翻译复习4
◆新荷
立于水中央的一簇簇新荷，你们直直的荷箭瞄准了空中什么目标？是飞翔的鸟还是盘旋的蜻蜓？
我凝视的目光读不懂你们的心事。
一阵微风吹来，你们只仿佛打了一个趔趄。微风过后，直直的荷箭仍旧瞄向空中。我不明白，你们的箭镞迟迟不肯射出，是期待的目标没有出现，还是等待斑斓的心事擦亮天空？
我相信，月光朗朗之夜撒落的满池星斗是你们射落的，你们积攒的力量总是在我们感觉不到的时候一齐爆发。
Due to/owing to/by virtue of/ be blamed for/spawn/trigger/result in/give the reason/explained/bear the blame
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7118587594.html,
1.徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多不很可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人烟稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。
During his lifetime, Xu Xiake traveled around and explored in 16 provinces, leaving his footsteps in virtually every part of the country. He never embraced the conclusions recorded in previous documents without consideration. Instead, in his exploration he found in many aspects those geographical documentations proposed by his predecessors fairly inaccurate. Cart or boat was deliberately not used in his travel; rather, for a real and delicate reconnaissance of the places he visited , he would often make himself difficult and walk over long distances in remote hills and dales, so as to find out the true features of the great works of nature. He made it a point of undertaking his expeditions in treacherous mountain areas and in the woods sparsely populated. It was in this way that he discovered many marvelous mountains and majestic scenes. Furthermore, at different times of the seasons he often paid repeated visits to the noted mountains across the country, which, however, enabled him to observe more than once the marvelous sceneries that kept changing all the year round.
2.脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是传自明朝的故事。白蛇精与青蛇精化作美女来到人间。白蛇精与一位书生相爱并生一子。禅师法海认为他们的结合违反传统婚姻，伤风败俗，他气急败坏。于是他派神兵神将前来捉拿白蛇精，并将她镇压在一座塔下面。后来，青蛇精在深山中修炼，习武多年，终于砸烂了那座塔，救出白蛇精。至此，白蛇精与丈夫、儿子又得团聚。在《白》剧中，蛇被赋予了崇高的人性。
参考译文：
The White Snake, a blockbuster, known as a traditional Peking opera, deals with the legend that happened in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). White Snake Spirit and Green Snake Spirit, who were metamorphosed into two beauties, ventured down to the earth. Then, White Snake fell in love with a young scholar and bore a son. However, Fahai, a Buddhist monk, who regarded their marriage against both conventions and morality, went into such wrath that he commanded officers and soldiers from the heaven to capture White Snake, resulting in the
final languishment of White Snake in a pagoda. Since then, to break the spell and topple the pagoda one day , Green Snake consummated her spiritual and martial arts in desolate mountains, and she succeeded in rescuing her mistress. The opera, in which snakes were highly humanized and respected, ends up with the reunion of White Snake, her husband and son.
3.与此相对的是―啃老族‖的出现。作为―80后‖的一员，他们选择了逃避。上学时心安理得花着家里的钱。毕业时却找出各种理由不肯就业，家里托关系给安排了，又以种种借口推托。而他们每天的生活就是中午时才起床，早饭午饭合二为一后，要么上网，要么找同样赋闲的朋友去逛街，还要买回一大堆价格不菲的东西，美其名曰提高生活质量，当然父母还要为他们埋单。这其中有很多都是普通工薪阶层的家庭，辛苦把孩子养到大学毕业，却还要继续养下去，至于期限，就要看这个孩子何时醒悟了。
Contrary to the former comes the NEET group(Not currently engaged in Education, Employment or Training), members of which, born in the late 1980s, signify refusal to participate in employment. T aking for granted their relying on their parents for expenses when at school, they even excuse themselves from going job-hunting as college graduates. Meanwhile, they rejected the opportunity gained with the help of their parents. When it comes to their lifestyles, all are characterized by a fairly late getting-up at noon, followed by a whole day spent on web over a simple brunch, or shopping bunches of luxuries with close friends having no stable jobs, which they glorified as one way of living-standards raising. Without doubt, once again here comes the turn of their parents to pay those bills. The wider NEET group comprises adolescents from ordinary working-class families, which have no other choice but continue their massive efforts in supporting their children after their college graduation. Nevertheless, to continue or not, the answer hinges on those unsophisticated children’s wake–up time.
4.1840年以前,中国总以为自己是天朝上国,那么文明,好得不得了,所有的"蛮夷"都是野蛮得不得了,所以他们都是落后的.这种心态经过鸦片战争(the Opium War),中国打了败仗,就完全改变了.中国有一批人开始觉悟了,他们在思考中国为什么打败仗呢,是中国的船,炮不行,洋人则船坚炮利.所以最早一批思想比较开明,比较清醒的人,就提出来要学西方的这个长处.他们提出一个有名的口号,叫做"师夷长技以制夷".他们知道中国不能闭关自守,总是保守自己的一套传统旧东西,要学一点外来的新东西.
Years before 1840 witnessed its deep-rooted notion that China——a dynasty in paradise——was highly civilized and its preoccupied prejudice that all the people outside China lived in extremely primitive state as barbarians; however, the mentality was later completely shattered by China’s defeat of shame in the Opium War. Hence, a group of Chinese dropped their previous wishful thinking, trying to figure out what on earth spawned the whole defeat. Finally, China’s vulnerable battleships and toy-like cannons——no match for that of foreigners’——bore the blame; therefore, the earliest group of liberal-minded Chinese soberly brought forth one well-known slogan “To contain foreigners’aggression, learn from them first”, signifying their initiatives to learn westerners’ strengths. Indeed, they came to realize that it was no longer wise for China to detach itself from the outside world or stick to inappropriate conventions. After all, China was supposed to keep its door open to t he new knowledge from the outside.
Figuratively, a ―land of milk and honey‖ is any place of great abundance.
5. 太湖明珠无锡，位于江苏省南部，地处美丽富饶的长江三角洲中心地带。这里气候宜人，物产丰富，风景优美，是享有盛誉的鱼米之乡。与万里长城齐名的古京杭大运河纵贯市区，泛舟河上，能领略水乡的民俗风情。Like a bright pearl of the T aihu Lake, Wuxi is situated in the center of the beautiful and fertile Changjiang Delta in southern Jiangsu Province. It boasts its pleasant climate, rich natural resources and exquisite scenery, thus earning fame as the land of milk and honey. Cutting through the city is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, an ancient project equal in fame to the Great Wall. A trip along the river will offer visitors a chance to take in the charm of the local township customs.
太湖是中国五大淡水湖之一，流经江浙两省，湖中有数不胜数的大小岛屿，其景色一年四季各具特色，气势雄伟壮观，独领风骚。The T aihu Lake, known as one of the five fresh water lakes in China, where you’ll find numerous islands of sizes, flows through Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, projecting scenes changing with the season; its beauty is unique in magnificence and majesty.
距市区七公里的太湖梅梁景区是太湖风景之精华，碧波万顷，渔帆点点，湖光山色令人陶醉。其中的鼋头渚巨石状如鼋头，远眺烟波浩渺的太湖，被诗人郭沫若誉为―太湖佳绝处‖。The highlight of the tour, however, comes when you pay a visit to Meiliang scenic spot——seven kilometers away from downtown Wuxi——where you’ll find a scenery like no other: the boundless expanse of blue waters is dotted by fishing boats against an enchanting background of mist-shrouded hills. Especially, the huge rock there, dubbed Yuantouzhu, shaped like a turtle’s head, commands a distant view of the vast lake; it’s no wonder why Guo Moruo(a celebrated Chinese poet), regarded the rock as the spectacular vantage point of the T aihu Lake.
在―碧波万顷，鱼帆点点，湖光山色令人陶醉‖这句的翻译上，两篇译文处理方式不同，各有千秋。从逻辑结构上，译文一更胜一筹。从―one cannot help being intoxicated……‖开头，其后用介词将―white sails‖, ―dark and green hills‖如原文中的―碧波万顷‖，旨在说明江河面积之广阔，而译文一―a boundless /vast expanse of blue water‖贴切原文。
旅游景点名称的翻译是一个难点，因为景点名称所包含文化的元素以及中英文之间的不对等性，使得在中文景点名称的英译过程中信息传递的不完全。专名是单音节，通名也是单音节，这时通名应视作专名的组成部分，先音译并与专名连写，后重复意译。如―太湖‖译文二译成―T aihu Lake‖比译文一的―T ai Lake‖更好。至于―鼋头渚‖的翻译，两个译文各有其道理。译文一采用意译法―Tortoise Rocks‖，可能是考虑到让外国人知道该石头名字的含意，以便容易了解景点所包含的文化意义；而译文二是―yuantouzhu Giant stone‖采用音译与意译兼顾,单从名字上看，外国人只知道它是一块石头，而不知到它是怎样的一块石头。但是，如果外国人到中国旅游问路，中国人就更容易听懂了。由此可见，翻译的目的不同，翻译出来的东西也不同。
6．历史雄辩地说明，中美之间建立在平等互利的基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系。中国物美价廉的制成品源源不断地走上美国超级市场的货架，而美国的农产品、高新技术产品，连同跨国公司的资本和技术，滚滚不息地涌进中国内地。中国人民以其勤劳的双手，增进了美国的福祉，促使其产业升级换代；而北美这块广袤而又富饶的土地，也以其精华滋润和促进了中国的现代化进程。经贸合作是两国能
够找到共同语言的最佳领域。以谋求共同利益来减少或淡化意识形态差异和利益冲突，过去是、今后更是双方寻求和平共处的必由之路。
Beyond controversy comes the fact that the division of labor——as the history indicates——which is based on equality and mutual benefit between China and USA constitutes the most reasonable and practical international relationship——a relationship manifesting itself in following aspects: from China, manufactures with low price and fine quality keep flowing into America’s supermarkets in a steady stream; from America, farm produce, high technology products, together with the capital and technology of the multinationals are pouring into China’s mainland. The industrious Chinese people have contributed to the enhancement of the well-being of the American people and the updating and upgrading of American industry, while the fine products from the vast and fertile land of North America have promoted China’s modernization——economic and trade cooperation is the best area for both countries to find common ground; it was and will remain to be the only road that leads both to peaceful coexistence , where striving for common interests makes minimizing or mitigating differences in ideology and conflicts of interests possible.
1.英译中President Bill Clinton's My Life shows us the progress of a remarkable American, who, through his own enormous energies and efforts, made the unlikely journey from Hope, Arkansas, to the White House--a journey fueled by an impassioned interest in the political process which manifested itself at every stage of his life: in college, working as an intern for Senator William Fulbright; at Oxford, becoming part of the Vietnam War protest movement; at Yale Law School, campaigning on the grassroots level for Democratic candidates; back in Arkansas, running for Congress, attorney general, and governor.
克林顿总统所撰写的《我的生活》一书，记述了一个美国人非凡的成长历程. 凭着充沛的精力及不懈的努力,他走过一段令旁人觉得不可思议的人生之路：先是生活在阿肯色州的霍普镇，接着是入住白宫——这一路都亏他对政治仕途满怀热情,而这一点只要参照他人生的每一阶段便可得知：在大学期间,他已经是参议员威廉·富尔布莱特的实习生;在牛津大学,他投身于反越战运动;在耶鲁大学法学院,他在基层为民主党总统候选人助选;回到阿肯色州,他先后竞选过国会议员,司法部长, 州长.
We see his career shaped by his resolute determination to improve the life of his fellow citizens, an unfaltering commitment to civil rights, and an exceptional understanding of the practicalities of political life. 我们发现, 他之所以有如今的职业生涯,靠得是他致力于要改善同胞生活的坚定决心,靠得是他投身于民权运动的矢志不渝,靠得是他对于如何运用政治权力的独到见解.
We come to understand the emotional pressures of his youth--born after his father's death; caught in the dysfunctional relationship between his feisty, nurturing mother and his abusive stepfather, whom he never ceased to love and whose name he took; drawn to the brilliant, compelling Hillary Rodham, whom he was determined to marry; passionately devoted, from her infancy, to their daughter, Chelsea, and to the entire experience of fatherhood; slowly and painfully beginning to comprehend how his early denial of pain led him at times into damaging patterns of behavior.
我们逐渐了解到他青少年时期在感情上所承受的压力——他是一个遗腹子;童年时饱受家庭失和之苦：母亲脾气暴躁,但对他关爱备至。继父则动辄恶语相加,尽管如此,他一直爱着他的继父，且随了他的姓氏;接着希拉里罗德汉姆吸引了他——她才华横溢，魅不可挡.于是他下定决心与她结为连理;而打切尔西出生起，
他作为一位父亲就从未吝啬对女儿的深爱; 他逐渐痛苦地意识到，正是早期他对于伤心往事的回避令他偶尔做出些有损人格的错事.
industrious （同）：assiduous , sedulous, laborious, persistent, persevering, conscientious fertile （同）：fecund, productive, fruitful, prolific, teeming, abundant, profuse, plentiful, luxuriant ,copious
考点：seek （同）：pursue, be in pursuit/ quest of, strive for
2. 英译中To recline on a stump of thorn in the central valley of Egdon, between afternoon and night as now, where the eye could reach nothing of the world outside the summits and shoulders of heath-land which filled the whole circumstance of its glance,傍晚时分, 也正是眼下这会儿，来到爱格敦荒原的中部山谷，斜倚一棵棘树的残株,你放眼望去能看到的，除了四面环列的荒丘芜阜wúfù，其它什么也没有。and to know that everything around and underneath had been from prehistoric times as unaltered as the stars overhead,而眼前一切的一切，却宛如天上星辰一般，亘古未变。gave ballast to the mind adrift on change, and harassed by the irrepressible New. 人生无常，白云苍狗，也每每只有这时，漂泊的心能于不定中获得安抚，于烦虑中寻得静谧。The great inviolate place had an ancient permanence which the sea cannot claim. Who can say of a particular sea that it is old? Distilled by the sun, kneaded by the moon, it is renewed in a year, in a day, or in an hour. 这片未曾开垦的土地, 它的原生态历经时代淘洗仍得以恒久存在,这一点连海洋也难以与其媲美。有谁能说有海洋还是远古时期的样?海水在太阳下蒸发，在月亮下涨落，海洋是一年一个样，一天一个样，一小时一个样。The sea changed, the field changed, the rivers, the villages, and the people changed, yet Egdon remained. 沧海桑田，江河改道，世事兴衰，爱格敦呢，却依然如故。Those surfaces were neither so steep as to be destructible by weather, nor so flat as to be the victims of floods and deposits. 它的地表不过于陡峭，这减少了风吹雨打对它的侵蚀。同时它也不过于平展，这令它免于洪水淤泥的淹没吞噬。With the exception of an aged highway, and a still more aged barrow presently to be referred to----themselves almost crystallized to natural products by long continuance----even the trifling irregularities were not caused by pickaxe, plough, or spade, but remained as the very finger-touches of the last geological change. 唯一例外的是一条古道和一座年代更为久远的古冢(接下来即将提到)——二者本身由于存在的时间关系几乎化为自然的产物——爱格敦的地形哪怕有一点点不规则，都不是斧凿záo、犁耕、锹挖的结果，而是因了最近一次地质变迁的造化之功,一直保持到现在的。
——《The Return of the Native》Thomas Hardy (1840 – 1928) was an English novelist and short story writer.
这是《还乡》中哈代对爱敦荒原深秋傍晚的景物描写。开头第一句结构分析：“gave”前的全部是主语，“adrift”后的全是定语修饰“mind”。
一般情况下，我喜欢孤独。
我的最大爱好是深思默想。我可以一个人长时间地独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。孤独的时候，精神不会是一片纯粹的空白，它仍然是一个丰富多彩的世界。情绪上的大欢乐和大悲痛往往都在孤独中产生。孤独中，思维可以不依照逻辑进行。孤独更多地产生人生的诗情——激昂的和伤感的。孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展，也能使你对自己或环境作更透彻的认识和检讨。
当然，孤独常常叫人感到无以名状的忧伤。而这忧伤有时又是很美丽的。
我喜欢孤独。
但我也很惧怕孤独。
参考译文：
My greatest avocation is musing. I can stay by myself for a long time without feeling d isconsolate in the least. Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted priv ately. In solitude, the mind is not a complete blank; it remains a rich and colorful worl d. Solitude often induces ecstasy or anguish, and allows thinking to wander in a rando m way. She inspires the mood for poems, passionate of pathetic. She also enables peo ple to think further and deeper and to have a more thorough understanding and exami nation of themselves and their environment.
简·奥斯丁的小说写的都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越嚼越有味道的橄榄。这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对―重要‖和―不重要‖的看法。也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到―小事‖的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：
But the depth of a novel and its excellence in artistic quality and ideological content ca n never be judged by the significance or ―insignificance‖ of the theme. Austen’s works have been compared to olives, which become the more delicious the more you chew th em. This is not only because of her witty language and her creative contributions to th e development of the art of novel writing, but also because of her vivid and lively narr ation, which is by no means shallow or transparent. Mrs. Smith said that women writer
s often tried to rectify the prevalent values and the existing social order and to change people’s views as to what was important and what was unimportant.
【参考译文一】
Novels by Jane Austin are all concerned with such unattractive things as everyday life, love affairs and marriages of several families. Therefore, quite a number of Chinese rea ders don’t understand why she enjoys such high prestige in the West. Bu t whether a n ovel explores its theme profoundly or not and whether it is artistically and thematically superior or not actually do not consist in the size of its subject matter. Some people c ompare her novels to Chinese olive, which tastes increasingly delicious if you chew it sl owly. This can be attributed not only to her brilliant language, which has made a creati ve contribution to the development of art in fiction, but also to her lively and vivid nar ration, which is in fact not superficial or transparent at all. Mrs. Smith once remarked t hat women writers often attempt to correct the existing order of the value system so a s to change people’s opinions of ―what is important‖ and ―what is unimportant‖. Perhap s Austin’s novels can teach us how to judge peop le and things by shifting angles or pe rspectives, thus enabling us to be sharp-eyed enough to perceive those major issues to uched upon by her accounts of ―trivial things‖.
【参考译文二】
Novels by Jane Austin are all concerned with several families, describing and narrating their home life, love affairs and marriages. Accordingly, quite a number of Chinese read ers wonder why she enjoys so great a reputation in the West. It is quite true that the depth of a novel’s theme and the superior value of its art and content do not exist in t he magnitude of its subject. Some readers liken her novels to Chinese olive, which tast es increasingly delicious when it is chewed slowly. That can be ascribed not merely to her employment of excellent language, which has made a creative contribution to the d evelopment of art in fiction, but also to her light and lively narration, which is actually neither shallow nor transparent. Mrs. Smith once observed that women writers often at tempt to alter people’s attitudes towards ―what is important‖ and ―what is unimportant‖by making effort to put right the current value order. Austin’s novels may enable us t o learn to make proper judgments by shifting angles or perspectives so that we may b e sharp-eyed enough to perceive those major issues touched upon by her accounts of ―trifles‖.
香港
香港是中国的一部分。自古以来，我们的祖先在这块土地上劳动、生活。历史上从秦代到清朝，中国一直
对香港实行管辖，行使主权。19世纪中叶，英国发动两次鸦片战争，迫使腐败无能的清政府签订了不平等条约并于1898年侵占了整个香港地区。
香港于1997年7月1日回归祖国，现有人口约630万。
Hong Kong, an inalienable part of China, is where our ancestors lived and labored sinc e ancient times. Historically from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China exercised jurisdiction and sovereignty over Hong Kong. Britain, however, after launching two Opi um Wars in mid-19th century, forced the corrupt and incompetent Qing government to sign the unequal treaties——in 1898, Britain colonized the entire Hong Kong region. July 1, 1997 witnessed the return of Hong Kong——the residents there totaled 6.3 milli on ——to the motherland.
◆香港同胞有着光荣的爱国主义传统
Hong Kong compatriots have a glorious patriotic tradition.
◆一国两制、港人治港及高度自治等基本方针将不会改变
The basic policies of one country, two systems, Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong and a high degree of autonomy will remain unchanged.
◆香港将继续保持作为国际财经金融中心的地位
Hong Kong will continue to retain its status of functioning as an international financial center
◆未来的香港，人人都有平等竞争的机会
In future Hong Kong, everyone will be given an equal right for competition
澳门
自古以来，澳门就是中国的领土。我们的祖先很早就开始在澳门生活。16世纪中期，葡萄牙人行贿中国朝廷官员，获准借澳门暂住。19世纪鸦片战争前，葡萄牙人已完全控制了澳门。1887年清政府被迫签订了不平等的《中葡条约》。1987年，中葡签订了"中葡联合声明"，宣布澳门为中国领土，中国政府将于1 999年12月20日对其恢复行使主权。
Macao, historically Chinese territory, is where our ancestors started to live as early as t he New Stone Age. In the mid-16th century, the Portuguese bribed Chinese officials an d obtained permission to live on the Macao Peninsula temporarily. In the 19th century, the Portuguese took full control over Macao in the wake of the Opium War. In 1887, th e Qing Government was forced to sign an unequal treaty. Five score years later, China and Portugal signed the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration which declared Macao belong s to China and that the Chinese Government would resume the exercise of sovereignty over it from December20, 1999.
澳门的回归将从此结束外国在中国土地上统治耻辱的年代
Macao’s return will ring down the curtain on its humiliating era of being colonized.
澳门社会是中西文化融合，同时也是连结海峡两岸的桥梁
Macao society, a blend of Chinese and Western cultures, bridging the gap lying betwee n the two sides of the T aiwan Straits.
台湾
1895年，日本通过侵华战争强迫清政府签订不平等的《马关条约》，霸占了台湾。台湾现有人口约2094万。Japan, through a war of aggression against China, forced the Qing Government to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, forcibly occupying T aiwan.
一个中国原则是实现和平统一的基础和前提
The one-China principle is the basis and prerequisite for achieving peaceful reunification
在一个中国原则下，什么问题都可以谈
Under one-China principle can any question be discussed.
不能允许台湾问题的解决再无限期地拖下去了
The people of the whole of China cannot allow the resolution of the T aiwan be dragged on indefinitely
◆台湾新领导人的选举，并不能改变台湾是中国领土的一部分的事实
The election of a new leader in T aiwan cannot change the fact that T aiwan is part of C hina.
◆我们解决台湾问题的原则是"和平统一祖国和一国两制"
Our guideline for solving the T aiwan question is "peaceful reunification and the one cou ntry, two systems"
台湾当局必须抛弃"两国"论
The T aiwanese authorities must abandon "two states" statement
发展是硬道理Development is the main principle
深化改革，加强和改善宏观调控
Deepen reform and strengthen and improve macro-control
在我国现代化过程中，我们必须始终坚持一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明。
In the process of China’s modernization, we must always work for material progress an d at the same time for cultural and ethical progress
深化改革为国民经济和社会发展注入了新的活力。
The deepened reform has reinvigorated our national economic and social development. 市场也有盲目性和局限性。
The market is unplanned and has its limitations.
国有企业改革是当前经济体制改革的重点。
The reform of state-owned enterprises is the principal task of the on-going economic re structuring
我们要继续扩大对外开放，并形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的开放格局。
We must continue an omni-directional, multilevel and wide-range opening to the outsid e world.
国民经济市场化、社会化的程度得到明显提高。
The national economy is notably more market-oriented and socialized.
深入学习邓小平理论。
Study Deng Xiaoping Theory deeply
治国现治党，治党必从严。
To rule the country, first rule the Party with a strong hand
◆加强廉政建设，惩治贪污腐败。
Work harder to build an honest government, punish graft and corruption
我们既面临难得的机遇，也面临严峻的挑战。
We are faced with both a golden opportunity and grave challenges.
◆实践是检验真理的唯一标准。
Practice is the sole criterion for judging truth.
扩大内需促繁荣。
Encourage domestic demand and promote prosperity.
保护地球环境－人类共有的家园。
Protect the earth’s environment-the homeland of all mankind.
保护环境是每个公民的责任与义务。
Protecting environment is every citizen‘s responsibility and moral duty.
为子孙后代留下青山绿水。
Preserve the green mountains and clear rivers for posterity
治理大气污染，还城市一片蓝天!
Control air pollution and bring back city’s blue sky!
污染者应该承担污染的代价。The polluter should pay.
全社会都来关心再就业。
Our entire society should be involved in the effort to find new jobs for laid-off workers.
积极参加下岗再就业培训。
Laid-off employees should take full advantage of retraining programs.
消费可以刺激经济发展。Consumer buying can build up the economy.
中国加入世贸组织符合中美两国人民的利益、
China’s entry into the WTO is in the best interest of both the Chinese and Americans. 中美两国人民应该加强了解，增进共识。
Chinese and Americans should strengthen mutual understanding and promote the positi ons they share.
◆拒买盗版物，保护知识产权。
Don’t buy pirated goods. Protect intellectual property rights.
珍爱生命，永不沾毒。Value your own life-stay away from drugs.
拒绝毒品，别拿生命做赌注。
Say no to drugs. Don’t gamble your life away.
告别违章行车，保证交通顺畅。
Say goodbye to lawless driving, ensure the smooth flow of traffic.
深化改革，全面推进素质教育。
Efforts should be made to deepen the educational reform and promote the qualification -oriented education in an all-round way.
全面推进依法行政，从严治政，建设廉洁，勤政。务实，高效政府。
The government should be strict with itself in carrying out its official duties in accordan ce with the law and try to be honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient.
厉行勤俭，反对奢侈浪费。
We must practice strict economy and combat extravagance.
自从开发西部战略提出以来，中央政府各部委都已积极行动起来。许多部委已经采取了支持西部发展的新举措。
Since China launched the strategy of developing the western region, various ministries and commission s under the Central Government have gone into action. Many of them h ave adopted new measures for supporting the western region development program.
◆中央政府将给予优惠政策，增加对西部的财政投入。
The Government will give preferential policies to increase financial input to the western region.
国家将给西部发放政府长期贷款。
The state will issue long-term government loans to the western region.
开发西部应该引进新思想和新机制。
In developing the west, new ideas and mechanisms should be adopted.
国家很快将出台一系列有关西部发展的政策措施。
The state will soon stage a series of policy measures in relation to western region deve lopment.
深化金融改革，整顿金融秩序，强化金融监管和法制，努力提高经营效益。
We should continue to deepen financial reform, rectify financial order, tighten financial s upervision and regulation by law and improve performance.
在坚持稳健经营的原则下，金融系统/系统要加大对经济发展支持的力度。
In accordance with the principle of prudent operation, financial institutions should
要进一步发挥货币政策的作用。
We should take better advantage of the role of monetary policy.
我们要进一步规范和发展证券市场，增加企业直接融资比重。
We should further standardize and develop securities market so that enterprises will be able to increase th e proportion of direct financing.
要努力解决农民贷款难的问题。
We should strive to solve the problem of farmers having difficulty taking out loans.
提高全民族环保意识。
Awaken the whole nation to the importance of environmental protection.
中国已规定并修改了有关水、空气及固体垃圾污染的有关法律，为取得持续发展打下了基础。
China has stipulated and revised the relevant laws on water, air and solid waste polluti on, laying the foundation for achieving sustainable development.
保护地球环境-人类共有的家园。
Protect the earth’s environment -- the homeland of all mankind.
保护环境识每个公民的责任与义务。
Protecting the environment is every citizen’s responsibility and moral duty.
不可逆转的irreversible
切实搞好生态环境建设。
Practical measures need to be taken to improve the environment.
工厂废气、污水排放到2000年底必须符合排放标准。
All factories must meet discharge standards by the end of 2000.
到2010年，我国可能制止城乡环境的恶化。
By 2010, our country expects to curb environmental deterioration in the cities and villa ges.
为了避免破坏西部环境，有必要对西部地区的经济开发与建设进行严格监督。
To avoid ruining the environment in the west, strict supervision of economic developme nt and construction in the western areas is necessary.
自改革开放以来，中国找到了一条适合自己国情的促进和发展人权的道路。
Since reform and opening up, China has found a road for the promotion and developm ent of human rights that suits its reality.
我们完全有理由相信中国的人权状况将不断改善。
We have every reason to believe that China’s human rights situation will continue to im prove.
中国重视维护公民的劳动和社会保障权利。
China attaches great importance to the protection of the citizen’s labor and social secur ity rights.
为解决事业人员和下岗职工的再就业问题，中国重1994年开始实施再就业工程。
A re-employment project aiming at solving the problems of the jobless and the laid-off workers was launched in 1994.
公民受教育的权利进一步得到保障。
The right of Chinese citizens to receive education has been further guaranteed.
中国在人权问题上一贯主张对话，反对对抗。
China always advocates dialogue and opposes confrontation in the field of human right s.
中国反对"人权高于主权"的主张。
China family opposes the idea of "human rights above sovereignty".
中国对人权问题的立场识十分清楚的、一贯的，那就是强烈地反对以人权为借口，干涉别国内政的任何企图。
Clear and consistent is China’s stand on human rights ——it strongly objects to any at tempt to interfere in the internal affairs of other nations using human rights as a prete xt.
to enhance the social construction of ideological infrastructure，那么"加强物质文明建设"也就可以相应地翻译为to enhance the social construction of material infrastructure。
中美两国在世界上具有很大的影响，两国人民都希望保持和发展健康，稳定的关系。中美两国既有共同利益，也有分歧。中美三个联合公报于1972年在上海签订。1997年下半年，****主席对美国进行了访问。1998年，克林顿总统也对中国进行了9天访问。中美关系健康，平稳发展的关键在于严格遵守中美三个联合公报的原则。目前，中美两国将继续一起共同努力建立建设性战略伙伴关系。
Both China and the United States exert a considerable influence in the world, and the two peoples wish to maintain and develop healthy and stable ties. There ere both com mon interests and difference s between China and the United States.The three Sino-US
Joint Communiques were signed in Shanghai in 1972. President Jiang Zemin visited th e United States in late 1997, President Bill Clinton paid a 9-day visit to China in 1998. The key to develop the healthy and steady Sino-US ties is strictly abiding by the princ iples set in the three Sino-US Joint Communiques. At present, China and the United St ates will continue to work together to set up a constructive strategic partnership.
SECTION A Translate the following text into English:
原文：
戎夷离开齐国到鲁国去。天气酷寒, 在鲁国城门关闭后才赶到城边,
只好跟他的一个门徒在城外露天过夜。夜晚, 天气越来越冷。戎夷便
对那个门徒说：“您把衣给我穿，我就会活下来；我把衣给你穿，你
就会活下来。我是治理国家的杰出人才, 为了普天下的利益而爱惜自
己的生命；您是一个普通人, 不必吝惜自己的生命, 您把您的衣给我
吧。”门徒回答说：“我这平庸的人, 又怎能慷慨地把衣给您这个杰
出的人呢？”戎夷听了, 叹息说：“唉, 我的主张看来不能实现了！”
说完, 便把身上的衣脱下来给门徒穿。到了半夜, 自己冻死了, 却救
活了这个门徒。
说是戎夷能够把一个时代治理好, 那还没有证明；但是, 他那想
有利于人类的思想, 算是达到不能再高的程度了。
Reference version:
Rong Yi left State of Qi for State of Lu. It happened to be very
cold. When he got to the city, the gate of the city had already
closed. He had to, with a disciple of his, spend the night in
the open outside the city. During the night, it got (was getting)
colder and colder, so Rong Yi said to his disciple:
“If you give me your coat, I shall not die of cold; and if I
give you my coat, you will not die of cold. I, an outstanding talented person who can govern a nation (state), shall cherish my life for the sake of the people (in the interests of the people). And you, a common (an ordinary) person, can sacrifice yourself. Give me your coat.”
The disciple answered (replied/said in reply): “How can I, a common person, be so generous as to offer my coat to an outstanding person like you?”
Hearing this, Rong Yi sighed/said with a sigh: "Oh, my view could not seem to be adopted." At this (With this/Then), he took off his coat and gave it to his disciple. Toward (By) midnight, Rong Yi died of cold, but his disciple’s life was saved.
There has been no proof that Rong Yi could be a good governor of his time; however, his thought of the interests of mankind was the most noble.
分句翻译:
戎夷离开齐国到鲁国去。
* Rong Yi left Qi Country for Lu Country.
* Rong Yi left the country Qi for the country of Lu.
Rong Yi left State of Qi for State of Lu.)
(战国时期the period of war states)
碰到天气酷寒, 在鲁国城门关闭后才赶到城边, 只好跟他的一个门徒在城外露天过夜。
(?) It was so cold that when he got to the gate of Lu, it had
already closed. Rong Yi had to stay overnight outdoor with a disciple.
It happened to be very cold. When he got to the city, the city gate (the gate of the city) had already closed (or shut). He had to, with a disciple of his, spend the night in the open outside the city.
夜晚, 天气越来越冷。戎夷便对那个门徒说：
(?) It was getting colder and colder during the night. Rong Yi said to his disciple,
During the night, it got (was getting) colder and colder, so Rong Yi said to his disciple:
“您把衣给我穿，我就会活下来；我把衣给你穿，你就会活下来。
(?) “If you give me your cloth and I put it on, I’ll be survived and vice versa.
“If you give me your coat, I shall not die of cold; and if I give you my coat, you will not die of cold.
(“If you give me your clothes, I’ll be alive; If I give you mine, you’ll be alive.
“If you give me your clothes, I will live on. On the contrary, if I give you my clothes, you will live on.
* If you give your clothes to me, I’ll alive; if … you’ll alive.
* … I will live, … you will live …)
我是治理国家的杰出人才, 为了普天下的利益而爱惜自己的生命；您是一个普通人, 不必吝惜自己的生命, 您把您的衣给我吧。”
(?) I’m an outstanding man for governing the country, I should cherish my life for the benefits of the whole world; You are an ordinary people, you needn’t cherish your life, so please give me y our cloth.”
I, an outstanding talented person who can govern a nation (state), shall cherish my life for the sake of the people (in the interests of the people). And you, a common (an ordinary) person, can sacrifice yourself. Give me your coat.”
(I’m t he outstanding people who can govern the country, I cherish my life for the interests of all people. You are a common people; it’s unnecessary for you to stint your life. So give me your clothes.”
I am a talent for managing state affairs, and I should cherish my life for the benefits of the country. You are an ordinary person and you can devote your life without stint. Would you give me your clothes?”
I am an outstanding person of running a country, so I have to cherish my life for the interests all over the world. You are an average person, so you haven’t to cherish your life. …
… for the profit of all the people across the country. )
门徒回答说：“我这平庸的人, 又怎能慷慨地把衣给您这个杰出的人呢？”
(?) The disciple answered, “I’m a mediocre people, how can I give my cloth generously to an outstanding man?”
The disciple answered (replied/said in reply): “How can I, a common person, be so generous as to offer my coat to an outstanding person like you?”
(The disciple said: “How can people who as common as me, give clothes to the outstanding people like you generously?”
The disciple said: “As an ordinary person, how can I generously give my clothes to a distinguish ed person like you?”)
戎夷听了, 叹息说：“唉, 我的主张看来不能实现了！”
(?) Rong Yi said with a sigh, “Well, it seems that my view can not be realized!”
Hearing this, Rong Yi sighed/said with a sigh: "Oh, my view could not seem to be adopted."
(Rong Yi sighed after he heard these words: “Ai, my opinion can not come true!”
Heard this, Rong Yi sighed: “Ah, my ideas cannot be realized!” * … it seems that my proposition cannot be realized.
* … so my suggestion could not be accepted. ….)
说完, 便把身上的衣脱下来给门徒穿。
(?) Then he took off his cloth and let his disciple to put on.
At this (With this/Then), he took off his coat and gave it to his disciple.
(After saying that, he took off his clothes and give it to the disciple to wear.
Then, he took of his clothes and gave them to the disciple.)
到了半夜, 自己冻死了, 却救活了这个门徒。
(?) Rong Yi died from coldness in the midnight, but the disciple was saved.
Toward (By) midnight, Rong Yi died of cold, but his disciple’s life was saved.
(At the midnight, he died of freezing but he saved that disciple. At midnight, he froze to death but saved the disciple.
In the midnight, he froze to death, while the disciple was saved. )
说是戎夷能够把一个时代治理好, 那还没有证明；但是, 他那想有利于人类的思想, 算是达到不能再高的程度了。
(?) There is no proof whether Rong Yi was able to govern an age well; but his idea of doing good to mankind gets to a highest extent.
There has been no proof that Rong Yi could be a good governor of his time; however, his thought of the interests of mankind was the most noble.
(It is not proved yet that Rong Yi could govern a generation, but his thinking to do good for human being can not be higher.
It has not been proved that Rong Yi could administer a country well. But his idea of benefiting human beings seems to have reached the highest degree.
If we say Rong Yi can govern a period well, there has been no demonstration yet. )
SECTION B Translate the following text into Chinese:
Today the ancient, ancestral wisdom of the hand has been largely replaced by the simple movements of the machine operator. Our glass and china, furniture, books, and textiles are almost entirely products of the machine. That machine-made goods can be well designed and good-looking no one now denies; nevertheless, there are many who believe that if the old skills of the hand-worker were to die out altogether it would be a disaster.
Their arguments are, roughly, three. First, that the machine is by its nature a mass producer, and that objects made in ones and twos can be made better, even cheaper, by an individual craftsman than by a machine; secondly that the human hand with relatively simple tools can produce objects of a quality permanently beyond the reach of the machine; thirdly, that it is not good for mankind if people lose the ability to create with their hands.
Reference version
今天, 机器操作工的简单动作已基本上取代了祖先传下来的古老的手工技能。我们(使用)的玻璃器皿、陶器、家具、书本和纺织品几乎全是机器产品。现在谁都不会否认，制品可以做到设计精巧、外型美观，不过许多人认为, 要是手工工人的古老技艺完全失传, 那将是一场灾难。
持这种看法的人大体上有三个理由（持这种看法者理由大致有