自考英语二教材精简
讲义一
Text A What Is a Decision ？
I.课文内容简介
决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。
段落大意：课文分成三部分
第一、二段：决策的定义The definition of decision
第三、四段：作决策的一般过程The general process of making a decision
第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial levelII.New Words
organizational a. 组织上的
goal n. 目的，目标
objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的
accomplish vt. 完成（任务等）
predict vt./vi. 预言；预示
accompany vt. 伴随，陪同
implement vt. 实现；完成
constraint n. 强制；强制因素
precedent n. 先例，前例
simplify vt. 简化
tendency n. 趋势，倾向
managerial a. 经理的，管理人的
maker n. 制造者；制造商
achievement n. 完成，达到
attain vt. 达到；完成
optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的
suboptimization n. 局部最优化
trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换
argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论
budget n./vt. 预算
scheme n./vt.把…编入预算
define vt. 解释，给…下定义
multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数
profitability n. 赚钱，获利
correctness n. 正确，正确性
unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的
ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的
entity n. 存在，实体
skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的
in the way 挡路、碍事
to make a guess at 猜测
and the like 等等，诸如此类
to seek to 追求，争取
in part 部分地，在某种程度上
point of view 观点
词汇精讲
1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门（同义词：aim ，end ，purpose，objective）
Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。
2.objective ：n./a. 目的；目标（尤指较长远的目标）；宗旨/客观的，如实的
派生词：object n. 物体
反义词：subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物；/ 主观的，
用法：Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目标是接受大学教育。
If you don't work hard，you'll never achieve your objectives.
假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。Achieve表示较难达到的目标。
It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实的报道。
3.accomplish v. 完成（任务）等
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .
学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。
4.predict ：v 预言，预示，预告
同义词：forecast v. 预测，预报
It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。
5.accompany ：v. 伴随，陪同
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的订货单必须随付现金。
派生词：company n. 公司；v. 陪伴
6.implement v. 实现，实施，履行（诺言）等
The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.
委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。
7.constraint n. 限制，约束
They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer
他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。语法规则的限制（约束）
8.tendency ：n. 趋势，倾向
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。
派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向用法：tend to do sth.
He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .
当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。
9.achievement n. 完成，成就，
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .
对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。
派生词：achieve v. 完成，做到，达到（目的），实现，获得
He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .
如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。
10.attain ：v. 达到；获得（长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain，get
用法：She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。
The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。
11.optimal adj 最佳的
The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。
12.argue ：vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论
用法：
作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with，about 或over（就…争论），for （赞成）或against （反对）
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。
He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。
He argued for immediate action . 他主张立即行动。
They argued against such a policy. 他们反对这种政策。
作及物动词时，表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思
I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。
13.scheme n 计划方案
He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .
他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划。
14.multiple adj 多样的复合的
What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .
一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。
15.ongoing adj 进行中的，前进的
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .
目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。
16.entity n 存在实体
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .
他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。
17.skilled adj 熟练的，有技能的
My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .
我母亲非常擅长做衣服。
Phrases and Expressions
1.（stand，get，be ）in the way 碍事，挡道的；妨碍人的
If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way！如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。The chair is in the way，please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。
相关短语：
in a way 在某种程度上；在某些方面；从某一点上看
in no way 决不；一点也不；
in the way of 按照；就…。而言
by way of 取道，经由
by the way 顺便问一下
2.to make a guess at 猜测
You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来能够猜到她是谁。
Can you make a guess at the price ？你猜得出价钱吗？
3.to seek to（inf）寻求，争取
Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .
发电站正在设法减少石油的使用
4.in part ：部分地；有些部分；在某种程度上
This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于财政困难。
The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分责任在我。
5.point of view 视点，视角
The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.
这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。
6.to vary from …to … 从…到…不同，因… 而异
Salary scales vary from state to state.
工资级别因州而异。
7.contribute … to 把… 贡献给…。
We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。
contribute to 导致
Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。
8.be beneficial to 对… 有利
Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的健康。
Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.
III.课文精讲
第一部分
Para.1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语
courses of action 行动方针
that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”
2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist；goals of objectives are wrong；
及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。
The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例：The reason for canceling the travel is that
they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。
The reason why …是另外一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。
Para.2
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions，indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future，many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance，but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight；at other times they are serious.
3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything
当先行词为everything，something，anything，nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which，此句的后半部分some suggest that ……是宾语从句suggest v. 认为，提出，建议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气）
4.although conj.“虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句
例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well .
虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。
require vt. 要求，需要后边由that引导一个宾语从句
5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance，but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions.
make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at （看），aim at （瞄准，目的是），throw （a stone）at （向…掷石头），shoot at （射击），laugh at （嘲笑）本句中what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，（作介词at 的宾语）；
to leave sth. to chance “凭运气，听任命运的安排，听其自然发展”
“as + 形容词（或副词）+ as possible”意思是“尽可能地…；尽量”。
as little as possible 尽可能少
I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。
Come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。
since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。
risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策
6.sometimes … at other times 有时…，而有时则…
a poor decision 一个不良决策
第二部分
Para.3
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing，and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example，a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
7.“选择”三个词的区别：
alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物
choice 选自己喜欢的，挑出，选出
select 选出最好的，筛选、精选
8.由if 引导的条件状语从句，主句中的不定式被动态to be made作定语，修饰decision
9.range n. 范围a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围
10.For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like.
本句中based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints.
be based on 表示“建立在…基础上
例：The book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。
He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge，rather than guess or imagination. 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。
and the like 意思是“等等（之类的东西）”。
例：He studied painting，music，English and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。
11.at all levels “在各个层次”
Para.4
Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives，there is no choice and，therefore，no decision. If no alternatives are seen，often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
12.from which 引导定语从句，修饰courses of action 行动方针
13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作
a thorough job是主语，of examining the problems 修饰job，has not been done是句子的谓语。
thorough a. 彻底的
through prep. 通过，穿过
though conj. 虽然，尽管（同although ）
thought n. 思想
14.For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ：
either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一”。
例：We fight，or we don't —— it's an either/or decision.
我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定。
第三部分
Para.5
At the managerial level，decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them，and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
15.At the managerial level，decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them，and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
在as well as 结构中，强调前者limiting alternatives ，不强调后者
译为：作决策包括限定选择和识别选择，或者译成：不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择（除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择）
practically ad. 实际上，事实上（在口语中译为，几乎，简直）在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：几乎是不可能practically impossible
Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations）frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently，departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization，this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example，the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things，however，increased
funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一个省略that或which的定语从句，修饰a state of affairs “事物的状态，事态”
to seek to do sth. 追求，争取，寻求，设法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介词宾语从句。
18.Frequently，departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
两个that引导的都是定语从句，修饰decisions
less than 在此做状语，表示否定的含义，less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 这份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引导定语从句，修饰trade-off “权衡”
increases 和decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引导的原因状语从句中，有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to …表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （税收的）比例因人而异。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面对
过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语。
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when，while，even if ，even though ，unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。（详见语法要点）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based，in part，on the values of the
decision maker. Such values are personal；they are hard to understand，even by the individual，because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based，in part，on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取决于
in part 部分地，在某种程度上
对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
两个about都是介词短语作定语，修饰前边的名词
不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view，problems have multiple causes，and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity，and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 认为，假定，设想that 引导宾语从句
made today 过去分词短语作定语，“今天作出的决策”
far into the future 形容词短语作定语，“对将来有深远的影响”
27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
the skilled manager “一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者”
current a. 当前的，现时的n. 流，水流，电流，气流
一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。
附：重点句
1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列（第一段）
2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance，but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句（第二段）
3.For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like. （第三段）
4.For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；（第四段）
5.Because individuals （and organizations）frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句（第六段）
6.Frequently，departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them
individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）
7.Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）
8.When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on. （第七段）
Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview
I.New Words
title分析：Secrets：秘密success n. 成功succeed v.
interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试
criticism n. 批评；评论
candidate n. 候选人，候补者；应试者
vague a. 含糊的；不明确的
notion n. 概念；想法，看法
prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程
community n. 社区；共同体
unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的
indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣
interviewer n. 接见者；面谈者
personality n. 个性；人格；品格
prospective a. 预期的；未来的
speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的
clarification n. 澄清，阐明
correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信
photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本
resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历
inefficiency n. 无效；效能差
neat a. 整洁的；简洁的；整齐的
conservative a. 保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的
punk n. （俚）阿飞；朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）
a.颓废派的
miniskirt n. 超短裙
panel n. 专门小组
intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓
clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧
grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制
painful a. 痛苦的；费力的
rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示
词组：
to apply for 申请
day to day （=day-to-day）work 日常工作
to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力
to put oneself in somebody's place 设身处地
to one's advantage 对某人有利
to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找
in hand 手头上有
to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信
at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下
重点词汇词组讲解：
1.interview ：vt./n. 面谈，采访
派生词：interviewer（采访者），interviewee（被采访者），view （观点、见解）/风景），interview （面试/采访），preview（预习），review （复习）
2.Criticism ：n. 批评；评论
派生词：Criticize v. 批评；critical a. 挑剔的；批评的；关键的
3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景
There's not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。
4.indifference ：n.冷漠，不感兴趣
派生词：indifferent a. 冷漠的；不感兴趣的。
用法：indifference to 对…。冷漠
5.inefficiency ：n. 无效，效能差
派生词：efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率
6.neat a. 整洁的，简洁的，整齐的
You have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。
7.conservative a. 保存的，保守的，防腐的
I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。
8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制
grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。
相关的同义词：
seize He seized my hand ，shook it . 他抓住我的手，握着。（握手）
grab He grabbed the money and ran off . 他（急速）抓过钱就跑了。（逃之夭夭）
grasp Grasp the rope with both hands. 用双手抓牢绳索。
hold He was holding a knife in one hand. 他一只手抓着（握着）一把刀子。
catch The child caught a bird . 孩子捉了只鸟。
arrest The police arrested a criminal . 警察抓了个罪犯。
9.to apply for 申请
I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。
26.An organization is an ongoing entity，and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
an ongoing entity “一个发展中的实体，一个运作中的单位”
10.take the trouble to ：不辞劳苦，
用法：take the trouble to
Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。
11.to turn down ：拒绝
He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。
相关词组：
turn up 出现；turn on 打开；turn off 拐弯，关上；turn out 结果是，最后证明是，制造；
II.课文解析
注：课文中「」内的句子为重点句。
The subject of today's talk is interviews.
「The key words here are preparation and confidence，which will carry you far.」
重点句子分析：which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可用that代替which
carry you far 意为“祝你成功”
Do your homework first.
「Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.」重点句子分析：此句中有三个定语从句，（下边画线的）分别修饰all，the job 和the organization .
注意后两句中的for 不能省略
Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. “They hare no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' or o f 'serving the community'，but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”
Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.
T ake the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
「Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.」
重点句子分析：that引导的定语从句修饰anything
who 引导的定语从句修饰people.也可以写作for whom you hope to work
译为“你希望为其工作的人
to show 是不定式作目的状语，其中有一个that引导的宾语从句，作动词show的宾语
Write down （and remember）the questions you want to ask the interviewer（s）so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview，reply：“In fact，I did have several questions，but you have already answered them all .”
「Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite.」
重点句子分析：be sure 肯定，确信
do be polite 是强调语气。例如：Do be careful！
Just before you go to the interview，look again at the original advertisement that you answered，any correspondence from your prospective employer，photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.
Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.
Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building （but not inside the office）a day or two before，if necessary，to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.
Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview，then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic of you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.
「Dress in clean，neat，conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or （girl）to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.」Make sure that your shoes，hands and hair （and teeth）are clean and neat.
重点句子分析：Now 在句中做主语
the punk look 意为“朋克的样子”
「Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.」
重点句子分析：这是个祈使句，inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰the letter
in case 引导条件状语从句，译为：“以防万一，以免”
You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating，but do not let it worry you too much.
The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.
If you have a bag or a case，put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or，worse still，drop it，spilling everything.
Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one
offers.
Shake hands firmly－a weak hand suggests a weak personality，and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.
Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.
If you cannot understand ask：“Would you mind rephrasing the question，please？” The question will then be repeated in different words.
If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot，ask：“when may I expect to hear the results of this interview？”
If you do receive a letter offering you the job，you must reply by letter （keep a photocopy）as soon as possible.
Good luck ！
语法As的用法
I.语法
1.AS的用法
（1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。
介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
（2）用作副词表示程度，as … as …结构中
（3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句）
（4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句，
（5）As用于常用习语中
2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别
分词作定语：
过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。
现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。
单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。
例如an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭/ a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩
a developed country 发达国家/ a developing country 发展中国家
the people concerned 有关人员
分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action.
Have the letter inviting you for an interview …
现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。
例如：The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。
The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。
现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。having done
现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。the decision having been made
不定式作定语
不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.
一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。
3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when，while，even if，even though，unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。
例如：
When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on.
当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。
Don't leave the building unless instructed to do so.
除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。
II.练习
1.单词英译汉
goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity，
2.词组英译汉
in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down
3.句子英译汉
（1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
（2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
（3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made.
（4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like.
（5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
（6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
（7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
（8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
If there is no proper choice，there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem；their solutions to the problem are，therefore，also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.
4.历年考题
1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve）decisions. Indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）
答案是involves. 考点：involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。a manager does为省略了引导词that 的定语从句修饰先行词everything.
2.If there is no choice，there is no decision______（make）。（99.4）
答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions；indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4）
A. imposes
B. improvise
C. involves
D. indicates
答案为C.
4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives.
（03.10）
A.in the way of
B.by way of
C.on the way of
D. in one's way of
答案为A
5.For managers，every decision has constraints_____（base）on policies，procedures，laws. （03.04）（04.10）
答案为based，考点：过去分词短语作后置定语
6.When _____（present）with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）
答案为presented. 考点：present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。
7.An organization is a group of people，and a decision______（make）today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）
答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision.
8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
5.Text A Black Holes
课文简介
本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念，黑洞是怎样产生的，以及有关黑洞的一些研究。
对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步，因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘，需要我们的不断探索。
什么是黑洞？What is a black hole ？
宇宙中有一些点，它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大。由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要进入离这些点一定距离内，就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。因此，没有任何信号能从这个范围内传出，这个范围的边界被称为“视界”（event horizon） .视界里面的情况人类无法看到，所以科学家称之为“黑洞”。
一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷，最后就会形成黑洞。尽管关于黑洞的理论是正确的，但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据。
课文分为三部分：
Paragraph 1 What is a black hole ？
Paragraph 2 - paragraph 4 The theory of black holes
Paragraph 5 Speculations about black holes are endless .
New Words
1 astronomer n.天文学家
2 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免
3 exert vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）
4 explode vt./vi.使爆炸；爆炸
5 density n.密集度，稠密度
6 collapse vt./vi./n.倒塌，崩溃
7 supernova n.超新星
8 daytime n.白天，日间
9 dwarf n.矮子
10 neutron n.中子
11 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩，缩小/退缩，畏缩
12 gravity n.严肃，认真；严重性
13 marble n./a.弹子，大理石
14 boundary n.分界线，边界
15 observer n.遵守者，奉行者
16 interchangeable a.可交换的，可互换的
17 constant a./n.永恒的，经久不变的
18 measurement n.衡量，测量
19 implication n.含意，暗示
20 basis n.基础，根据
21 launch vt./n.发射，投射；发动，发起（运动）
22 galaxy n.星系，银河系
23 observatory n.天文台；了望台
24 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的
25 binary a./n.二，双，复
26 twin a./n.双胞胎的，双胞胎
27 companion n.同伴，同事
28 speculation n.推测，猜测
29 swallow vt.吞咽
30 mankind n.人类
31 operate vi./vt.运转，起作用；动手术
6.词组
1 to research into 研究
2 speculation about 关于…猜测
3 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽
4 to make use of 利用
To reduce to 归纳，简化，迫使
To apply to 适用于，应用
词汇精讲：
1 escape v.逃跑，避免
A lion has escaped from its cage.
一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了
2 exert：vt.用尽；尽力；运用；行使；施加，产生（影响等）
用法：exert pressure on sb.给…施加压力
She exerted herself all year to earn good marks.她整年努力以期获得好分数。
He's been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。Black holes exert very strong gravity.黑洞产生很强的引力。
3 explode v.爆炸，突发
xplosion n.
explosive a.
A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway station this morning.
今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了。
4 collapse v.n.倒塌，崩溃
例句参考教材第34-35页的word Study 2
5 shrink：（shrank，shrunk ）v.退缩；畏缩；n.收缩；缩小
用法：The gross national product shrank one percent last year.去年国民生产总值减少了1%.
Washing wool in hot water will shrink it .在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水。
We will never shrink back before difficulties .我们在困难面前决不退缩。
6 boundary n.分界线，边界
We crossed the state boundary at midnight.
我们在午夜穿过了州界。
7 constant adj.不断的，经常的；永恒的，始终如一n……常数
He is in constant trouble with the police.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦。
There are no constants at all.根本没有不变的事物。
对比同义词：
continual 时断时续的It continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity
continuous 连续不间断的The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
大脑需要不断的供血。
constant强调不变，永恒
8 implication：n.牵连；涉及；卷入；含意；暗示
派生词：imply v.暗示，含意
用法：She seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。
The implication of your statement is that I was wrong.你这话的弦外之音是我错了。
9 launch：v.发射，发动n.发射
The launch of the third man-made satellite turned to be a great success.第三枚航天器的发射结果是巨大成功。
In the 1980's our country launched a number of satellites.80年代我国发射了多颗卫星。
10 convincing ： a.令人信服的；有说服力的；
派生词：convince v.使人信服，使…相信
用法：She is very convincing .她很另人信服。
Convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事；convince sb.that 从句
We failed to convince him of his mistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的。
Careful observation convinced them that it was so.仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的。
11 companion ：n.同伴，同行，伴侣，同事
派生词：company n.同伴，陪伴；accompany v.陪同，陪伴
用法：He is a good companion on the journey.他是个好旅伴。
表示“同事”的词：associate，colleague，fellow official，fellowworker，co-worker
12 operate ：v.操作，运行，起作用；动手术
派生词：operation n.操作
用法：The machine isn't operating properly.机器运转不正常。
He operated on the eyes of the patient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术。
Has the medicine started to operate ？药物开始见效了吗？
7.词组：phrases
1.to research into 研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法。
2 speculation about ：关于…的猜测
We heard all kinds of speculation about the cause of the President's death.我们听到关于总统死亡原因的种种猜测。
People have much speculation about the government's intentions.对政府的意图，人们作了许多猜测。
3 to swallow up ：吞没；并吞
His wife's clothes bill swallowed up his wages .老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资。
The fog swallowed up the whole city.雾笼罩全城。
She swallowed the medicine with the help of some water.她用水把药咽下了。
His figure was swallowed up in the dark.他的身影消失在黑暗中。
4 to make use of ：利用= to take advantage of
We should make good use of our leisure time.我们应该好好利用休闲时间。
He was making full use of his opportunity.他正充分利用他的机会。
to reduce … to 简化，归纳，迫使
Months' bombing reduced the city to ruins.
几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟
5 to apply to 适用于
It does not apply to you.它不适用于你。
2016自考英语二教材课文讲义unit3说课讲解
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
自考英语二怎么学
自考英语二怎么学 自考英语二怎么学 1 英语(二)词汇记忆方法 英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢?大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度学词必须这样。 2 英语(二)学习重点 英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢?得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住?背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢?这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。
3 英语(二)考前冲刺方法 最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个 半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对 一下答案看得多少分。 4 英语(二)考试如何安排考场时间 考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那 个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空 一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该 是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不 及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时 间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题目就是 翻译题。 注意事项 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。 重复学习法当感到知识已经掌握得的差不多的时候，再重复学一次。这一次也许会获得更深的印象和更多的体会。 换位思考法在自学中，不要老是把你自己当成是“学生”，处于被动地位，而要不断的把自己摆放到“先生”的位置上，采取主动，产生不同的想法来。
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit11
Unit11CyberWorld I.Newwordsandexpressions Newwords 1.chatlinen.（消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2.variety?n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 varyvaryfrom…to… 比较：range/shiftfrom…to… various 3.romance?n.恋爱；爱情 romantic https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a13226181.html,arreadj.极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的 6.scriptn.剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7.intimacy?n.亲密；关系密切 intimate 8.initialadj.最初的；开始的 9.perceivev.将…视为；认为 10.avalanchen.雪崩；山崩 11.literary?adj.文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary literate liberal
12.versen.诗；韵文 13.animatedadj.栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14.inclination?n.倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15.sweatyadj.满是汗的；汗津津的 16.palmn.手掌；手心 17.varyv.相异；不同 18.conveyv.表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19.polishv.修改；润饰；润色 20.intellectn.（尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21.personalityn.性格；个性；人格 22.sequencen.顺序；次序 23.reversev.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24.veil?v.掩饰；掩盖 unveil揭露，揭开 25.intellectualadj.智力的；脑力的；理智的 26.familiarity?n.熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize 27.appearance?n.外貌；外表 28.intensity?n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 intense 29.stirringn.（感情、想法或发展的）开始，出现，萌发
自考英语二历年真题及答案(2005-2014)史上最全
2005年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷及答案 （课程代码：00015） PART ONE （50 POINTS） Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable __14__ applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were __15__ licensers, felt that the
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit7
Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles
精选文库 8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起 9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的 10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的 11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动 12. despite prep. 即使；尽管 despite / in spite of that fact that … 13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的 14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试 attempted 15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉 16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地 17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函 18. receptionist n. 接待员 19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上） attach …to… attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的 attachment 依恋；附件 20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪 emotional emotionless 21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情） 22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然
最新自考英语二教材课文讲义unit6
Unit 6 The Value of Money I. New words and expressions New words 1. stationery n. 文具 同音词：stationary 2. fare n. 车费；船费；飞机票价 3. lump sum n. 一次总付的钱款 4. recess n. 课间休息， 5. allocate v. 拨（给）；划（给）；分配（给） 6. overspend v. 花钱过多；比（预计的）花得多；超支 注意over- / out-的区别： overeat outeat overdo outdo oversleep outlive overweight outshine 7. opt v. 选择；挑选 option optional 8. constraint n. 限制；限定；约束 9. budget v. 谨慎花钱；把…编入预算
10. overindulge v. 过多地享用（尤指食物或饮料） 11. short-sighted adj. 目光溜浅的；没有远见的 12. mentality n. 心态；思想状况；思想方法 13. sibling n. 兄；弟；姐；妹 14. indulge v. 沉湎，沉迷，沉溺（于…） 15. rationing n. 定量配给政策；配给制 16. principle n. 观念；（行动、思想的）理由，信条同音词：principal 17. unnecessarily adv. 没必要地 18. differentiate v. 区分；区别；辨别 differ different difference 19. inculcate v. 反复灌输；谆谆教诲 20. resist v. 忍住；抵挡 resistant resistance 21. temptation n. 引诱；诱惑 22. scheme n. 计划；方案；体系；体制 23. formation n. 组成；形成 24. kindergarten n. 幼儿园 25. monthly adj. 按月结算的；有效期为一个月的
自考《英语二》2012版-课程代码00015-课文英汉对照
Unit 1 The Power of Language Text A Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading? 2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically? Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying ,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 Question assertion s made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities. 质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit2
Unit 2 Mistakes to Success I. New words and expressions New words 1. spill v.（使）洒出，泼出，溢出 2. respond v. 作出反应；响应 respond to… response 3. interview v. （媒体）采访，访问 4. creative adj. 创作的 5. occur v. 发生；出现 It occurred to me that… 6. remove v. 拿开；去掉 7. refrigerator n. 冰箱 8. grip n. 紧握；紧抓 9. slippery adj. 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走） 10. content n. 所容纳之物；所含之物 11. veritable adj. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的 12. yell v. 叫喊；大喊；吼叫 13. lecture n.（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责 14. mess n. 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁 15. rarely adv. 罕有；很少；不常 rare animals / stamps Rarely is he late for class. 16. puddle n. 水洼；小水坑 17. eventually 最后；终于 18. restore v. 使复原；使复位；使复职 19. sponge n. 海绵块 20. effectively adv. 有效地 effective ineffective 注意区分：effective / efficient 21. tiny adj. 极小的；微小的 22. discover v. 了解到；认识到；查明 discovery 23. grasp v. 抓紧；抓牢 24. lip n.（容器或凹陷地方的)边，边沿
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit9
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges I. New words and expressions New words 1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍 2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的 3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心 4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的 5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的 6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道 7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所 8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol -ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly 变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arise arouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸 17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱 Phrases and Expressions 1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯） 2. end up最终成为；最后处于 end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaire
2018年10月自考英语二真题及答案
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码00015) 本试卷共8页。满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。 3.第三一七部分在“非选择题答题区”作答。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分：阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分) 阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳 选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分)阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第l6～20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选 项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5处空自，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容 将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
【优质文档】2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit12
Unit 12 A Break from Life I. New words and expressions New words 1. cranky adj. 脾气坏的 2. laundry n. 要（或正在）洗的衣物；刚洗好的衣物 3. resemble v. 看起来像；显得像；像 resemble: take after resemblance 4. throb n. （强烈有规律的）跳动；阵阵的疼痛 5. subside v. 趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退 6. ache v. 疼痛；隐痛 7. joint n. 关节 8. shuffle v. 拖着脚走 9. wiggle v. （使）扭动，摆动，摇动 10. sniffle n. 抽鼻子（声） 11. tissue n. (尤指用作手帕的)纸巾，手巾纸 12. pillow n. 枕头 13. crack v. 找到解决（难题等的）方法 14. contagious adj. 患接触性传染病的 15. germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 16. resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的 17. scrounge v. 觅取；搜寻 18. nurture v. 养育；养护；培养 19. chore n. 令人厌烦的任务、乏味无聊的工作 20. respite n. 暂停；暂缓 21. manufacture v. 编造；捏造 22. symptom n. 症状
23. pamper v. 细心照顾；精心护理；娇惯；纵容 24. hermit n. 隐土；隐修者；遁世者 25. gel n. 凝胶，冻胶（尤指用于头发或护肤的产品） 26. hearty adj. 大的；丰盛的 27. chamomile n. 苹果菊；春黄菊；甘菊 28. vanilla-scented adj. 香草味的 29. gingerly adv. 谨慎地；小心翼翼地；轻手轻脚地 30. grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 be grateful to sb. for sth. ungrateful 比较：graceful disgraceful 31. spa n. 水疗 32. tub n. 浴缸；浴盆 33. drain n. 下水道；排水管 34. refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽 35. emotionally adv. 感情上地；情感上地 emotion emotional 36. empower v. 增加（某人的）自主权；使控制局势 37. permission n. 准许；许可；批准 permit 38. justify v. 对…作出解释；为…辩解（或辩护） 39. awareness n. 知道；认识；意识 Phrases and Expressions 1. pile up 堆积；积压 2. come down with 患，得，染上（小病） 3. slip away 消失；消亡；死去
00795综合英语二-上册-课文诠释
Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School Carl Sagan Learning Guide 俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段， 尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普 作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建 立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己 的地球同胞。 1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish 2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit12(完整资料).doc
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 Unit 12 A Break from Life I. New words and expressions New words 1. cranky adj. 脾气坏的 2. laundry n. 要（或正在）洗的衣物；刚洗好的衣物 3. resemble v. 看起来像；显得像；像 resemble: take after resemblance 4. throb n. （强烈有规律的）跳动；阵阵的疼痛 5. subside v. 趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退 6. ache v. 疼痛；隐痛 7. joint n. 关节 8. shuffle v. 拖着脚走 9. wiggle v. （使）扭动，摆动，摇动 10. sniffle n. 抽鼻子（声） 11. tissue n. (尤指用作手帕的)纸巾，手巾纸 12. pillow n. 枕头 13. crack v. 找到解决（难题等的）方法 14. contagious adj. 患接触性传染病的 15. germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 16. resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的 17. scrounge v. 觅取；搜寻 18. nurture v. 养育；养护；培养 19. chore n. 令人厌烦的任务、乏味无聊的工作 20. respite n. 暂停；暂缓 21. manufacture v. 编造；捏造 22. symptom n. 症状 23. pamper v. 细心照顾；精心护理；娇惯；纵容
24. hermit n. 隐土；隐修者；遁世者 25. gel n. 凝胶，冻胶（尤指用于头发或护肤的产品） 26. hearty adj. 大的；丰盛的 27. chamomile n. 苹果菊；春黄菊；甘菊 28. vanilla-scented adj. 香草味的 29. gingerly adv. 谨慎地；小心翼翼地；轻手轻脚地 30. grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 be grateful to sb. for sth. ungrateful 比较：graceful disgraceful 31. spa n. 水疗 32. tub n. 浴缸；浴盆 33. drain n. 下水道；排水管 34. refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽 35. emotionally adv. 感情上地；情感上地 emotion emotional 36. empower v. 增加（某人的）自主权；使控制局势 37. permission n. 准许；许可；批准 permit 38. justify v. 对…作出解释；为…辩解（或辩护） 39. awareness n. 知道；认识；意识 Phrases and Expressions 1. pile up 堆积；积压 2. come down with患，得，染上（小病） 3. slip away 消失；消亡；死去 4. respond to 作出反馈；响应 5. care for 照顾，照料（病、老、幼者等） 6. tend to 照料；照管；护理
[整理版]自考英语二上册课文翻译
Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。” 然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢,,,,,语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到（说）这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者,,,,,如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地，主动地，目的明确地学习。另一方面，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,语,,,,,言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时，我们不但可以借助于词语，还可以用其他表达方法。比如，当我们想说“是”时，我们有时会上下点头，而当我们想说“不”,,,,,时，我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人（也就是聋哑人）借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。
2012版自考英语二课文中英文对照名师制作优质教学资料
第1课Text A Text A Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性地阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅 读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形 成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 Consider the context of what is written. You may b e reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时 代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者 所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 Question assertions made b y the author. Don't accept what is written at face value(完全地, 以面值/表象). Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if (=whether) the author has integrated the work of authorities. 质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出 的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意 作者是否参考了权威著作。 Compare w hat is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies. 与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致 性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。 Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make a ssertions. In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the
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