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动词不定式讲解

动词不定式讲解
动词不定式讲解

一动词不定式:to + 动词原形

1.基本用法:可在句中作主、宾、表、定、状、补。

1)作主语

To get up early is a good habit.

It's so nice to hear your voice.(it 为形式主语)

It is important for us to learn English well.

It’s silly of you to do such a thing.

How to improve our English is still a problem.

2) 作宾语

We all hope to see you.

They found it hard to learn Chinese. (it 为形式宾语)

I do not know what to do next. (疑问词+ 不定式)

He asked me how to improve English.(疑问词+不定式)

3)作表语

①一般情况

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

He seemed to have known the news.

②如果主语是不定式,则表语也用不定式。例如:

To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

③作表语的不定式有时可省略符号to:这时主语部分必须含有动词do,而作表语的不定式则解释do 的精确意思。

All I did was (to) give him a little help.

What we want to do now is (to) have a rest.

4)作定语

①不定式作定语时,被修饰的名词常为它的逻辑宾语。不定式与该名词存在逻辑上的动宾关系。

I have some clothes to wash.(后置定语)

He has something important to tell you.

如果不定式是不及物动词,后面应有必要的介词。

Give me a pen to write with.

I need a warm room to live in.

②逻辑上的主谓关系。

He was the first teacher to come.

I need a box to hold my books.

Is there anyone to answer my question?

He was the last student to have left the classroom .( 不定式完成式)

③逻辑上的同位关系。

Everyone has the right to speak at the meeting

= Everyone has the right that he may/ can speak at the meeting.

Do keep your promise to write to me.

= Do keep your promise that you will write to me.

5)作状语

①作目的状语

He will go to the station to meet his friend.

I often read China Daily in order to (或so as to ) improve my English.(in order to可放在句首;so as to 只能放在句中)。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.

②作结果状语

I hurried to his house only to find he was out.

He is (not) old enough to join the army.

It’s too late to play basketball.

He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

③作原因状语

I was surprised to see him here.

They were pleased to hear the good news.

I am glad to meet you .

④在形容词后作状语

This question is easy to answer.

6)作补语

He wants his son to become a lawyer.

She encouraged me to try again.

They persuaded him to give up smoking.

They believe him to be writing a new book .他们认为他正在写一本新书。

He wanted the letter to be typed at once .

The letter was wanted to be typed at once.(主补)

注:有些动词后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的有:

①感官动词feel, hear ,see, watch, notice , observe

②使役动词let, make, have

③ help :help sb. do…… 或help sb. to do…… 两种说法均可。

I often hear him sing this song.

The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.

当此类句子改为被动语态时,要补上to.

He is often heard to sing this song.

The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.

☆在think, find, consider, discover等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾补,有时to be 可省略。

We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest. 我们都认为/发现他既善良又诚实。

2.不定式的时态/方式

1) 一般式:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

(to do )

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。

2) 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。(to be doing )

He seems to be eating something.

3) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。(to have done)

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

4) 完成进行式:(to have been doing)

She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

He pretended to have been studying.

3. 动词不定式的否定式:not to do

Tell him not to shut the window.

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

例1)Tell him ___ the window.

A. to shut not

B. not to shut

C. to not shut

D. not shut

答案:B。tell sb. to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb. not to do sth..

例2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.

A.not to see

B. not seeing

C. to not see

D.having not seen

答案:A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。

例3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.

A. never to drive

B. to never driver

C. never driving

D. never drive

答案:A。warn sb. to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb.not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 例4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.

A. not to

B. not to do

C. not do it

D. do not to

答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。

例5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat no

B. eating not

C. not to eat

D. not eating

答案:C。此处为warn sb. to do 的被动否定形式,即be warned not to do。

4.动词不定式的省略

1)不定式在使役动词let, have, make和感官动词see, watch, notice , observe, hear, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补时,省略to。help 可带to,也可不带to →help sb (to) do sth。

2) Why not 后面接不带to 的不定式。常用来表建议。

Why not have a break?

3)but和except:but/except前的部分出现实义动词do时,其后面出现的动词不定式可以不带to。

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

比较:but前有实义动词do时,but后的不定式需要省去to. 如:

Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV.

He does everything except (to) work.

4) 由and, or或than连接的两个不定式,第二个不定式的to 可以省去。例如:

He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

5)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be:

He is supposed (to be) an honest man.

例1) ---- I usually go there by train.

---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。

例2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn

B. to learn

C. learned

D. learning

答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式作宾补,当句子是被动语态时,to要补上。

5不定式特殊句型so as to :表示目的;其否定式是so as not to do。

I often read China Daily so as to improve my English.

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了

不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。

注:同样表示目的,in order to可放在句首,但so as to 不可放在句首。

6不定式特殊句型too … to

1)too…to 太…以至不能…

He is too excited to speak.

I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it。

2) 如too前有否定词,则表达一种委婉含义,意为"不太"。

It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是“非常…”,相当于very。

I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to go home. 他非常想回家。

7. 常见后接动名词与不定式语义不同的有10 组:

(1)stop to do stop doing

(2)forget to do forget doing

(3)remember to do remember doing

(4)regret to do (当时或现在遗憾地做什么)

regret doing(做了某事而感到遗憾/后悔)

(5)cease to do cease doing (同stop)

(6)try to do try doing

(7)go on to do go on doing

(8)be afraid to do(因害怕而不敢做……)be afraid doing(害怕、担心某事可能发生)

(9)be interested to do(对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事)

be interested (in)doing(对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法等)

(10)mean to do(打算,意欲)mean doing(意味着)

例1.We are not interested _________ to stories, but now we’d be interested _________ your story.

A. in listening, in hearing

B. to listen, to hear

C. in listening, to hear

D. to listen, in hearing

解析:此题容易误选A,因为be interested in 是大家很熟悉的结构,in 是介词,其后接动词自然应用动名词。但是,从句意来看,此题的最佳答案应是C。为此请注意以下区别:be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣(指一般性的动作)

be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事,很想做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

如:He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。

We’d be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。

请看一个类似的例子:

be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事(指一般性的动作)

be keen to do sth = 渴望做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。

I can’t drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车,但我很想学。

但是,以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的,因为并不是所有的“be + 形容词”都可同时接不定式或“介词+ 动名词”的。如:

(1) 要表示“喜欢做某事”,英语可用be fond of doing sth,但不用be fond to do sth。

(2) 要表示“忙于做某事”,英语可用be busy in doing sth,但不用be busy to do sth。

(3) 要表示“厌烦做某事”,英语可用be tired of doing sth,但不用be tired to do sth。

(4) 要表示“做某事做迟了”,英语可用be late in doing sth,但不用be late to do sth。

(5) 要表示“做某事有经验”,英语可用be experienced at / in doing sth,但不用be experienced to do sth。

8 用作介词的to . 介词to后可接名词/动名词。

(admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于,stick to 坚持,turn to开始,着手于,look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意) +doing

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高中动词不定式用法讲解及练习

Grammar Presentation---动词不定式 一、不定式的句法功能 ●不定式作主语 ?To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习外语不是一件容易的事。 ◎不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语来代替它的位置,而将真正的主语(不定式短语)移到谓语之后 ?It’s a great honor to be invited to Mary’s birthday party.很荣幸被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会。 ●不定式作宾语 ◎作动词宾语 ◇下列动词常接不定式作宾语,如:agree, arrange, ask, beg, choose, dare, decide, demand,expect, fail, fear, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, ?They hope to find new resources for mankind.他们希望为人类找到新资源。 ◇如果不定式作宾语且有自己的补语,常用“it”作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在后面。 下列动词常用it作形式宾语,如:believe, consider, feel, find, know, make ?I know it impossible to finish so much homework in one day. 我知道在一天中完成这么多的作业是不可能的。 ●不定式作表语 ◎不定式作表语时,一般紧跟在系动词后,说明主语的内容 ?The first step is to check the victim’s breathing. 第一步是检查受害人的呼吸。 ●不定式作补语 ?I’d like the problem to be discussed at the next meeting.我希望这个问题在下一次会上讨论。 ●不定式作定语 ?The students have a lot of homework to do every day.学生们每天都有很多家庭作业要做。 ●不定式作状语 不定式可以作原因状语、结果状语、目的状语以及方式状语 不定式在下列句式中作目的状语:so as to do, in order to do ?In order to ensure your hair looks its best, pay attention to what you eat. 为了保证你的头发是最佳状态,请注意你的饮食。 二:不定式考点归纳: 考点1:不定式的时态和语态: 1.---Is Bob still performing? ---I’m afraid not. He is said ____the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left 2.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ____ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 1.A. 根据句子的意思“据说他已经离开了舞台”,要用不定式的完成式的主动形式。2.B. 用动词的不定式的被动形式表示结果状语。 考点2:不定式的功能:不定式具有名词的特征,可以作主语或宾语(例5),具有形容词的特征,可以作表语、定语或补足语(例4);具有副词的特征,在句子中可以作状语(例3)。

(完整word版)动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题北京四中

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Her wish is to become an artist. (3)作宾语 常用于及物动词: want , hope, wish, like, need, hate, offer, prefer, begin, start, attempt, decide, determine, expect, promise, pretend, refuse ,afford, manage, help等之后,如: You should continue to learn as long as you live. 注1:如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语,则须用先行词it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式后置,如: They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注2:不定式一般不能作介词的宾语,只有在极少数介词如:but, except等后边才行。此时不定式可以带to或不带to,如: In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep. There was nothing left to do but clean the windows.(前边有do, to 省略) 但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语,如: I have no idea about what to do next. (4)作宾语补足语 通常用于及物动词或动词短语:want ,wish, ask, order, beg, tell, permit, know, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, require, call on, wait for 等之后,如: The teacher asked the students to hand in their homework. (5)作定语 不定式作定语时,须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被修饰的名词或代词往往是不定式的逻辑宾语。 I have a lot of work to do. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,又可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的, 不定式用主动。

动词不定式专项练习

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