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Comparing Chinese and Western Culture By Analyzing Animal Idioms and Translation Methods

Comparing Chinese and Western Culture By Analyzing Animal Idioms and Translation Methods
Comparing Chinese and Western Culture By Analyzing Animal Idioms and Translation Methods

Comparing Chinese and Western Culture By Analyzing Animal Idioms and Translation Methods

Ⅰ. Introduction

With ancient civilization developing in different regions, different cultures have come into being. Among the various cultures, Chinese and English cultures are growing on a high speed and both h ave their own special features. As we all know language is closely related to culture and can be regarded as a part of culture.As a saying goes, animals have contributed a lot to human beings, in which is enriching the language is one side of it , a fact that for the most part is neglected.( Eagleton T 5)In the magnificent and vast culture, idioms as special forms of language exist in both Chinese and English culture and convey a large amount of culture information including history, religion, custom, geography, nationality, psychology, thought pattern and so on.

Idioms are a particular part of a language, which include metaphorical phrases, colloquialism, slang, proverb and so on. They express advice, exhort, desire, emotion, attitude, anger or curse, whose structures are tight, meanings are accurate, images are bright, and expressions are vivid. They are highly specialized in meaning and closely tied with distinctive culture features and attitudes. According to Longman Dictionary of English Idioms, “an idiom is a fixed group of words with a special different meaning from the meaning of special words”. Another explanation from Webster’ Dictionary is “an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual m eaning of its element”. Through these definitions, one can easily find out that the key point of an idiom can not be apparently discovered in the understanding of the single word in the idiom. Idioms not only enrich the basic vocabulary, also add the power of expression, some of which contain animal terms. Animals are a necessary part of people’s daily life. They are all tightly related with humans. These idioms composed of animal terms mostly are concise with deep meaning (Zhang Miao 79). They profoundly reveal the history, culture, custom, or life experience of a country. So analyzing the animal terms in Chinese and English idioms is a good approach to

compare the differences between Chinese culture and English culture.

Ⅱ. Animal terms Composed of Chinese and English Idioms

A. Horse

Chinese are in favor of horse, and so are the Englishmen. The horse is the symbol of diligence, bravery, trustworthiness and so on, which are words of commendatory.

1. in Chinese Idioms

万马奔腾

马到成功

汗马功劳

路遥知马力,日久见人心

2. in English Idioms

work like horses 拼命干活

eat like a horse 吃的很多

horse sense 一般见识

back the wrong horse 下错赌注;支持竞赛中的输家

from the horse’s mouth (指情报、劝告)直接来自参与者的,从可靠的人那里获得的

B.Bird

In both Chinese and English culture, bird is gifted with the meaning of being disgusting, odd, coward

1. in Chinese Idioms

鸟尽弓藏

一石二鸟

惊弓之鸟

2. in English Idioms

birds of a feather 一丘之貉

bird of ill omen 倒霉的人

an old bird 老混蛋

a queer bird 奇人

C. Fox

In both Chinese and English culture, fox stands for cunning or trick multiterminal.

1. in Chinese Idioms

狐群狗党

狐假虎威

2. in English Idioms

as sly as a fox 狡猾得像个狐狸

fox’s sleep 假装漠不关心

crazy like a fox 聪明不容易上当

D. Bear

In both Chinese and English culture, bear means being rude, clummy

1. in Chinese Idioms

熊心豹子胆

虎背熊腰

2. in English Idioms

as cross as bear 脾气极坏

be a bear for punishment 倔强,顽强

sell the bear’s skin before one has kill the bear 过早乐观

like a bear with a sore head 脾气暴躁(徐青91)

Here are some other examples. “W hy buy the cow when the milk is free” means “何必为了棵树放弃整个森林” , “curiosity killed the cat” means “勿多管闲事”. If one feels as if he was put in unfamiliar surroundings and felt sacred and unsure, even don’t know what to do, we say he feels like a fish out of water. Besides, “there are other fish in the sea” means “天涯何处无芳草”(Angela 4).

Ⅲ.The Semantic Contrast of Chinese and English Animal Idioms

Idioms in both English and Chinese, which are derived from the society, bear similarities as well as differences with each other. Therefore, at the semantic level of both languages, there are idioms that are corresponding to same semantics, and also

there exist idioms which are non-corresponding to each other, with the forms being similar and the meaning different(潘丽红16)

A. Same Animal Idioms with Same Semantics

The natural environments where we live are the same. In terms of the basic characters about animals, people manage to recognize them. Thus same features or similar images are about to bring into light. Then the same semantics is poured into animal idioms. Therefore, the animal idioms show a lot of astonishing similarities or identities on cultural characters. Take follows as examples:

As greedy and dirty as a pig

To parrot what other people say

B. The Same Animal Idioms with Distinct Semantics

1. Magpie

In China, a magpie is regarded as a propitious bird, a bird which is always related to happy events, auspicious occasions or luck. For example, “喜鹊到,喜事到”, which means the singing of magpie anticipates the coming happy events. On the contrary, in English, the magpie often is considered as a hen. If a person always talks

a lot, we say he is a magpie. Its meaning is negative,

2. Owl

an owl is taken as an ominous animal in China because of its tragic voice at night. People will think up of the coming unfortunate or ominous events as soon as they hear a owl crying. In Chinese culture, there goes a saying “猫头鹰进宅,好事不来”,which means the coming of an owl will pull away fortune. In contrast, an owl is an intelligent and quick-witted bird in English-speaking countries. An owl means wisdom and satiation. For example, as wise as an owl.

3. Peacock

In Chinese culture, peacock implies pretty, as well auspitiousity. I n people’s minds “孔雀开屏(a peacock spreading its tail)” is quite propitious. In western culture, peacock means a man with a preference to flaunt himself or a man with vanity. Always it conveys a negative meaning. People often don’t emphasize the beauty he has but the pride he shows. In English, “the young peacock” means an arrogant but

young guy; “as proud as a peacock” means someone is haughty.

4. Bat

In China and English-speaking countries the feature of bat is totally different. In Chinese, “蝠(bat)” is homophonic with “福(happiness)”(蔡薇80). Therefore a bat stands for well-being and luck. Idioms referring to bat have positive meaning, such as “红蝠(enor mous luck)”. However in English, a bat means unfortunate, a kind of animal which is vicious. As soon as they thought of it, the evil or underworld will always come to their mind. So the idioms about bat are somehow derogatory, for example , blind as a bat, have bats in the belfry (unrealistic).

5. Fish

In China, “鱼”(fish)is homophonic with “余”, which means you get more than what you need. As for a fish, it symbolizes surplus and remainder. So Chinese people prefer to eat fish in the Spring Festival, saying“年年有鱼”. However, in English-speaking countries, it is completely different. In English, fish hold a sense of derogatory concerning a bad man or event. For instance, a poor fish means a man who is miserable, a loose fish refers to a frivolous woman, a fish in the air means unrealistic. If an Englishman who is indifferent, they will call him a cold fish (冷漠的人). If someone always drinks a lot, drink like a fish(酒喝得很多;酗酒)can be used to describe him.

C. Different Animal Idioms with Similar Semantics

In Chinese, as well as in English, different animal idioms are allowed to express similar semantics. That is to say, different idioms containing animal terms could even have the same meaning. When people mean a bad guy who always makes troubles to others, people are going to use “害群之马(a horse brought troubles to others)”to describe him in Chinese, but use “th e black-sheep of the family” in English. At the moment people are inclined to say a man drunk a lot, “牛饮(drink like a cow)” in Chinese conveys a same meaning with “drink like a fish” in English. Meanwhile, in Chinese people will say he looks “像热锅上的蚂蚁(like an ant on the hot pot)”, while in English people will say he looks” like a cat on the hot bricks ” when people mean someone is worried. For another example, if one wants to get all the things he wants,

but in fact he cannot, we say “鱼和熊掌不可兼得” in China but “You cannot sell the caw and drink the milk” in Western country.

When people mean someone is in danger, Chinese people often say that“虎口拔牙(drown the teeth from the tiger)” , while in English, men use “beard the lion”. In Chinese, there is “猫哭耗子(the cat cries for the mouse)”, when people mean pretend to be sympathy, while in English, they say “to shed crocodile tears”. When people say someone is good at adapting to the situation, they will use “如鱼得水(like the fish to the water)” in Chinese, while, in English “like the duck to the water”. Here is anther typical example, “the four tigers of Asia” in English are the same with “亚洲四小龙(the four dragons of Asia)”.

Ⅴ. Cultural Difference Reflected from Animal Idioms

A. Different Cultural Environment

Originally, China is an agricultural country. Millennia’s of farming cultures have found the linguistic foundation for the idioms. Cow, the major tool for farming, was second to none for Chinese. Consequently, idioms based on cow sprang out, for example, “老黄牛(a man works hard for others’ benefits)”, “老牛舐犊(parents love their children)”, “九牛二虎(enormous power)”, “老牛破车(conduct something slowly)”, “对牛弹琴(talking to some who could not have perceived you)”,and so on. All the idioms make the cow animated.

Britain, an oceanic island country, had the advantage over others countries of navigation industry, historically. To a large degree, that is the reason why the lives of English-speaking countries have a close relationship with ocean and commerce, and why their idiom culture was born with typical characters about oceanic and commercial culture. Examples are as follows: cold-fish(a man who is not kind), dull fish(a dull man), a queer fish(a strange man), neither fish or fowl(untraditional), a loose fish(a frivolous woman), and so on.

B. Different Living Tradition

According to a dictionary edited by the faculty of foreign languages in Xiamen University, there are 99 pieces of idioms about dog. Now we take idioms about dog as

the example:

Chinese 狗嘴吐不出象牙(a dog ’ s mouth emits no iv ory.)

狗改不了吃屎(you can ’ t make a crab walk straight.)

狗拿耗子多管闲事(it is none your business.)

English Love me, love my dog.

Every dog has its day.

A top dog/ a lucky dog

Actually, the idiom reflects the different living tradition. To a large extent, Chinese keep dogs for looking after their houses. Owing to the gap between animal and human beings, they could not have known what their masters’ biases were or what their masters’ antipathies were. They bark whatever strangers they come cross; they bit whoever might infringe upon the benefits of their masters. However, in English-speaking countries, most of them keep a dog as their friend, an intimate company. They play with their dog, yet even take a bath for it. To the Westerners, a dog is a beloved for them. Dog idioms, the product of the phenomenon, are almost positive, related to luck of a blue-eye boy.

On the other hand, the idioms are also colored by social situation. In China, historically, there were rigid hierarchy systems. Master and people in the underworld were not equal, even dogs and masters. While in western country, the hierarchy was not that strict. That made dogs possible to be their masters’ friends.

C. Different Faith Tradition

In Chinese culture, people have two different imaginations about tiger, a good one and a bad one. As for the good imagination, tiger always stands for bravery, strength, and resolution. Therefore, there exists lots of idioms referred to tiger, such as “英雄虎胆”,“虎踞龙盘”; in ancient time, people named brave guests as “虎”, the brave general ,”虎将”, and called then general’s battalion “虎帐”. As for the bad aspect, tiger is furious, crucial, and cold-hearted.

In China, they have no such kind of imagination for lion. Lion is just a furious beast, with no majesty. However, for most Britain and Westerners, lion is the king among animals. We can get that lion has a higher prestige than any others from such

words as “regal as a lion”, ”majestic as a lion”. In late 12th century, Cherry, the king of UK, was said to be lion-hearted for his bravery. Shelley once compared the Britain with sleeping lion, using the sentence “Rise, like lions after slumber. Therefore, Britain treat lion as its symbol.

Cattle,in Chinese culture, plays a n important role. The idioms about cattle are available easily, such as 执牛耳,牛刀小试,老黄牛,钻牛角尖,牛鬼蛇神,牛衣对泣,and so on. Most images are good. However, in English, horse plays a role as important as cattle in Chinese, such as “put t he cart before the horse (本末倒置)”, “ work for a dead horse (徒劳无益)”, “horse marines(水上奇兵,空中楼阁)”, “pay for a dead horse(花冤枉钱) ”(陈文博897).

In China, there are some idioms about cat, for example, “馋猫儿”. It is a nickname to show imitation and love. In the West, it was a paradox. There are some idioms goes for it. fraud-cat(coward); don’t be a cat(don’t be so critical); she is a cat(a dangerous woman); ”but the hope could not be killed, it had more lives than a cat.

Seeing from the idioms, we know Chinese are fond of cat, but the English are not. In fact the difference comes from faith tradition. Chinese believe that working hard has its perks. Working hard can even make impossibility into possibility, that is to say, everything is possible if you work hard. Just as a saying goes: hard working produces prosperity. In the view of Chinese, the cat happens to be hard-working. What’s more, it protects farmers’ crops from mouse. Hence, there is no wonder that Chinese are in favor of it. In the West, some of the people regard it as evil, as Satan often turns into a black cat and fool around, besides, a witch always with a black cat. Nonetheless, sometimes a cat is regarded as the metallization of freedom. As in the mythology of Roman, cat always stays at the feet of liberal Angle. Living with different faiths produce different idioms.

D. Different Aesthetic Notion and Values.

The idioms are the very example showing the different of aesthetic notion and values between Chinese and themselves. There are many graceful myths and legends in Chinese long history. Dragon is the most proper symbol for those myths. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation. In China, dragon is the heart of Chinese culture, as well

as the spirit of peoples. Dragon was so popular that it was worshiped from citizens to emperors. Influenced by such a phenomenon, the idioms show the significant status of dragon in China. T here are many idioms about dragon, such as “望子成龙(hope the child has a bright future)”, 龙马精神(perseverance), 生龙活虎(energetic),and so on. They are just a tip of the iceberg. However, in the West, i t goes on the other side. “she is an absolute dragon” means the person is a savage. In English, while people want to show someone is strict, they often say, “he is a real dragon”. In the West, however, dragon stands for pagan in the Middle Ages, a symbol for evil. Moreover, in the Christian literatures, the image of dragon is lizard and snake, connecting with Satan or sinister man.

In Chinese legendary, phoenix is a heroic animal. Phoenix which is called the king among birds, with dragon, turtle,unicorn,is one of the four mythological animals. In C hina, there’re no myths and legends known to every household as in ancient Greece, phoenix, however, means heaven-sent. In the Western country, phoenix is a bird in legendary. It is said that it is a bird living in Arabian Desert for almost five or six hundred years. It struggled to build a nest filled with spice before its death. After singing a sorrow elegy, it puffed the fire with its wings so as to burn itself into ashes from which a new alive phoenix came into being. So, in the eyes of westerners, phoenix is a symbol of rebirth. For example, Religion, like a phoenix, has been resurrected from the ashes of the war. Out of the ashes of the suffragette movement, phoenix-like, feminist militancy was born.

L anguage and culture can’t be absolutely separated.W hat’s more, idioms are the essence of a language. Every language has a large number of wonderful and colorful idioms. they are the product refrained from the process that human beings obtain experience and congress the nature world, which can be regarded as a mirror that can reflect the characteristics of the national culture. The meaning of an animal term in Chinese and English idioms has a lot in common, as well as the differences. Ⅴ. Methods of Translating Chinese and English Idioms

A.Using Statements in Chinese

Language has characteristics in common. Natural environment and social

custom on which human beings rely for living, have some in common more or less too. Therefore, different nations may have some similar viewpoints on some cases. On the other hand, different cultures interact with each other through communication in hundreds of years.

The common in language also can be discovered in idioms referring to animal terms. First of all, there are many highly similarities at the aspect of metaphor. It is very likely for a translator to find out many Chinese idioms or idiomatic expressions completely or almost completely are equivalent in both image and meaning to the English ones. For such idioms, their culture origin apparently is similar with Chinese. Thus, using the image in Chinese is a good choice, such as 披着羊皮的狼for a wolf in sheep’ clothing, 像狐狸一样狡猾for as sly as a fox.

B. Using Literal Translation

Some English idiom referring to animal terms have corresponding Chinese statements, so literal translation can be used. It can not only retain the meaning it has in English culture, but arouse the readers’ rich imagination. In this way, readers can get the culture origin of that idiom, and get close to different culture in other regions. For example, “the dove of peace(和平鸽)”, “dark horse(黑马)”, “a bull/bear

market(牛、熊市)”. Literal translation makes people more fami liar with western literature, culture, tradition and thinking methods. Here are some other examples, “kangaroo court (袋鼠法庭,喻指私设公堂或裁决不公)”, “A bird in hang is worth two in the bush(双鸟在林,不如一鸟在手。)”, “one swallow does not make a summer(一燕不成夏).” , “as cunning as a fox” may find an exact Chinese equivalent as “狐狸般聪明”., “as busy as a bee(像蜜蜂一样忙碌)”, “as proud as peacock(像孔雀一样骄傲)”, “as ugly as toad(像癞蛤蟆一样丑)” . Above examples seem to be easier to understand, and they are very vivid.

C. Using Free Translation

It is not easy to understand some idioms if they are translated literally because of the different cultural background of English and Chinese. We have to use free translation so as to make the translation closely follow the original meaning. At this time, free translation is inevitable. It applies to the idioms whose meaning is often

specific to English - speaking countries and which, if translated directly, would not make any sense to the Chinese readers.(Wang Xue 177). Take “to rain cats and dogs” for example. It originates from Norse mythology. If it is translated literally, some readers may feel puzzled. Therefore free translation is a proper way at this time. Some other idioms, like “a dog in the manger(占着茅坑不拉屎)”, “to rise like a phoenix from the ashes(起死回生,东山再起)”, are properly translated in free ways (张培基124).

D. Some Idioms c annot be mutually Translated

Some idioms have the same literal meaning, but the implicated meaning is totally different. They cannot be mutually translated. For example, “laugh off one’s head” and “笑掉大牙”, the former means laugh in an extreme way or beyond reasonable limit. But “笑掉大牙”means laugh at somebody. “To make one’s hair stand on end” More examples, the Chinese idiom “ 打草惊蛇” means to alert the enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying out the prepared attack; the English idiom “to beat about the bush” refers to get close to a subject without coming to the key point, and try to say something indirectly. “to lock the stable door after a sheep has been stolen” is not the same with “亡羊补牢”. The former means to take precautions when it is too late, while the later refers to repair the stable after a sheep is gone, still in time to avoid further loss. As we know: “dragon” has different meanings in Chinese and English culture. So whe n translate“望子成龙” , translators can’ t keep the image of dragon. It can be translated into “to expect one’s son to become an outstanding personage.” The image of the English idiom “a cat on hot bricks” is that “一只在炽热的砖头上行走的猫,痛苦而狼狈”. In terms of this cases ,Chinese version“热锅上的蚂蚁” is a right way to express it. The same example like“fight like cat and dog”, if we translate it word by word, although it keeps the image in the origin sentence, it doesn’t conform to the Chinese version. For example: We still lov e each other very much, but we fight like cat and dog. (我们常吵吵闹闹,但仍很相爱.)( Guo Jianzhong 154)

Ⅵ. Conclusion

In the long stream of history, human beings and animals are just sunshine and

shadow. Animals have a deep influence on human beings’ existence and dev elopment. On the other hand, the intimate relationship also result in intricate emotions, love, fear or antipathy. People take animals as carriers to convey their feelings and emotions. Through the comparison about Chinese and English idioms referring to animal terms, we explore and discuss the differences of animal idioms between two kind of cultures, which not only shows the differences of specific expression methods in English and Chinese, but also demonstrates the unique aesthetic notion of the two kind of cultures. In order to have a further comprehension of animal idioms, we should shape consciousness of social culture, including the history of the culture, folk customs and tradition, as well as environment. In a word, we should be aware of intercultural communication and discover things from cross-cultural view. Besides, when coming into translation of such animal idioms, the differences between two cultures should be taken into account, or some misunderstanding would be brought up.

Works Cited

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Zhang Miao. The Differences of Idioms Culture between English and Chinese [J].

Beijing University of technology: social science, 2003, 5(4):78-80.

Wang Xue. Culture Differences between Chinese and English Idioms and Their

Translation[J]. 翻译研究, 2011(1):176-178.

Eugene A. Nida. Language, Culture and Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

Joyce Merrill Valdes. Culture Bound [M]. Cambridge University Press,1986.

Guo Jianzhong. Culture and translation[C]. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation, 2000(2): 154-156.

徐青. 从英汉动物类习语的对比看中英文化的差异[J]. 徐州: 教育学院学报,2000(3): 90-91

潘丽红.英汉习语对比所反映的东西方文化异同.硕士论文:上海海事大学,2006.陈文博. 英语成语与汉语成语[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998

蔡薇. 英汉动物习语喻体的比较[J]. 山西财经大学学报(高等教育版),2008,(1):79-80.

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高级财务会计习题答案

高级财务会计习题答案 Prepared on 22 November 2020

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