thinking"than computer-aided design.Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions fo r kicking the Internet habit.He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches,familiar to anyone wh o has completed a quit-smoking program.Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knoc k out,download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser,or take a"digital Sabbath(安息日)" "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor,you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart whe n you go offline."

61.Alex Pang's new book is aimed for readers who________.

A)find their work online too stressful B)go online mainly for entertainment

C)are fearful about using the cellphone or computer D)can hardly tear themselves away from the Internet

62.What does Alex Pang try to do in his new book?

A)Offer advice on how to use the Internet effectively.

B)Warn people of the possible dangers of Internet use.

C)Predict the trend of future technological development.

D)Examine the influence of technology on the human mind.

63.What is the common view on multitasking?

A)It enables people to work more efficiently.B)It is in a way quite similar to switch-tasking.

C)It makes people's work and life even harder.D)It distracts people's attention from useful work.

64.What does the author think of computer-aided design?

A)It considerably cuts down the cost of building design.B)It somewhat restrains architects'productive thinking.

C)It is indispensable in architects'work process.D)It can free architects from laborious drawing.

65.What is Ales Pang's recommendation for Internet users?

A)They use the Internet as little as possible.B)They keep a record of their https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html, time.

C)They exercise self-control over their time online.D)They entertain themselves online on off-days only.

2014年12月四级考试真题（第三套）

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank f rom a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before makin g your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each ite m on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more tha n once.

Questions36to45are based on the following passage.

For decades,Americans have taken for granted the United States'position in the development of new technol

ogies.The innovationhat resulted from research and development during World War II and afterwards were__36 __to the prosperity of the nation in the second half of the20th century.Those innovations,upon which virtually al l

aspects of__37__society now depend,were possible because the United States then__38__the world in mathem atics and science education.Today,however,despite increasing demand for workers with strong skills in mathema tics and science,the__39__of degrees awarded in science,math,and engineering are decreasing.

The decline in degree production in what are called the STEM disciplines(science,technology,engineering, and math)seems to be__40__related to the comparatively weak performance by U.S.schoolchildren on international assessments of math and science.Many students entering college have weak s kills in mathematics.According to the2005report of the Business-Higher Education Forum,22percent of college freshmen must take remedialmath__41__.and less than half of the students who plan to major in science or engi neering__42__complete a major in those fields.

The result has been a decrease in the number of American college graduates who have the skills,__43__in mathematics,to power a workforce that can keep the country at the

forefront of innovation and maintain its standard of living.With the__44__performance of American students in math and science has come increased competition from students from other countries that have strongly supported education in these areas.Many more students earn__45__in the STEM disciplines in developing countries,espe cially China,than in the United States.

A)accelerating B)actually C)closely

D)contemporary E)courses F)critical

G)declining H)degrees I)especially

J)future K)led L)met

M)procedures N)proportions O)sphere

Section B

Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement con tains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.Yo u may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by mark ing the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.

Ban Sugary Drinks---

that Will Add Fuel to the Obesity War

[A]On a train last Thursday,I sat opposite a man who was so fat he filled more than one seat.He was pale and dis

figured and looked sick to death,which he probably was:obesity(肥胖症)

leads to many nasty ways of dying.Looking around the carriage,1

saw quite a few people like him,including a couple of fatty children with swollen checks pressing against thei r eyes.These people are part of what is without exaggeration an epidemic(流行病)of obesity.

[B]But it is quite unnecessary:there is a simple idea—far from new that could spare millions of such people a lif

etime of chronic(长期的)

ill health,and at the same time save the National Health Service(NHS)at least14billion a year in England and Wales.There would,you might think,be considerable public interest in it.This simple idea is that sugar is as good—or as bad—as poison and should be avoided.It is pure,white and deadly,as Professor John Yudkin d escribed it40years ago in a revolutionary book of that name.The subtitle was How Sugar Is Killing Us. [C]In its countless hidden forms,in ready meals,junk food and swet drinks,sugar leads to addiction(瘾),to horm

onal upsets to the appetite,to metabolic(新陈代谢的)malfunctions and obesity and from there to type2diabe tes(糖尿病)and its many horrible complication.If people really grasped that,they would try to kick the habi t,particularly as Britain is the"fat man of Europe".They might even feel driven to support government measu res to prevent people from consuming this deadly stuff.Yet so far this idea has met little but resistance.

[D]It is not difficult to imagine the vested interests(既得利益集团)lined up against any sugar control-all the foo

d and drink manufacturers,processors,promoters and retailers who mak

e such easy pickings out o

f the magi

c powers of sugar.Then there are the liberals,with whom I woul

d normally side,who protest that governmen

t regulation would be yet another instance of interference in our lives.

[E]That is true,but people should realize that you cannot have a welfare state without a nanny slate(保姆国家)，

to some degree.If we are all to be responsible for one another's health insurance,through socialized medicine, then we are all closely involved in one another's health,including everyone's eating and drinking.That has alre ady been admitted,finally,with smoking.But it has yet to be admitted with overeating,even though one in fou r adults in this country is obese and that number is predicted to double by the year2050.Quite apart from anyt hing else,obesity will cripple the NHS.

[F]Recently,though,there have been signs that the medical establishment is trying to sound the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,st mont

h the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges(AMRC)published a report saying that obesity is the greatest publi

c health issue affecting the UK an

d urging government to do something.

[G]The report offers10recommendations,of which the first is imposing a tax of20percent on sugary drinks for

at least a year,on top of the existing20percent value-added tax.That at least would be an excellent start.The amounts of sugar in soft drinks are horrifying,and turn straight to fat.As Professor Terence Stephenson,head of the AMRC,has said,sugary soft drinks are"the ultimate bad food.You are just consuming neat sugar.Your body didn't evolve to handle this kind of thing."

[H]Precisely.The risks of eating too much fat or salt(which are very different)pale into insignificant compared

with the harm done by sugar.And it is everywhere.

[I]It is difficult to buy anything in a supermarket,other than plain,unprepared meat,fish or vegetables,that doesn 't have a large amount of sugar in it.This has come about because the prevailing scientific views of the1960s a nd1970s ignored the evidence about sugar,and instead saw fat as the really serious risk,both to the heart and ot her organs,as well as the cause of obesity.

[J]The fashion was to avoid fat.But finding that food with much of its fat removed is not very appetizing,food pr oducers turned to sugr as a magic alternative flavor enhancer,often in the forms of syrups（糖浆）that had recently been developed from corn,and put it generously into most prepared foods and soft drinks. [K]This stuff is not just fattening.It is addictive.It interferes with the body's metabolism,possibly via the activit y of an appetite-controllng hormone.There's plenty of evidence for this,for those who will accept the truth. [L]Theoretically,people ought to make"healthy choices"and avoid overeating.But sugar additives are not easy t o identify and are hard to avoid.So the snacking,over-drinking and over eating that makes people fat is not real ly their own fault:obesity is in large part something that is being done to them.It should be stopped,or rather th e government should stop it.

[M]Going round my local supermarket,I am constantly astonished that it is still legal to sell all the poisons stacke

d high on th

e shelves.The problem is that they are worse than useless.They are poisonous.They are known to

be addictive.They are known to make people obese.And giving small children sweet drinks or bottles of fake juice all day long is nothing less than child abuse.

[N]Clearly,the sale of such stuff ought to be illegal.I hate to think of yet more government regulation.But a bi t of tax on sweet soda and a little more health ed-ucation,a bit of cooking in schools and banning vending mac hines(自动售货机)here and there—as suggested try the AMRC report—is not going to achieve very muc

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,b-elling is quite inadequate.What is needed is legislation banning high levels of sugary syrups used in

foods and drinks.

[O]In June2012,the then minister for public health said the government was not scared of the food industry and had not ruled out legislation,because of the costs of obesity to the NHS.However,nothing has happened yet.

Why not have another Jammie Dodger biscuit and forget about it.

46.Avoiding over-consumption of sugar can improve people's healh as well as save medical expenses.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a12667201.html,ws should be passed to make it illegal to produce overly sweet foods or drinks.

48.Giving small children sweet juices to drink all the time is equal to child abuse.

49.Looking around,the author found obesity quite widespread.

50.The number of obese people is expected to increase quickly in the next few decades.

51.If people really understood the horrible consequences of sugary foods and drinks,they would support govern

ment measures against sugar consumption.

52.It would be a very good beginning to improve an additional tax on sugary drinks.

53.The government has not yet taken any action to regulate sugar consumption although it indicated its intention t

o do so some time ago.

54.Sugar is far more harmful to health than fat and salt.

55.Consumers of sweet foods are not really to blame because they cannot tell what food is sugary

Section C

Directions:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statem ents.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.

Passage one

Questions56to60are based on the following passage.

The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history,comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph.Over two billion people worldwide now have ac cess to vastly more information than ever before,and can communicate with each other instantly,often using Web -connected mobile devices they carry everywhere.But the Internet’s tremendous impacts have only just begun.

“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social,cultural,and political transformatio ns in history,and unlike earlier periods of change,this time the effects are fully global,”Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book.The New Digital Age.

Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack In ternet access get online The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution f or individuals,governments,and institutions like the news media.But if the book has one major shortcoming,it’s that authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these weeping c hanges.

In their book,the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes—and more importan tly predicts—how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades.Theypaint a picture of a world in whic h individuals,companies,institutions,and governments must deal with two realities,one physical,and one virtual.

At the core of the book is the idea that“technology is neutral,but people aren’t.”By using this concept as a starting point,the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs.pessimist dichotomy(对立观点)that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society.In an interview with TIME earlier this week,Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet,they’re also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next fi ve billion people come online,particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance(监视).

56.In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph?

A)It transforms human history.B)It facilitates daily communication.

C)It is adopted by all humanity.D)It revolutionizes people's thinking.

57.How do Schmidt and Cohen describe the effects of the Internet?

A)They are immeasurable.B)They are worldwide.

C)They are unpredictable.D)They are contaminating.

58.In what respect is the book The New Digital Age considered inadequate?

A)It fails to recognize the impact of the Internet technology.

B)It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet.

C)It lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businesses.

D)It does not address the technical aspects of Internet communication.

59.What will the future be like when everybody gets online?

A)People will be living in two different realities.B)People will have equal access to information.

C)People don’t have to travel to see the world.D)People don’t have to communicate face to face

60.What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?

A)They leave many questions unanswered concerning the Internet.

B)They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution.

C)They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world.

D)They don’t take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet.

Passage two

Questions61to65are based on the following passage.

In1950,a young man would have found it much easier than it is today to get and keep a job in the auto industr y.And in that year the average autoworker could meet monthly mortgage(抵押贷款)payments on an average hom

e with just13.4percent o

f his take-home pay.Today a similar mortgage would claim more than twice that share o

f his monthly eamings.

Other members of the autoworker’s family,however might be less inclined to tried the present for the pas t.His retired parents would certainly have had less economic security back then.Through-out much of the1960s, more than a quarter of men and women and women age65and older lived below the poverty level,compared to l ess than10percent in2010.

In most stales,his wife could not have taken out a loan or a card in her own name.In42states,a homemak er had no legal claim on the earnings of her husband.And nowhere did a wife have legal protection against family violence.

Most black workers would not want to return to a time when,on average they earned40percent less than th eir white counterparts(职位相当的人),white racially restrictive agreements largely prevented them from buying in to the suburban neighborhoods being built for white working–class families.

Today,new problems have emerged in the process of resolving old ones,but the solution is not to go back to the past.Some people may long for an era when divorce was still hard to come by.The spread of no-fault divorce has reduced the bargaining power of whichever spouse is more interested in continuing the relationship.And the breakup of such marriages has caused pain for many families.

The growing diversity of family life comes with new possibilities as well as new challenges.According to a recent poll,more than80percent of Americans believe that their current family is as close as the one in which th ey grew up,or closer.Finding ways to imaginary golden age.

61.What do we learn about American autoworkers in1950?

A)They had less job security than they do today.

B)It was not too difficult for them to buy a house.

C)Their earnings were worth twice as much as today.

D)They were better off than workers in other industries.

62.What does the author about retired people today?

A)They invariably long to return to the golden past.

B)They do not depend so much on social welfare.

C)They feel more secure economically than in the past.

D)They are usually unwilling to live with their children.

63.Why couldn’t black workers buy a house in a whitc suburban neighborhood?

A)They lacked the means of transportation.B)They were subjected to racial inequality.

C）They were afraid to break the law.D）They were too poor to afford it.

64.What is the result of no-fault divorce?

A）Divorce is easier to obtain.B）Domestic violence is lessened.

C）It causes little pain to either side.D）It contributes to social unrest.

65.What does the author suggest society do?

A）Get prepared to face any new challenges.B）Try to better the current social security.

C）Narrow the gap between blacks and whites.D）Improve the lives of families with problems

专家解析英语四级考试历年阅读真题(一)

2洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 2007.12阅读第一篇 Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year. As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn’t win the contest again? That’s the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface. A revelation (启示) came last week when I asked her, “Don’t you want to win again?”“No,”she replied, “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.” I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided”by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it. Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughter’s experience. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. 注意：此部分试题请*考试&大在答题卡2上作答。 57. What do we learn from the first paragraph? A) A lot of distractions compete for children’s time nowadays. B) Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activities. C) Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time. D) Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing. 58. What did the author say about her own writing experience? A) She was constantly under pressure of writing more. B) Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers. C) She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer. D) Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations.

二年级语文课外学习讲义 理解词语

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吓跑的。”来理解。 联系法（二） 如：螳螂捕蝉 可以联系文中一段话：“花园里有一颗树，树上有一只蝉。蝉高高在上， 悠闲地叫着，自由自在地喝着露水，却不知道有只螳螂在它的身后。那螳螂弓着身子，举起前爪，要去捕蝉，却不知道有只黄雀在自己的身后。”来理解。 三、练习达人。 用拆合法理解“面红耳赤”和“羞愧难当 面红耳赤 羞愧难当 红色 红色 害羞 惭愧、内疚 承受 整张脸都红了起来 既害羞又惭愧内疚得难以承受 形容情绪很激动，或者很害羞。 用于意识到自己做了错事，而悔恨不已。 四、快乐阅读。 鱼和青蛙 鱼和青蛙同住在一个小池塘里。 鱼尽情地在水里嬉戏。青蛙在水里游一会儿，就到陆地上去学爬、学跳。鱼看到后，讥讽道：“这么大的池塘还住下去吗？为什么偏要到陆地上去学跳呢？” 青蛙回答：“用多余的时间多练点本领，我想这样没有什么坏处的。” “自寻烦恼，”鱼不以为然地说：“有福不会享，却偏要浪费。”

青蛙没有再说什么，还是照样练习水里和陆地上的本领。鱼还是整天无忧地在池塘中玩耍。 这一年，天气大旱。人们不断地去池塘取水浇田，池塘里的水一天天在减少，最后见到了底。 这时，青蛙跳上了岸，开始了陆地上的生活。 鱼离开水就不能生活了，只好张大嘴巴，不久便失去了生命。 1、文中共有（）个自然段。 2、请你用阅读锦囊中的“拆合法”解释下面的词语。 嬉戏：嬉（）戏（） 嬉戏（） 3、“这么大的池塘还住不下你吗？为什么偏要到陆地上去学跳呢？” “用多余的时间多练点本领，我想这样是没有什么坏处的。” 这是（）和（）的对话。我认为（）说的话是对的。 3、你认为小鱼失去生命的原因什么？试着写一写。 乌龟和水井 一（）乌龟在陆地上悠闲地散步，路过一（）水井，想到井边喝水。水井提醒乌龟：“喂，伙计，请离得远一点，掉到我这儿是很危险的！” 乌龟笑着说：“什么样的江河湖海我没见过。还害怕你这小小的水井？”水井对乌龟说：“我这儿的环境与那儿不同。”“什么相同不相同，还不都是水。我下去给你看看。”说着，乌龟“扑通”一声跳下了井。 乌龟跳到了井里，一会儿就明白了，他再也无法爬上来了。 1、在文中括号内填上恰当的量词。

四级深度阅读12.6-12.12

四级深度阅读 2012.6（两篇）-2012.12（第一篇） 2012年6月的第57题 提问方式：In the initial stage,the current economic crisis is likely to _______. 参考答案：Bring about a drop in the divorce rate 答案来源：第一段前两句，If the Great Depression is any guide, we may see a drop in our skyhigh divorce rate. 2012年6月的第59题 提问方式：In addition to job losses. What stands in the way of unhappy couples getting a divorce?参考答案：D Falling housing prices 答案来源：第三段，Furthermore, the housing market meltdown will make it more difficult for them to finance their separations by selling their homes. 2012年6月的第60题 提问方式：What will the current economic crisis eventually do to some married couples? 参考答案：B It will irreparably damage their relationship 答案来源：最后一段，Today’s economic crisis could well generate a similar numb er of couples whose relationships have been irreparably(无法弥补地)ruined. 2012年6月的第62题 提问方式：What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph? 参考答案：D It profits by selling its users’ personal data. 答案来源：第一段，Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. 2012年6月的第64题 提问方式：Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage? 参考答案：C To render better service to its users. 答案来源：第四段，According to Facebook’s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service,

大学英语四级基础复习讲义.pdf

plete 指完成一件指派或预定的任务,或完 善、完整未完成的部分 gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力,往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间儿得到所需要的东西end 指一个动作或一件事情的结束或终止 finish 指把一件事或一个动作做完,强调 事情的了结、终止 7、4 、 accurate , correct , delicate , exact,precise 都含有一定的"正确,精确" 之意 acknowledge,admit,concede,confess,rec ognize 都含有一定的"承认"之意acknowledge 着重”公开承认”,常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事accurate 准确的,精确的,指某人或某事 不仅不出错,而且与事实无出入,强调准 确性 admit 是指在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事实,招供(事实,错误等)concede(不情愿地)承认,(在结果确定前)承认失败correct 正确的,指某人或某事合乎事实或 公认的标准或规则,没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较 accurate 强, 指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或 标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准 确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密, 有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 confess 着重承认自己的过错或罪恶recognize 指正式承认主权、权利等8、affirm,assert,allege,claim 都含有一定的"宣称,断言"之意affirm 断言,肯定,指根据事实坚定不移地宣称,有无可争辩之意assert 宣称,坚持,指不管事实如何,主观自信地宣称5、accuse,charge,indict 都含有一定的 "指控,控告"之意 allege 宣称,断定,指在无真实根据情况下宣称,硬说accuseaccusesb.ofdoingsth. 为 … 指 责 某 人,控告某人 claim 声称,主张,往往表示说话者反对或不同意某一观点chargechargesb.withdoingsth. 指 控 某 人… 英语四级温习资料 2(2006-12-1116:02:10)分类：大学英语四六级温习资料征服大学英语四级考试（阅读篇）（一）存在问题6、achieve,acquire,attain,gain,obtain 都含有一定的"获得,达到"之意 achieve 强调由于极大的努力,克服困难后 达到目标 第一,读不懂acquire 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术,知 识等抽象的东西,也指养成习惯等 attain 正式用语,指经过艰苦努力才使人达 到完美境地所谓读不懂,就是考生拿过文章,满头雾水,即使硬着头皮读文章,也是一知半解。然后匆忙做体,仅凭感觉去蒙,因此做体准确率必然不高。

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