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GRE北美试题22

No. 5-3 SECTION 1

1. By divesting himself of all regalities, the former king----the consideration that customarily protects monarchs.

(A) merited (B) forfeited (C) debased

(D) concealed (E) extended

2. A perennial goal in zoology is to infer function from----, relating the----of an organism to its physical form and cellular organization.

(A) age.. ancestry

(B) classification.. appearance

(E) location.. habitat

3. The sociologist responded to the charge that her new theory was----by pointing out that it did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles.

(A) banal (B) heretical (C) unproven

(D) complex (E) superficial

4. Industrialists seized economic power only after industry had----agriculture as the preeminent form of production; previously such power had

----land ownership.

(A) sabotaged.. threatened

(B) overtaken.. produced

(D) joined.. relied on

(E) supplanted.. resided in

5. Rumors, embroidered with detail, live on for years, neither denied nor confirmed, until

they become accepted as fact even among people not known for their----.

(A) insight (B) obstinacy (C) introspection

(D) tolerance (E) credulity

6. No longer----by the belief that the world around us was expressly designed for humanity, many people try to find intellectual----for that lost certainty in astrology and in mysticism.

(A) satisfied.. reasons

(B) sustained.. substitutes

(D) hampered.. equivalents

(E) restricted.. parallels

7. People should not be praised for their virtue if they lack the energy to be----; in such cases, goodness is merely the effect of----.

(A) depraved.. hesitation

(B) cruel.. effortlessness

(D) unjust.. boredom

(E) iniquitous.. impiety

8. SKELETON: ANIMAL::

(A) ivory: piano (B) peel: fruit (C) ore: mine

(D) mast: ship (E) framing: building

9. OUTSKIRTS: TOWN::

(A) rung: ladder (B) trunk: tree

(E) hangar: airplane

10. AMORPHOUSNESS: DEFINITION::

(A) lassitude: energy

(B) spontaneity: awareness

(D) rectitude: drabness

(E) precision: uniformity

11. COLLUSION: CONSPIRA TORS::

(A) conclusion: messengers

(B) revision: correspondents

(D) attribution: interpreters

(E) cooperation: partners

12. DIVERT: SHUNT::

(A) file: collate (B) collide: dent

(E) inspect: magnify

13. EQUIVOCA TE: COMMITMENT::

(A) procrastinate: action

(B) implicate: exposition

(D) corroborate: falsification

(E) fabricate: explanation

14. ARMADA: VEHICLES::

(A) drill: recruits (B) planning: logistics

(E) supply: munitions

15. LACONIC: SPEECH::

(A) believable: excuse

(B) unyielding: attitude

(D) somber: procession

(E) gradual: transition

16. GROW: BURGEON::

(A) beat: palpitate (B) transport: enrapture

(E) evolve: multiply

The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and phi- losophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the orig- inator of a new aesthetic. Croce was, in fact, express- ing a very old idea. Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration

was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order. This general philosophic con- cept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intel- lect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists' outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.

17. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear per- spective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?

(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists' outlooks.

(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspi- ration.

(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.

(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.

18. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

(A) Does Romantic art exhibit the triumph of intuition over intellect?

(B) Did an emphasis on linear perspective and anatomy dominate Romantic art?

(D) Are the effects of the rational control of artistic inspiration evident in the great works of pre-Romantic eras?

(E) Was the artistic craftsmanship displayed in Gothic cathedrals also an element in paintings of this period?

19. The passage implies that which of the following was a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers?

(A) Intellectual elements in art exert a necessary control over artistic inspiration.

(B) Architecture has never again reached the artistic greatness of the Gothic cathedrals.

(D) Artistic craftsmanship is more important in architectural art than in pictorial art.

(E) Paintings lacked the intellectual element before the invention of linear perspective and anatomy

20. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?

(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture

(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce's theory of the origins of art

(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture

(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period

(The passage below is drawn from an article published in 1962.)

Computer programmers often remark that com- puting machines, with a perfect lack of discrimina- tion, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine's "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions-its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal- minded, and simpleminded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single- mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathe- maticians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a some- what more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect

approximation to an infinite set of quantum field- theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.

Mathematics must deal with well-defined situa- tions. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specifica- tion of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians' literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathema- ticians turn the scientists' theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context-what happens if the axioms are relaxed?-is thereby ignored.

The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

21. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?

(A) Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines

(B) Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving

(D) Provide one definition of intelligence

(E) Emphasize the importance of computers in modern technological society

22. According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because scientists

(A) work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplified, situations

(B) know that well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solve

(D) are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed

(E) are unable to accept mathematical explanations of natural phenomena

23. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?

(A) The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.

(B) The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.

(D) The conclusions of the arguments do not necessarily follow from their premises.

(E) The premises on which the arguments are based may change.

24. According to the passage, mathematicians present a danger to scientists for which of the following reasons?

(A) Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.

(B) Mathematicians may define situation in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.

(D) Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.

(E) Scientists may begin to provide arguments that are convincing but imprecise.

25. The author suggests that the approach of physi- cists to solving scientific problems is which of the following?

(A) Practical for scientific purposes

(B) Detrimental to scientific progress

(D) Expedient, but of little long-term value

(E) Effective, but rarely recognized as such

26. The author suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a problem in an ill-defined situation would first attempt to do which of the following?

(A) Identify an analogous situation

(B) Simplify and define the situation

(D) Determine what use would be made of the solution provided

(E) Evaluate the theoretical assumptions that might explain the situation

27. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that

(A) mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists

(B) changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments

(D) mathematical solutions can rarely be applied to real problems

(E) some factors in most situations must remain unknown

28. EV ACUATE:

(A) boil off (B) fill up (C) melt down

(D) neutralize (E) spin

29. OUTLANDISH:

(A) prolific (B) unchanging

(E) transparent

30. INHIBITOR:

(A) catalyst (B) acid (C) solution

(D) reaction (E) compound

31. CONSTRICT:

(A) expiate (B) deviate (C) dilate

(D) accelerate (E) vindicate

32. REPORTORIAL:

(A) unlikely (B) imaginative (C) indecisive

(D) characteristic (E) challenging

33. INDIGENCE:

(A) wealth (B) vanity (C) boldness

(D) endurance (E) vivacity

34. INVEIGLE:

(A) display openly (B) request directly (C) initiate willingly (D) advocate strongly

(E) contribute lavishly

35. TRACTABLE:

(A) distraught (B) irritating (C) ruthless (D) headstrong (E) lazy

36. INCHOATE:

(A) sensuously pleasant

(B) prominently visible

(D) fully formed (E) widely known

37. PERFIDY:

(A) thoroughness (B)generosity

38. APPROPRIATE:

(A) create a void (B) rectify an error

No. 5-3 SECTION 2

1. Animals that have tasted unpalatable plants tend to----them afterward on the basis of their most conspicuous features, such as their flowers.

(A) recognize (B) hoard (C) trample

(D) retrieve (E) approach

2. As for the alleged value of expert opinion, one need only----government records to see---- evidence of the failure of such opinions in many fields.

(A) inspect.. questionable

(B) retain.. circumstantial

(D) consult.. strong

(E) evaluate.. problematic

25. After a rebellion in a certain country was put down, the country's parliament debated how to deal with the defeated rebels. One side proposed that all the rebels be imprisoned in order to deter those who might be strongly tempted to rebel in the future. The other side argued against imprisonment because it would only discourage future insurrectionists from surrendering.

Both positions logically depend on the assump- tion that

(A) imprisonment is a harsh penalty

(B) a rebel will prefer a sentence of imprisonment to death

(D) it is unlikely that future rebels will surrender

(E) resistance to authority is weakened by harsh threats

No. 5-3 SECTION 1

1. By divesting himself of all regalities, the former king----the consideration that customarily protects monarchs.

(A) merited (B) forfeited (C) debased

(D) concealed (E) extended

2. A perennial goal in zoology is to infer function from----, relating the----of an organism to its physical form and cellular organization.

(A) age.. ancestry

(B) classification.. appearance

(E) location.. habitat

3. The sociologist responded to the charge that her new theory was----by pointing out that it

did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles.

(A) banal (B) heretical (C) unproven

(D) complex (E) superficial

4. Industrialists seized economic power only after industry had----agriculture as the preeminent form of production; previously such power had

----land ownership.

(A) sabotaged.. threatened

(B) overtaken.. produced

(D) joined.. relied on

(E) supplanted.. resided in

5. Rumors, embroidered with detail, live on for years, neither denied nor confirmed, until they become accepted as fact even among people not known for their----.

(A) insight (B) obstinacy (C) introspection

(D) tolerance (E) credulity

6. No longer----by the belief that the world around us was expressly designed for humanity, many people try to find intellectual----for that lost certainty in astrology and in mysticism.

(A) satisfied.. reasons

(B) sustained.. substitutes

(D) hampered.. equivalents

(E) restricted.. parallels

3. In scientific inquiry it becomes a matter of duty to expose a ----hypothesis to every possible kind of----.

(A) tentative.. examination

(B) debatable.. approximation

(D) logical.. elaboration

(E) suspect.. correlation

4. Charlotte Salomon's biography is a reminder that the currents of private life, however diverted, dislodged, or twisted by ----public events, retain their hold on the----recording them.

(A) transitory.. culture (B) dramatic.. majority

(D) conventional.. audience

(E) relentless.. institution

5. Philosophical problems arise when people ask questions that, though very----, have certain characteristics in common.

(A) relevant (B) elementary

(E) controversial

6. Although Johnson----great enthusiasm for his employees' project, in reality his interest in the project was so----as to be almost non- existent.

(A) generated.. redundant

(B) displayed.. preemptive

(D) feigned.. perfunctory

(E) demanded.. dispassionate

7. Not all the indicators necessary to convey the effect of depth in a picture work simultaneously, the picture's illusion of----three-dimensional appearance must therefore result from the viewer's integration of various indicators perceived----.

(A) imitative.. coincidentally

(B) uniform.. successively

(D) expressive.. sympathetically

(E) schematic.. passively

8. GADGETS: TOOLS::

(A) blankets: linen (B) leaflets: posters

(E) ringlets: hair

9. LISTEN: RECORDING::

(A) carve: statue (B) reproduce: plan

(E) view: photograph

10. CENSORSHIP: INFORMATION::

(A) frugality: constraint

(B) sampling: measurement

(D) cultivation: erosion

(E) philanthropy: generosity

11. DELUGE: DROPLET::

(A) beach: wave (B) desert: oasis

12. SPEAK: RETICENT::

(A) spend: parsimonious

(B) excel: audacious (C) commend: irate

(D) work: servile (E) invent: diffident

13. PATRIOTIC: CHAUVINISTIC::

(A) impudent: intolerant

(B) furtive: surreptitious

(D) receptive: gullible

(E) verbose: prolix

14. BOUQUET: FLOWERS::

(A) forest: trees (B) husk: corn (C) mist: rain

(D) woodpile: logs (E) drift: snow

15. ENDEMIC: REGION::

(A) homogeneous: population

(B) inborn: individual (C) hybrid: species

(D) sporadic: time (E) aberrant: norm

16. PECCADILLO: SIN::

(A) provocation: instigation

(B) anxiety: fear (C) perjury: corruption

(D) penury: poverty

(E) admonishment: castigation

In eighteenth-century France and England, re- formers rallied around egalitarian ideals, but few reformers advocated higher education for women. Although the public decried women's lack of educa- tion, it did not encourage learning for its own sake for women. In spite of the general prejudice against learned women, there was one place where women could exhibit their erudition: the literary salon. Many writers have defined the woman's role in the salon as that of an intelligent hostess, but the salon had more than a social function for women. It was an informal university, too, where women exchanged ideas with educated persons, read their own works and heard those of others, and received and gave criticism. In the 1750's, when salons were firmly established in France, some English women, who called themselves "Bluestocking," followed the example of the salonnieres (French salon hostesses) and formed their own salons. Most Bluestockings did not wish to mirror the salonnieres; they simply desired to adapt a proven formula to their own purpose-the elevation of women's status through moral and intellectual training. Differences in social orientation and back- ground can account perhaps for differences in the nature of French and English salons. The French salon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exalted courtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplish- ments. The English Bluestockings, originating from a more modest background, emphasized learning and work over pleasure. Accustomed to the regimented life of court circles, salonnieres tended toward formality in their salons. The English women, though somewhat puritanical, were more casual in their approach. At first, the Bluestockings did imitate the salonnieres by including men in their circles. However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. In an atmosphere of mutual support, the Bluestockings went beyond the salon experience. They traveled, studied, worked, wrote for publication, and by their activities chal- lenged the stereotype of the passive woman. Although the salonnieres were aware of sexual inequality, the narrow boundaries of their world kept their intel- lectual pursuits within conventional limits. Many salonnieres, in fact, camouflaged their nontraditional activities

behind the role of hostess and deferred to men in public.

Though the Bluestockings were trailblazers when compared with the salonnieres, they were not femi- nists. They were too traditional, too hemmed in by their generation to demand social and political rights. Nonetheless, in their desire for education, their will- ingness to go beyond the confines of the salon in pursuing their interests, and their championing of unity among women, the Bluestockings began the process of questioning women's role in society.

17. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

(A) The establishment of literary salons was a response to reformers' demands for social rights for women.

(B) Literary salons were originally intended to be a meeting ground for intellectuals of both sexes, but eventually became social gatherings with little educational value.

(C) In England, as in France, the general pre- judice against higher education for women limited women's function in literary salons to a primarily social one.

(D) The literary salons provided a sounding board for French and English women who called for access to all the educa- tional institutions in their societies on an equal basis with men.

(E) For women, who did not have access to higher education as men did, literary salons provided an alternate route to learning and a challenge to some of society's basic assumptions about women.

18. According to the passage, a significant distinc- tion between the salonnieres and Bluestockings was in the way each group regarded which of the following?

(A) The value of acquiring knowledge

(B) The role of pleasure in the activities of the literary salon

(D) The inclusion of women of different back- grounds in the salons

(E) The attainment of full social and political equality with men

19. It is possible that the distance by road from X to Y is unequal to the distance by road from

(A) T to U (B) U to V (C) U to W

(D) X to Z (E) Y to Z

20. Which of the following is a pair of towns connected by two routes by road that have no stretch of road in common?

(A) T and U (B) U and V (C) V and W

(D) W and X (E) X and Y

21. If a projected road from T to Y were built, then the shortest distance by road from W to X would be the same as the shortest distance by road from Z to

(A) T (B) U (C) V (D) X (E) Y

22. If two projected roads were built, one from T directly to Y and one from V directly to Z, then each of the following would be a complete list of the towns lying along one of the routes that a traveler going by road from U to X could select EXCEPT

(A) T, Y (B) T, Z (C) V, Z (D) T, Y, Z

(E) V, Z, Y

23. If an investment has produced no profit, tax relief predicated on having made the investment is no help; any corporate manager who fears that a new asset will not make money is scarcely comforted by promises of reductions in taxes the corporation will not owe.

Which of the following is the most reliable inference to draw from the passage above?

(A) An effective way to discourage unprofitable corporate investment is to predicate tax relief on the making of profitable investments.

(B) Corporate managers are likely to ignore tax considerations in deciding to invest in assets they believe will be profitable.

(D) The less importance a corporate manager attaches to tax considerations, the more likely it is that the manager will accu- rately predict the profitability of an investment.

(E) The critical factor in a corporate investment decision is likely to be a corporate manager's emotional response to perceived business conditions.

24. The results of a recent poll in the United States indicate that the public, by 80 percent to 17 per- cent, opposes relaxation of existing regulation of air pollution. Furthermore, not a single major segment of the public wants environmental laws made less strict. The results of this poll reveal that legislators, by voting for renewal of the Clean Air Act, will be responsive to the will of the public without alienating any significant special-interest groups.

Which of the following pieces of information would be most useful in evaluating the logic of the argument presented above?

(A) The groups in the population that were defined as major segments of the public and the groups defined as special-interest groups

(B) The length of time that current federal environmental laws have been in effect and the length of time that states have regulated air pollution

(C) The probable economic effect of renewal of the Clean Air Act on those opposed to and those in favor of relaxing environ- mental laws

(D) The people whom the author hopes to influence by citing the results of the poll

(E) The percentage of those surveyed who chose not to respond to the questions asked of them

17. If points P and Y are just meeting at the point of contact between the dials, and if dial 1 spins at exactly three times the speed of dial 2, which of the following pairs of points will be the next pair to meet at the point of contact? (A) N and X (B) N and Z (C) O and Y (D) P and X (E) P and Z

Questions 18-22

Ten different fabrics are being displayed on racks along one wall of a store. The racks are next to each other in a straight line and are numbered consecu- tively from one to ten. On each rack is a single bolt of a different fabric. One fabric is green, two fabrics are different shades of brown, three fabrics are different shades of purple, and the remaining four fabrics are different shades of red.

Purple fabrics are on racks one and ten.

The two brown fabrics are on racks next to each other.