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贞观政要 论纳谏第五 翻译

贞观政要  论纳谏第五  翻译

贞观十一年,太宗对魏征说:“近来我所作的事的得失及政治教化,比以前如何?”魏征回答说:“如果就恩泽声威所能达到,远处的外族前来朝贡的情况来说,与贞观初年相比足不能相提并论的。如果从德义与百姓暗中相通,民心高兴诚服来说,比贞观初年又相差很远。”太宗说:“远方处族来归服,应当是由于施与德义,过去的功业为什么反而更大呢?”魏征说:“过去天下未安定,常把德义铭记在心,不久,因国内平安无事,逐渐增加骄奢自满的情绪。所以功业虽然盛大,德义始终赶不上贞观初年,太宗又说:“所作的事比以前有哪些不同?”魏征说:“贞观初年,担心别人不进言,引导大家规谏。三年以后,见有人进谏,能高兴采纳听从。最近一两年来,不喜欢别人进谏,虽然努力听取和接受,而内心始终不高兴,确买有为难的样子,太宗说:“在哪些事情上是这样的?”魏征回答说:“即位的初期判处元律师死刑,孙伏伽劝谏说:…按照法律,不至于判死罪,不能容许无节制地处以严酷的刑罚。?陛下就把兰陵公主固赏赐给他,价值万元钱。有人说:…孙伏伽的所说的是一般的道理,而所赏赐的太优厚了,陛下当时说:…自我即位以来,没有进谏的人,所以赏赐他。?这就是引导大家进诛。徐州司户柳雄对隋朝留下的人,妄自给子俸禄等级:有人控告他,陛下就命令柳雄自己坦白,不坦白就给他定罪。柳雄始终坚持说是照实办理,竟然不肯坦白。大理寺查究得知柳雄的欺诈,将对柳雄处以死罪,少卿戴胄禀奏说,按照法律,只应处以徒刑。陛下说:…我己对柳雄裁断完毕,只应处以死罪?戴胄说:…陛下既然不认为我的话对,请立即把找我交到司法部门去。罪不该死,不能

乱用酷刑,陛下很生气的派人去杀柳雄,戴胄拉住不放,反发达四五次,然后赦免了柳雄。于是对司法部门的人说:…只要能为我这样坚守法制,难道还怕滥用刑罚杀人夷族的事,这就是以喜悦的心情来接受劝谏。往年,陕县丞皇甫德参上书触犯圣上旨意,陛下认为是诽谤。我上奏说,土书不激烈迫切,不能激励国君的意志,激烈迫切就相似于诽谤。当时虽然听从我的话,赏赐了物品二十种,思想上却很不舒服,这是难于接受劝谏,太宗说:“的确如你说的,除了你是没有人能说出这样的话的。人都苦于不能自己察觉毛病,你刚才未讲时,我自认为所做的事没有变化,等到听你论说后,我的过失已很惊人。你只要保持这样白'忠心,我终究不违背你话的。”

英语原文及其翻译

Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及翻译

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《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》原文_译文

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英文翻译(原文)

GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文翻译及赏析

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Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk (M=Mom, T= Tom) M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。

邹忌讽齐王纳谏翻译

邹忌(zōu jì)/修/八尺有余,而形貌昳(yì)丽。朝(zhāo)服衣冠,窥(kuī) 镜,谓(wèi)其妻曰:“我/孰(shú)与/城北徐公美,”其妻曰:“君美甚,徐公/何能及君也,”城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信,而复问其妾(qiè)曰:“吾/孰与徐公美,”妾曰:“徐公/何能及君也,”旦日,客从外来,与坐谈,问之客曰:“吾/与徐公孰美,”客曰:“徐公/不若君之美也。”明日,徐公来,孰视之,自以为不如;窥镜而自视,又弗(fú)如远甚。暮,寝而思之,曰:“吾妻之美我者,私我也;妾之美我者,畏我也;客之美我者,欲有求于我也。” 于是入朝见威王,曰:“臣/诚知/不如徐公美。臣之妻/私臣,臣之妾/畏臣, 臣之客/欲有求于臣,皆以美于徐公。今齐地/方千里,百二十城,宫妇左右/莫不私王,朝廷之臣/莫不畏王,四境之内/莫不有求于王:由此观之,王之蔽/甚矣。” 王曰:“善。”乃下令:“群臣、吏(li)民/能面刺寡(guǎ) 人之过者,受/上赏;上书谏寡人者,受中赏;能谤(bàng)讥于市朝(cháo),闻 寡人之耳者,受下赏。”令初下,群臣进谏,门庭若市;数月之后,时时而间(jiàn)进;期(jī)年之后,虽欲言,无可进者。 燕、赵、韩、魏闻之,皆朝(cháo)于齐,此所谓/战胜于朝廷。 注释 1、重要实词 (1)修:长,这里指身高。 (2)八尺:战国时一尺约合今天的23.1cm,相当于184.8cm,今1米等于3尺,一尺等于0.33m。 (3)形貌:形,形象;貌,外貌。 (4)昳丽:光艳美丽。 (5)朝服衣冠:早晨穿戴好衣帽。(服,名词活用作动词,意为穿戴,在句中作 状语。)

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及翻译

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及翻译 邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及翻译 邹忌讽齐王纳谏 邹忌修八尺有余,而形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠,窥镜,谓其妻曰:“我孰与城北徐公美?”其妻曰:“君美甚,徐公何能及公也!”城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信,而复问其妾曰:“吾孰与徐公美?”妾曰:“徐公何能及君也?”旦日,客从外来,与坐谈,问之:“吾与徐公孰美?”客曰:“徐公不若君之美也!”明日,徐公来,孰视之,自以为不如;窥镜而自视,又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之,曰:“吾妻之美我者,私我也;妾之美我者,畏我也;客之美我者,欲有求于我也。” 于是入朝见威王,曰:“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣,臣之妾畏臣,臣之客欲有求于臣,皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里,百二十城,宫妇左右莫不私王,朝廷之臣莫不畏王,四境之内莫不有求于王:由此观之,王之蔽甚矣。” 王曰:“善。”乃下令:“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者,受上赏;上书谏寡人者,受中赏;能谤讥于市朝,闻寡人之耳者,受下赏。”令初下,群臣进谏,门庭若市;数月之后,时时而间进;期年之后,虽欲言,无可进者。 燕、赵、韩、魏闻之,皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。 邹忌讽齐王纳谏翻译 邹忌身高八尺多,形体容貌光艳美丽。一天早晨,邹忌穿戴

好衣帽,照着镜子,对他的妻子说:“我同城北徐公比,谁漂亮?”他的妻子说:“您漂亮极了,徐公哪里比得上您呢?” 城北的徐公,是齐国的美男子。邹忌不相信自己会比徐公漂亮,就又问他的妾:“我同徐公比,谁漂亮?”妾说:“徐公怎么能比得上您呢?” 第二天,有客人从外面来,邹忌同他坐着闲聊,邹忌又问他:“我同徐公比,谁漂亮?”客人说:“徐公不如您漂亮。” 又过了一天,徐公来了,邹忌仔细地看他,自己觉得不如徐公漂亮;再照镜子看看自己,觉得自己远远不如徐公漂亮。晚上躺着想这件事,说:“我的妻子认为我漂亮,是偏爱我;妾认为我漂亮,是害怕我;客人认为我漂亮,是想有求于我。” 于是邹忌上朝拜见齐威王,说:“我确实知道自己不如徐公漂亮。可是我妻子偏爱我,我的妾害怕我,我的客人想有求于我,他们都认为我比徐公漂亮。如今齐国有方圆千里的疆土,一百二十座城池,宫中的妃子、近臣没有谁不偏爱您,朝中的大臣没有谁不害怕您,全国范围内的人没有谁不有求于您:由此看来,大王您受蒙蔽很深啦!” 齐威王说:“好!”就下了命令:“大小官吏百姓能够当面指责我的过错的,受上等奖赏;书面劝谏我的,受中等奖赏;能够在公共场所批评议论我的过失,并能传到我的耳朵里的,受下等奖赏。” 命令刚下达,许多大臣都来进谏,宫门前庭院内人多得像集市一样;几个月以后,还不时地有人偶然来进谏;

英文翻译原文

南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级: 2011级学号:12110330 姓名:申佳佳 系部:信息工程学院 专业:通信工程 题目:基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师:焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日

Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及翻译

邹忌讽齐王纳谏原文及 翻译 Coca-cola standardization office【ZZ5AB-ZZSYT-ZZ2C-ZZ682T-ZZT18】

邹忌讽齐王纳谏 刘向 原文 邹忌讽齐王纳谏? 邹忌修八尺有(yòu)余,而形貌昳(yì)丽。朝(zhāo)服衣冠,窥(kuī)镜,谓其妻曰:“我孰与城北徐公美”其妻曰:“君美甚,徐公何能及君也”城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信,而复问其妾,曰:“吾孰与徐公美”妾曰:“徐公何能及君也!”旦日,客从外来,与坐谈,问之:“吾与徐公孰美”客曰:“徐公不若君之美也。”明日,徐公来,孰视之,自以为不如;窥镜而自视,又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之,曰:“吾妻之美我者,私我也;妾之美我者,畏我也;客之美我者,欲有求于我也。” 于是入朝见威王,曰:“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣,臣之妾畏臣,臣之客欲有求于臣,皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里,百二十城,宫妇左右莫不私王,朝廷之臣莫不畏王,四境之内莫不有求于王:由此观之,王之蔽甚矣。”? 王曰:“善。”乃下令:“群臣吏民,能面刺寡人之过者,受上赏;上书谏寡人者,受中赏;能谤(bàng)讥于市朝(cháo),闻寡人之耳者,受下赏。”令初下,群臣进谏,门庭若市;数月之后,时时而间(jiàn)进;期(jī)年之后,虽欲言,无可进者。? 燕、赵、韩、魏闻之,皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。 译文 邹忌身高八尺多,而且身材魁梧,容貌美丽。(有一天)早晨(他)穿好衣服戴好帽子,照镜子,对他的妻子说:“我与城北徐公相比,哪一个美”他的妻子说:“您美极了,徐公哪里能比得上您呢” 城北的徐公,是齐国的美男子。邹忌不相信自己(会比徐公美),于是又问他的妾说:“我与徐公相比谁更美”妾说:“徐公哪里能比得上您呢!” 第二天,一位客人从外面来(拜访),邹忌与他坐着闲谈。(邹忌)问客人说:“我和徐公谁更美”客人说:“徐公不如您美啊。” 第二天,徐公来了,邹忌仔细地端详他,自己认为不如(徐公美);再照镜子看看自己,又觉得远不如人家。晚上,(他)躺在床上想这件事,说:“我的妻子认为我美的原因,是偏爱我;妾认为我美的原因,是惧怕我;客人认为我美的原因,是有事情想要求于我。”? 因此邹忌上朝拜见齐威王,说:“我确实知道(自己)不如徐公美。(可是)我的妻子偏爱我,我的妾惧怕我,我的客人对我有所求,所以(他们)都认为我比徐公美。如今的齐国,土地方圆千里,有一百二十座城池,宫中的妃子及身边的侍从,没有不偏爱大王的,朝中的大臣,没有人不惧怕您的,国内的百姓,没有不对大王有所求的。由此看来,大王受蒙蔽(一定)很深了!”? 齐威王说:“ 好!”于是就下了一道命令:“所有大臣、官吏、百姓,能够当面批评我过错的人,得上等奖赏;能够上书劝谏我的人,得中等奖赏;能够在公共场所指责议论(我的过失),(并能)传到我的耳朵里的人,得下等奖赏。” 政令刚一下达,许多官员都来进言规劝,宫庭就像集市一样(喧闹);几个月以后,有时偶尔还有人来进谏;满一年以后,即使想说,也没有什么可进谏的了。?

英文翻译原文

Engineering with Computers(2002)18:109–115 Ownership and Copyright ?2002Springer-Verlag London Limited Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based on Parametric Solid Modeling M.E.Botkin GM R&D Center,Warren,MI,USA Abstract Abstract::Parametric modeling was used to build several models of an automotive front structure concept that utilizes carbon fiber composite materials and the corresponding molding processes.An ultra-lightweight aluminum body front structure was redesigned to include an all-composite front structure.Two alternative concepts were studied which represent the structure as a bonded assembly of shells.Closed sections result from two pieces–an inner and outer.Parametric modeling was found to be a useful tool for building and modifying models to use in optimization concept studies. Such models can be built quickly and both the sketch dimensions and location dimensions are particularly useful for making the adjustments necessary to fit the various body pieces together.The parametric models then must be joined together as one geometric solid model in order to obtain a surface mesh.Structural optimization input data can then be seamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-modelbased finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies.This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure.Several carbon fiber material combinations were studied to determine mass reduction potential of certain types of carbon fiber products considered to be lower cost than typical carbon fiber materials used in the past.Structural optimization was used to compare several composite constructions for the design of the bonded front structure.Eight cases were studied using various materials and composite lay-ups.Mass savings estimates from45–64%over steel were obtained.The most reasonable design consisted of a combination of relatively low cost chopped carbon fiber and woven carbon fiber and using a20mm balsa core in the top of the shock tower area. This design had a maximum thickness of7mm and a mass reduction over steel of approximately62%.Correspondence and offprint requests to:Mark E.Botkin,Principal

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》字词翻译

邹忌【修】八尺【有】余,而形貌【昳丽】【朝】【服】衣冠,【窥镜】自视 谓其妻曰:“我【{孰}与】城北徐公美?” 徐公何能【及】君也 忌不【自信】 【旦日】 徐公【不若】君之美也 【明日】 【孰】视之 又【{弗}如远甚】 吾妻之【美我】者,【私】我也 【欲】有求【于】我也 于是入【朝】见威王 臣【诚】知不【如】徐公美 皆【以】美于徐公 今齐【地方】千里 【宫妇】【左右】莫不私王 【四境之内】莫不有求于王 王之【蔽】【甚】矣 群臣吏民能【面刺】寡人之过者 能【{谤}{讥}于{市朝}】,【闻】寡人之耳【门庭若市】

【时时】而【{间}进】【期年】之后 【皆朝于齐】 此所谓【战胜于朝廷】

修:长,这里指身高 有:通“又” 昳丽:光艳美丽 朝:早上 服:穿戴 窥镜:照镜子 孰与:用于比较。谁与谁相比,谁怎么样孰:谁 及:比得上 自信:即“信自” 旦日:明天,这里指第二天 不若:不如 明日:即上文中“旦日”的后一天 孰:同“熟”,仔细 弗如远甚:远远地不如。 弗:不 美我:“以我为美”,认为我美。 私:偏爱 欲:想 于:向 朝:朝廷 诚:确实

如:比得上 以:认为 地方:土地方圆 宫妇:宫里的妃子 左右:近臣 四境之内:全国范围内(的人) 蔽:受蒙蔽 甚:极点 面刺:当面指责 谤讥于市朝:在公共场所议论(君王的缺点) 谤:指责别人的过错 讥:讽刺 市朝:公共场所 闻:使……听到 门庭若市:宫门前和庭院里像集市一样 时时:有时候 间进:偶尔进谏。间:偶尔 期年:满一年 皆朝于齐:到齐国来朝见(齐王),这是表示尊重齐国 战胜于朝廷:在朝廷上战胜(别国)。意思是内政修明,不须用兵,就能战胜敌国。

英文原文及翻译

英文原文: TITLE: MAPCon: AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO CONFIGURE COMMUNICA TIONS NETWORKS CONTACT: H. Van Dyke Parunak, James Kindrick, and Tihamer Toth-Fejel Industrial Technology Institute PO Box 1485 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 van%iti@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7617790323.html, (313) 769-4049 TOPIC: Case Study: configuration. ABSTRACT: MAPCon is an expert system that performs off-line parameter configuration for local area networks that use MAP, the Manufacturing Automation Protocol. This paper describes the configuration task in general and MAPCon in particular, and describes its performance as a function of network size. MAPCon: AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO CONFIGURE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS H. Van Dyke Parunak, James Kindrick, and Tihamer Toth-Fejel Industrial Technology Institute 1. Problem Definition This section outlines the challenge of network management in general and the MAP architecture in particular, and describes the specific functions that MAPCon fulfills. 1.1. The Challenge of Network Management Management of multi-vendor networks is difficult, since most network management products are designed for a single product line. Network management is especially critical in manufacturing LANs, where real-time manufacturing operations rely heavily on consistent network operation. One way to address this problem is to conform the network to a standard, such as the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP). MAPcon 11, the system described in this case study, is the second generation (11 of a knowledgebased system designed to assist in configuring MAP networks . This function, the first that must be accomplished when designing a network, requires the correlation of a large number of parameters in complex ways in order for the network to behave properly. 1.2. MAP Architecture MAP complies with the architecture of a set of international standards defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), based on a reference model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). OS1 decomposes the problem of communicating reliably between applications into seven layers: physical, data-link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical and data-link layers of MAP use the IEEE 802.4 token bus

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