翻译PPT文档整理
PPT上的翻译
Lecture 2-1 Semantic Translation -1
一、Polysemy 一词多义
My father works in a factory.
He works a duck farm.
He worked his way through college.
I am working on a new book on translation. Do you know how to work an abacus?
He is learning to work the machine.
The steamer is working westward.
The gears are working smoothly.
The new car works by solar energy.
This sort of wood is easy to work. 我父亲在一家工厂上班。
他经营一家养鸭场。
他靠打工挣学费上完了大学。我正在写一本关于翻译的新书。你会打算盘吗？
他在学习操作这台新机器。
轮船正向西行驶。
排挡运转灵活。
这辆新车靠太阳能驱动。
这种木材易于加工。
The plan worked well.
The wind has worked round.
It took him several hours to work the crossword puzzle.
That police normally works the nearby streets. My watch has stopped because some screw has worked loose.
That proves man can work wonder.
The cost works out at a hundred dollars each.
I think may be they are working him. 计划进展顺利。
风转向了。
他花了几个小时填该字谜。
这位警察通常负责附近几条街的治安。
我的表停了，因为有一颗螺丝（变）松了。
这证明了人类能够创造奇迹。
计算出成本为每件100美元。
我想他们也许是在作弄他。
二、Colocative Meaning 搭配意义
The solution arrived at by that mathematician is correct.
那位数学家得出的解式是正确的。
The solution arrived at by that manager is correct.
那位经理得出的结论是正确的。
The treatment solution makes their products more fresh and durable.
处理液剂使得他们的产品色泽新鲜、经久耐用。
Pushing or pulling, however, does not necessarily mean doing work.
然而，推或拉未免意味着作功。
The works of these watches are all home-produced and wear well.
这些表的机件均系国产，耐磨性好。
Temperature required for annealing is a function of two factors, (1) the nature of the material, (2) the amount of work that has been done prior to annealing.
退火所需的温度随两个因素而变：（1）材料特性，（2）退火前的加工量。
三、Colorful Meaning
Indeed, the past five years have seen the beginnings of an important transformation in the U.S. economy: Overseas trade has contributed about 30% real growth in the economy since the trade deficit peaked in 1986. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
means many more potential customers over the next decade. (Business Week)
的确，五年来美国经济已经开始了重大的转变。……东欧及苏联共产主义的失势表明，今后10年中将出现更多的潜在客户。
France's Spie Batignolles rushed in, and Mitsui, bitter and confused, has nearly dropped out the deal. (Business Week)
这时法国的Spie Batignolles公司趁虚而入，而感到慌乱痛苦的三井公司几乎已经放弃这笔交易。
An advancing rate tempts potential sellers to hold their foreign funds off the market in the hope of securing a better rate, while potential buyers may rush to cover requirements before the rate goes higher. (Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade in Canada)
看涨的汇率诱使潜在的卖汇人把外汇资金攥在手里不进入市场，以期卖得更好的价钱，而潜在的买汇人可能在汇率进一步攀升之前就赶紧补进所需要的头寸。
四、Reinforcement
I think your suggestion will work.
我看你的建议行得通。
The new rules are working well.
新规定执行得很顺利。
The treatment works like magic.
这种疗法功效神奇。
Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closer to them.
有时你可能认为，一切重要的官职都是由我们所崇拜的当权人物任命的，他们把那些看来最接近的人物提拔起来。
There was much traffic at night and many mules on the road with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic.
夜间，这里运输繁忙，路上有许多骡子，鞍的两侧驮着弹药箱、灰色的卡车装满了士兵，还有一些辎重车辆，用帆布盖着，在路上慢慢的行驶着。
Lecture 2-2 semantic translate-2
Warming up
Some Japanese leaders blame America's trade problems on our overweight, underworked, illiterate workers. Is it true? Let's concede the waistline points; after all, where else in the world is dieting big business? And thoughtful Americans have long argued that the illiterate faction of our work force is disgracefully high. (Business Week)
一些日本领导人把美国的贸易问题归咎于我们本身机构臃肿、工作效率低下以及工人的素质太差。果真如此吗？让我们姑且退一步承认这一点吧，然而世界上到底还有什么别的地方在限制大型企业的经营活动呢？而老谋深算的美国人长久以来都在证明：我们劳动大军中的文盲人数之多实在令人汗颜。
The underwriter realizes this and certainly does not set out to make life difficult for his agency colleagues. However, he has a job to do. Part of that job is to ensure that people who attempt to buy policies because they expect to "die" soon do not succeed in fooling him and his company.
(Field Financial Underwriting
被保人意识到这一点，当然不会给他的代理同事出难题，但是他又有工作要做，其中部分工作是保证做到那些因预期不久会“死亡”而打算购买保单的人不能得逞，骗不了他本人，也骗不了他的公司。
Here the exporter's assets (the money due from the overseas buyer) will always match his liability (his foreign currency borrowing).
这样，出口商的资产（应收海外买方的款项）和自己的债务（海外借款）之间总是（保持）平衡的。
And for good reason: Lenders worry that they'll be throwing money down a black hole.
其原因很清楚，放款者担心他们的钱会扔进一个无底洞。
The digital camera is one of the most sensational developments in recent years.
数码相机是近年来最为轰动社会的成就之一。
A heavy steel rolling mill is being built.
一座大型轧钢厂正在建设中。
When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.
我们讲话时，声波就会开始传放，并向四面八方扩散。
The major problem in manufacture is the control of contamination and foreign materials.
生产制造过程中的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。
Extension
1、Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept
The president does his best to keep his finger on the pulse of his company's activities.
总裁竭尽全力去掌握公司的运转情况。（摸…的脉搏？）
The weakness of the dollar reflects growing problems facing the US economy, one that seeks to pursue both guns and butter.
美元疲软反映出美国经济——一个力图使军事与经济发展并重的经济体——所面临的日益严重的一些问题。（大炮和黄油？）
Earnings per share have mushroomed at a 34% annual compounded rate.
若以复利计算，则每股的利益每年激增了34%。（像蘑菇般地迅速增长？）
The emerging trends suggest US's grip on the steering wheel is slipping.
正在出现的各种趋势表明，美国（对全球经济）的控制权正在削减。（美国对方向盘的掌握？）2、Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept
All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.
经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。（智慧与学识？）
Carter refused any comment on developments in China, saying only "we have watched the situation with great interest."
卡特拒绝在中国所发生的事情进行任何评论，只是说，“我们以极大的兴趣密切的关注形势。”（发展？）
Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.
公众舆论越来越强烈地要求为消除噪音应该采取某些措施。
The list of Western financial institutions relying on support from Asian reads like a "Who's Who" in international finance.
将依靠亚洲支持的西方金融机构罗列出来，这个名单读起来会像是国际金融领域的“名人录”。（谁是谁；人们的情况，如姓名、工作、身份等？）
Marketing must not be understood in the old sense of making a sale, "telling and selling", but in the new sense of discovering and satisfying customer needs.
营销不是传统意义上的“王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸”式地卖东西，其新理念为发展并且满足顾客的需求。（说和卖？）
3.principle
①Select word meanings according to word classes
Like knows like. (n.)
英雄识英雄。（同类相知。）
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj.)
相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。
He likes mathematics more than physics. (v.)
他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。
②Decide word meanings according to the contextual and logical relationship
"No context, no text." "You know a word by the company it keeps."
"I'm going to have a class," the girl said.
女生说：“我去听课。”（我要去上课。→听老师讲课。）
"I'm going to have a class," the teacher said.
老师说：“我去讲课。”（我要去上课。→给学生授课。）
The books are closed before the dictation gets started.
请听写时合上书本。
The books are closed, as the company is privately owned.
这是私营公司，账目对外保密。
③Translate literally without any extension
Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.
如果您的打印机还有其他问题，请与经销商联系。
Should you find interest in any of the items in our catalogue, please do not hesitate to send enquiries.
如对目录中的任何项目感兴趣，请径直寄来询盘。
These Rules shall govern the arbitration except that where any of these Rules is in conflict with a provision of the law applicable to the arbitration from which the parties cannot derogate, that provision shall prevail.
本规则应管辖仲裁，但若本规则任何条款同适用于仲裁而为当事人各方所不能违背的法律规定相抵触时，则该规定应优先适用。
Crest whitens white.
佳洁士牙膏使牙齿白上加白。
④Suit words or phrases to Chinese description
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find a stick.
欲加之罪，何患无辞。
Applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
有工作经验者优先录用。
Emancipation would be empty talk until justice remains blind to color.
除非法律对白人黑人一视同仁，否则解放只是一句空话。
For Persons over 18 Years of Age
未满18岁者禁止入内。
Satisfaction or your money back
包您满意，不满退款。
Reinforcement
I was rather literary in college.
我在上大学时喜欢舞文弄墨。
The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.
他脸上透着凶残与贪婪。
Alone and penniless, she told Philip that the other man had not married her.
她孤苦伶仃，并且身无分文。她告诉菲利普，那个男人没有和她结婚。
It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally.
这很像和一丝不苟的机器人讲话，机器人只有很少的词汇，而且你怎么说它就怎么做。The tests on the cooled air are given in the table.
冷空气的各项实验数据已列入表中。
A growing number of parents complain that children nowadays always live ahead of their salaries. 越来越多的父母抱怨，现在子女的生活费往往使他们入不敷出。
Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years' service.
我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。
It is not just Britain's breathing in which makes it so international, but also its breathing out.
英国之所以成为如此国际化的国家，不仅仅在于她大量地吸纳国外的人力和物力资源，而且还在于她大量地向国外输出其人力和物力资源。
Asian financial institutions may have some exposure to US structured credit risks, but there are regional instances of over-extended credit markets.
亚洲的金融机构可能会受到美国结构信贷风险的一些危害，但确实也有一些区域性的信贷市场拓展过度的例子。
E-banking will see use in people's managing finance.
电子银行在人们的理财生活中得到应用。
1. Provided you fulfill the terms of the credit, we will accept and pay at maturity the draft under this credit.
在贵公司履行信用证条款的条件下，我行将承兑并于期满时支付信用证项下提示的汇票。
2. Under federal law, medigap policies are policies that are specifically designed to complement your medicare benefits.
在联邦法中，补充性医疗计划就是专门用来补充医疗保健福利的计划。
3. We enclose our Shipping Instructions Form and shall be glad if you will fill this in and return it to us, together with a copy of the invoice for Customs Clearance abroad.
随船寄装船指示单，请填妥后寄回，并附发票一份，供国外清关用。
4. A firm's involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm's survival and growth.
公司在产品出口过程中的参与程度迥异，从最小的出口量直到视出口量为公司生存和发展的必要条件，各种情况都存在。
5. We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.
我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。
6. The big multinational companies were able to cream off the best graduate students from the business schools in American universities because they paid more than the local companies.
大型跨国公司挖走了美国各大学商学院的尖子研究生，因为他们所提供的薪水比本地公司高。
7. One of the major advantages of an individual proprietorship is the ease with which it can start. There are few formalities, relatively little red tape and few fees to pay.
独资企业的主要优点之一就是企业启动比较容易，手续简单，相对而言无需太多的繁文缛节，所付手续费也较少。
8. The combined volume of imports and exports increased from 325.2 billion US dollars in 1997 to 620.8 billion in 2002, raising China from the tenth to the fifth place in the world.
9. Electronic businesses fall into two main groups: dot com companies and existing companies that are undergoing business transformation.
中国对外贸易进出口总额由1997年的3252亿美元增加到2002年的6208亿美元，世界排名由第十位上升到第五位。（imports and exports 进口和出口→进口的产品和出口的产品）电子商务分成两大类：建在网上的公司和正在经历商业变革的现有公司。（网络公司→）10.The distributors looked with favor on your sample shipment.
您发来的样货得到了经销商的赞许。
Lecture2-3 Semantic Translation -3
Warming-up Exercises
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.
操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
They are quite content with the statistical data on exports and imports of last year.
他们满足于去年的进出口统计数据。
The irregularly shaped parts of that machine can be washed very clean by ultrasonic waves.
用超声波可以把这台机器中的形状不规则部件洗得十分干净。
At a constant price, the supply of commodity is positively proportional to its profit.
价格不变，则一类商品的供应数量与其所获得利润成正比例(正比)。
The computer is mainly characterized by accuracy and quick computation.
计算机的主要特点是计算快速、准确。
The description they make about the sales promotion of our products is usually the competition.
他们对促销我们产品的描述，通常是为了竞争。
一、Convert English nouns into Chinese verbs, adjectives, or adverbs
International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another.
国际贸易就是将一个国家生产的商品和提供的服务与另一个国家生产的商品和提供的服务进行交换。
The spokesman admitted the feasibility of the American proposals.
发言人承认，美国的建议是可取的。
There's no future in trying to sell furs in a hot country.
在气候炎热的国家里做皮货生意是不会有前途的。
I have the honour to inform you that your request is granted.
我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。
二、Convert English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, verbs, or nouns
There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
目前，我国各地对各种消费品的需求量已大大增加。
Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.
科学家深信物质是不灭的。
The export trade is subject to many risks. Ships may sink or consignments be damaged in transit, exchange rates may alter, buyers default or governments suddenly impose an embargo.
出口贸易常遇到许多风险。例如船舶可能沉没，货物可能在运输途中受损，外汇兑换率可能有变动，买主可能违约，或者政府突然宣布禁运。
Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.
莫斯科官方反对此项提议。
The new treaty would be good for 20 years.
新条约的有效期为20年。
三、Convert English adverbs into Chinese nouns, verbs, or adjectives
It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the USA.
官方宣布，他们就给美国复函一事达成了一致意见。
The image must be dimensionally correct.
图形的尺寸必须准确。
The oil in the tank is up.
油箱里的油已经用完。
Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can't sell their own goods?
在美国人由于推销不出自己的产品而徘徊街头之际，为什么我们还要让外国货进口呢？
It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.
已经证明，气体具有理想的弹性。
四、Convert English verbs into Chinese nouns
The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.
我在聚会上见到的那个人，外表和谈吐都像美国人。
He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.
他的动机是希望达成某种妥协。
Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.
美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计是在完成使命后在大气层中焚毁。
五、Convert English prepositions into Chinese verbs
Are you for or against the plan?
你赞成还是反对这个计划？
Break the circuit first in case of fire.
如遇火灾，首先切断电源。
"Coming!" Away she skimmed ove r the lawn, up the path, u p the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
“来了！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。We should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.
建议你方与他们取得联系，洽购所需商品。
Reinforcement
Be through with the discussion about all the details before the contract is signed.
在签订合同之前，务必把全部细节讨论完毕。
Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs.
交关税前，进口货物由海关保管。
The average diesel engine weighs about 15 pounds per horsepower.
柴油机每匹马力的平均机身重量为15磅。
A continuous increase in the trade volume of China's exports has lead to a continuous demand from some major developed countries of the increase in the value of China's currency.
中国出口贸易额度持续增加，已导致了一些主要发达国家不断要求中国货币升值。
The economic environment is characterized by buyers, sellers and competitors.
经济环境的特点是买卖和竞争。
The failure of the firm was caused by poor management.
这家公司因管理不善而破产。
That beverage is refreshing and nourishing.
这种饮料既有营养又提神。
Take a drive around New York or Los Angeles, and it won't come as any surprise that the U.S. has neglected its infrastructure.
在纽约或洛杉矶开车绕城一周，你就会惊奇地发现，美国忽视了基础建设。
Lecture2-4 Semantic Translation -4
Warming-up
There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ordinary Chinese with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.
没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通中国人挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。
At 8:30 every morning, she came to her work--sweeping, and scrubbing and cleaning.
每天上午8点30分，她都来干活——扫地、拖地板、收拾房间。
The lion is the king of animals.
狮子是百兽之王。
一、Requirements in rhetoric and meaning
Amplification of Chinese verbs, nouns, adverbs, modal particles, classifier measure words, generalized words, and words expressing plural forms
Pepsi Co is riding a sizzling ad campaign to a bigger share.
百事可乐公司正在发起一场如火如荼的广告战以夺取更大份额。
Commercial bank's other masterstroke was to stick with the bank branch concept in the dotcom boom when every other bank was trying to coax customers on to the web.
商业银行的另一个高招是：在其他所有银行力图劝诱客户上网办理业务的银行网站热中，它坚持银行分行的理念。
A great appreciation of the value of a strong financial department may eventually replenish the pool of talent.
对一个强有力的财政部门价值的高度重视最终会弥补人才市场的匮乏。
The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。
二、Requirements in rhetoric and meaning
How time flies!
时间过得真快啊！
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.
一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
They talked about inflation, unemployment, financial investment and environmental protection.
他们谈到了通膨、失业、融资以及环保等问题。
The record performance of stock markets has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share prices.
股票市场的空前繁荣使得各家公司可以依赖其上涨的股票价格去投资各种大规模的收购。Correspondents were flying off to Baghdad for interview last month.
上个月，记者纷纷飞到巴格达进行采访。→sentence structure
三、Requirements in sentence structure
Amplification for logic, expressiveness, and elliptical parts omitted in the original
In good times and bad, people have to eat, use water and electricity, take medicine and travel to work and school. Companies that provide these basic services are dependable investments.
不论情况好坏，人们总得吃饭、用水、用电、吃药和乘车上班上学。提供这些基本服务的公司股票是可以信赖的投资。
The last thing the company wanted was a high-profile setback while Pepsi was gaining share.
公司最不想看到的莫过于在百事赢得份额的同时自己遭受引人注目的挫折了。
Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.
温度高，水就蒸发得快；温度低，水就蒸发得慢。
四、Amplification of necessary cultural background
Procter & Gamble (P&G)
世界著名日用消费品公司宝洁公司
The New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, The People's Daily and The United Morning Post all reported the nuclear crises in South Asia.
美国的《纽约时报》、英国的《卫报》、法国的《世界报》、中国的《人民日报》以及新加坡的《联合早报》都对南亚的核危机进行了报道。
Reinforcement
This second-hand New iPad is indeed nice and not expensive.
这二手”牛排”价廉物美。
Hardly anyone today is self-sufficient. We depend on business firms to produce almost all our goods and services.
当今几乎没有任何人能够做到自给自足。我们依赖各类生意公司生产出几乎我们所需的一切商品和服务。
We don't retreat, we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
Some longtime associates and friends wanted to protect him from the White House; some, protect him from the public; and others, to protect him from himself.
有些老同事和老朋友想保护他，使他免受白宫的连累；一些人是想保护他，使他不受到公众的攻击；还有一些人则想保护他，使他本人不要说错话、做错事。
The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
大地震动，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
The competition of society will make itself even more materialistic.
社会的竞争将会使得其自身更加物质化。
Some processes, such as oil refining, may be completely automated from start to finish.
有些生产过程，如石油的提炼，可以自始自终全部实现自动化。
The Group merged many other medium-sized enterprises of the same production line, forming a giant complex.
该集团合并了许多其他制造同类产品的中型企业，而后便形成了一个庞大的企业集团。Both water waves and electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of velocity, frequency and amplitude.
水波和电磁波都有速度、频率和波幅这三种特性。
Some analysts suggest that this is because of the lack of competition, others that it's because merchant banking is still something of a new novelty in Jakarta, and still others that it is because business in most sectors of the Indonesian economy is booming.
有的分析家认为，这是因为缺乏竞争，有的认为这是因为在雅加达商人银行业还是一种新生事物，还有的认为印度尼西亚大部分经济领域的生意都很兴隆。
Lecture2-5 Semantic Translation -5
The horse is a useful animal.
The moon is slowly rising above the sea. We live and learn.
Wash your hands before the meal.
It is better to do well than to say well. Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. 马是有益的动物。
海上升明月。
活到老，学到老。
饭前洗手。
说得好不如做得好。
大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。
Omission: (Unit 5)
一、Omitting English articles, pronouns, conjunctions, and prepositions
A contract which is implied in law is also called quasi-contract.
法律上的默示合同又叫准合同。
The deep-freezer has made life easier for housewives.
冰柜让家庭主妇的生活变得容易得多。
The money you pay to school is called school fee.
交给学校的钱叫学费。
We can serve you with a broad range of coverage against all kinds of risks for sea transport. 我们可以承保海洋运输的所有险种。
How do atoms arrange themselves in a solid?
原子在固体中是如何排列的？
Different nations differ in their customs and habits.
民族不同，风俗习惯也不同。
It sounds like Mission Impossible: Sell coffee to China's tea drinkers.
向中国的饮茶人兜售咖啡，听起来像是天方夜谭。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。
二、Omitting English modifiers
Omitting some English modifiers (that, which, where, when etc.)
Companies that want to be successful in foreign markets have to be aware of the local cultural characteristics that affect the way business is done.
公司要想在国外市场获得成功，必须对各地影响商务运作的文化特色有清醒的认识。
Dell and Rollins were held up as a prime example of the company's "two-in-a-box" management structure, in which two leaders worked together.
戴尔和罗林斯在公司“双首长制”的管理结构中堪称楷模，俩人并肩工作。
The cultural imperialism associated with earlier models of international business cannot prevail in a world where the customer is king.
早期国际商务中出现的文化霸权主义在当今“顾客才是上帝”的时代已无法盛行。
三、Omitting English sentence structures
Omitting some English sentence structures (there be, it is…who/that…, etc.)
There's no better proof of a company's strong fundamentals than the evidence of the dividends it pays out year after year.
衡量一家公司的实力，最好的证据莫过于它每天分给股东的红利。
When a buyer purchases a business, he may expect to acquire not only the tangible assets of the business, but also the intangible asset of goodwill.
买受者购买生意，期望获得的不仅有有形的生意资产，还有无形的良好声誉。Reinforcement
We can't see our way clear to advance our delivery.
我们无法再加快交货。
Once the source of our raw materials supplying comes to its stable position, we will restore our normal production and then we will be able to accept large hatches of fresh orders.
我们的贸易政策是在平等互利、互通有无的基础上和各个友好国家进行贸易。
It is our trade policy to do business with the friendly countries on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods.
我们的贸易政策是在平等互利、互通有无的基础上和各个友好国家进行贸易。
The radio station covers a very narrow range of frequencies.
这座电台的频率范围很窄。
It is rather important that your quotation should reach us no later than the end of this month in order that we could grasp the business opportunity firmly in hands and obtain the biggest profits. 重要的是你方报价必须在本月末之前到达我方，以便我们抓紧商机，获取最大利润。
We should make it clear that payment against document is made only in the light of our long and mutually beneficial relationship.
我们必须澄清，接受凭单付款的方式只是鉴于我们之间长期互利的友好关系而已。
It is the Buyer who should effect the insurance under this Purchase Contract.
在此购货合同中，有买方投保。
The design elements affect how a product looks rather than how it works. 设计要素会影响产品的外观，而不是它的性能。
Lecture 3 Translation of Sentences -1
一、Some Suffixes with Passive Meaning
Agent (active in meaning) trainer 教练
payer 付款人employer 雇主addresser 发件人vendor 卖主
lessor 出租人The suffix -ee has passive meaning. Recipient (passive in meaning) trainee 学员、实习生、受培训者payee 收款人
employee 雇工、受雇人addressee 收件人
vendee 买主
lessee 承租人
visible stars 看得见的星星
tillable land 可耕地
navigable rivers 可通航的河流
audible sounds 能听到的声音
Most past participles with passive meaning: oppressed nations 被压迫的民族
boiled water 开水smoked fish 熏鱼armed forces 武装部队stricken area 灾区canned food 罐头食品
①Common Methods of Translating the Passive Voice
1. Convert the Passive-Voice English into the Active-Voice Chinese
The subject of a SL sentence is kept intact and the SL sentence is translated into a Chinese active sentence.
Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
His house is located on the edge of the city. 他的房屋坐落在市区的边缘。
During the World Cup our streets were filled with football fans.
世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了足球迷。
Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins. 考生应于考试前15分钟到达考场。
1.1The subject of the SL Sentence is used as the object of the TL sentence in translation.
1.200 people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。English is spoken in Britain, the U.S. and some other countries.
英国、美国和其他一些国家讲英语。
It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday. 有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。All metals are found not to conduct electricity equally well.
人们发现，并非所有的金属都能同样好地导电。
2.Convert Passive-Voice English Sentences into Be-Verb Chinese Sentences.
In the old society, women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女是受歧视的。
History is made by the people. 历史是人民创造的。
Some plastics have been discovered by accident. 某些种类的塑料是偶然发现的。
The Statue of Liberty was presented to the U.S. in the nineteenth century by the people of France. 自由女神像是法国人民在19世纪送给美国的。
Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
彩虹是阳光穿过天空中的小水滴时形成的。
Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的。
Concrete is made of cement, sand, stones and water. 混凝土是用水泥、沙子、石子和水制成的。
3. Convert Passive-Voice English sentences into Subjectless Chinese Sentences.
Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人危害，特别是沾上这个习惯后的可怕后果。
Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increases the possibility of lung cancer.
必须警告吸烟者，医生已得出结论，吸烟会增加患肺癌的可能性。
New source of energy must be found, and this will take time.
必须找到新的能源，这需要时间。
Water can be shown as containing impurities.
可以证明水含有杂质。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
发现了错误一定要改正。
4. Convert By-Agent and Recipient into Cause-and-Effect.
In the sense the characters are called into existence by the demands of the plot.
从这个意义上说，人物由于情节的需要而产生出来。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the United Nations.
由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一，这就使英语在国际外交场合使用更为广泛。
英语是联合国的官方语言，这就使英语在国际外交场合使用更为广泛。
Reinforcement
The design for the reservoir will be made by a special group under the guidance of an engineer Zhang.水库将由张工程师领导的专门小组设计。
The terms of payment and the establishment of L/C will be touched upon during the coming negotiation.付款条件、信用证开立将要在下次谈判中加以讨论。
Nothing can be done without confidence.没有信心，就会一事无成。
The sales manager was seen signing his signature at the contract the other day.
那天，人们看到过那位销售经理在合同上签字。
The reservation of hotel rooms, check-in and check-out will be completely automated by a newly developed computer program.
新近开发的电脑程序将使客房预订、办理饭店入住手续和离去结账全部实现自动化。Special programming for detecting and killing computer viruses is installed in the computer.
计算机中装有检测、封杀计算机病毒的特殊程序。
None of these three factors should be neglected这三个因素一个也不应该忽视。
A brief account has been made about the operation of the newly turned out digital camera.
已经简单叙述了有关这台新近出厂的数码相机的操作方法。
It is said that translating is an important process for the shape of one's personality and style.
据说，翻译是个性风格形成的重要过程。
It is stressed that the medicinal herbs in TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) may be classified into three categories according to their primary treatments, functions and toxic character.
有人强调，中医的中草药可以依照它们的主治、功用和毒性分为三大类。
Lecture 3-2A How to Translate Long Sentences
一、Techniques of Translating Long English Sentences
1. Division
The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable.
鱼能发电，其强度足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这简直令人难以置信。
There are swift flowing rivers, slow, sluggish rivers, mighty rivers with several mouths, rivers that carry vast loads of alluvium to the sea, clear, limpid rivers, rivers that at some seasons of the year have very much more water than at others.
有的河水流湍急，有的河流速缓慢，有的河出海口有好几处，有的河带着大量冲击土入海，有的河清澈见底，有的河水量在一年中的某些季节较少，而在某些季节却多得很。
2. Sequential-Order
Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation.
听众的眼神可以表明，演说过于拖沓，演说者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要作进一步的解释。
One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups, // but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away // as this “cure”is often worse than the ailment itself.
一种普遍为人们接受的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，// 但是许多人宁愿等打嗝自然过去，// 因为这种“止嗝的方法”往往比打嗝本身更糟。
3. Reverse-Order
It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent.如果世界经济真的以5倍于现有的速度增长，那么原材料的储备是否能充分满足其需求，尚不得而知。
That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
4. Insertion
The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
第二方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。
The method was largely developed by physicists, chemists and biologists; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology, where the subjects of research were often people.这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内（其研究对象是人）工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。
5. Comprehensive Use of Different Techniques
Energy is the currency of the ecological system // and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive.能量是生态系统的货币，// 只有当食物变为能量，能量再用来获取更多的食物以供生长、繁殖和生存，生命才成为可能。
The election which has led to your being chosen to preside over this Assembly –a very wise choice indeed –is a tribute to your great country, which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace that serves as an example for the legal community that we constitute, a country which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world.
这次选举你为本届大会的主席，实是极为明智的抉择，是对你的伟大国家的敬意。贵国对自由国家的历史发展贡献了一种和平传统，这一传统是我们法治社会的榜样。全世界一贯对贵国表示尊重和敬佩。
Lecture 3-2B
Translation of Sentences - A Review 3-2B
一、General Approaches to Sentence Translation
On the morning of a fine June day, my first bonny little nursling, and the last of the ancient Earnshaw stock, was born. (E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights)
Version 1: 六月份一个阳光明媚的早晨，厄恩肖这个古老世家的最后一代继承人出生了，这是第一个我亲自喂养的孩子。
Version 2: 六月份一个阳光明媚的早晨，我要抚养的第一个小宝宝，也是古老的厄恩肖家族的最后一根苗，出世了。
If what I have hitherto said can appear to you in the form of encouragement, I know not how to express my refusal in such a way as may convince you of its being one. (J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)我的话已经说到这个地步，要是你还觉得这是鼓励你的话，那我可不知道该怎样谢绝你，才能使你死心塌地。
Mr. Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr. Bingley. He had always intended to visit him, though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go; and till the evening after the visit was paid, she had no knowledge of it. (J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
Version 1: 班纳特先生尽管在自己太太面前自始至终都说不想去拜访宾格莱先生，事实上一直都打算去拜访他，而且还是跟第一批人一起去拜访他的。等他去拜访过以后，当天晚上太太才知道事情。
Version 2: 贝内特先生是最先拜访宾利先生的人儿之一。本来他一直都打算去拜见他，可在太太面前却始终咬定不想去；直到拜访后的当天晚上，贝内特太太才知道事情。
Oh, we are proud! (George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion)
噢，真傲慢！嗬，好大架子呀！
Harmon chuckled sardonically. “That’s so. He had to stay then.”
哈蒙冷笑一声。“对了。他要走也走不了了。”
①In his special Theory of Relativity, ②presented in 1905 and evolved in his spare time while he worked as an examiner at the Swiss patent office, ③Einstein proposed a new fundamental view of the universe, ④based on an extension of the quantum theory.
爱因斯坦的相对论发表于1905年，并且在他担任瑞士专利局审查员的工作之余得到完善，该理论提出了一种全新的基本宇宙观，这种宇宙观的基础是对量子理论的进一步推导。（①In his special Theory of Relativity, 在他的相对论里；
②presented in 1905 and evolved in his spare time while he worked as an examiner at the Swiss patent office,发表于1905年,在他担任瑞士专利局审查员的闲暇时间里得到完善；
③Einstein proposed a new fundamental view of the universe,
爱因斯坦提出了一种全新的基本宇宙观；
④based on an extension of the quantum theory.
这种宇宙观的基础是对量子理论的进一步推导。）
As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill form within fills me with dread.我躺在床上，没有入睡，听着雨点落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千，恍恍惚惚进入了一条幽暗的甬道，回想起许多痛苦的往事，心里一阵冰凉，不禁感到毛骨悚然。
He flew in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged on in the South.
他本来在南方从事一项建筑工作；任务完成后，他就去格鲁吉亚度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
Kissinger and his small group of aids toured the Forbidden City, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.基辛格和他的一小组随从参观了故宫，从前的中国皇帝曾在这里过着奢华显赫的生活。
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正努力去实现那个理想，那个每一位中国人珍藏于心中的理想，那个许许多多中国人曾为之献出了生命的理想。
If you go to visit Nobel’s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experience mental records.
如果你参观诺贝尔故居－－在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活－－你将会看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。
AIDS was raging in eastern Africa –where it was called “slim”, after the appearance of victims wasting away –within a few years after its emergence was established in the world in 1981. 1981年艾滋病的出现在世界上得到确认，没过几年，这种病就在非洲东部流行起来－－当地人管它叫“瘦病”，因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦。
The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back China's progress. Without her the progressive Emperor Kuanghsu would certainly have gone on with his reforms. To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid. 那个愚蠢无知的老
太婆统治了十九世纪的后五十年，使中国不能进步，她可算功劳第一。若没有她，锐意求进的光绪皇帝，一定会进行他的维新大计。光绪皇帝，像只减去翅膀的苍鹰，一直对他这位大权在握的老伯母毕恭毕敬，百依百顺。愚而妄，其为祸害则加倍的强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手，则愚蠢倍增。
Lecture 3 -3
一、Translation of Noun Clauses
（1）What matters for economic innovation is turning scientific discoveries into new products and smart processes. 就经济上的创新而言，重要的是要把科学发现转变成新的产品和先进的工艺。
Surely what we have across Europe are multiple varieties of capitalism, from more liberal market economies to more coordinated "stockholder" economies. 无疑，欧洲所拥有的是资本主义的各种变体，从更加自由的市场经济体到协调性更强的“利益共担”经济体。
What worries investors is that banks may still be reluctant to lend.
让投资者担心的是，银行可能仍然不愿意放贷。
What Google did was to master automation of online advertising.
谷歌所做的就是控制在线广告的自动发布。
What all those "isms" have in common is that they exploit the insecurity and misery of the people who feel threatened or victimized by the global market. 所有那些“主义”的共同之处就在于它们利用那些感觉自己受到全球市场威胁或伤害的人们的痛苦和不安全感。
With a flawed diagnosis of the causes of the crisis, it is hardly surprising that many policymakers have failed to understand its progression.
由于对危机的成因诊断错误，很多决策者不能理解其走势，这一点都不奇怪。
It is becoming abundantly clear that government funds--or at least government intervention--will be necessary to catalyze the rebuilding of bank's balance sheets.政府出资——或者至少政府的
介入——对促成银行重构资产负债表是必需的，这一点已经变得非常明显。
It is not clear that Europe has cracked this problem even now.
欧洲是否已经解决了这个问题，这一点至今尚不明朗。
It is not clear why commission-hungry salespeople would want to share their best leads with colleagues.至于追求佣金的销售人员为什么乐意与同事共享自己最好的营销线索，这一点是不明确的。
It has been agreed that the Bank should assist in providing capital through normal channels at reasonable rates of interest and for long periods for projects that will raise the productivity of the borrowing country.该银行应通过正常渠道为能提高借款国生产力的项目提供长期低息贷款，会议已就此达成一致意见。
(2)The difference now is that there is no franc or lira to be devalued: French and Italian labor and product markets must change instead. 如今不同的是已经没有可供贬值的法郎和里拉，但是法国和意大利的劳动力和产品市场必须改变。
The risk is that those advertisers will just end up contributing more clutter to an environment already crowded with marketing messages.这样做的风险是，那些广告商最终只是给已经铺天盖地塞满营销广告的环境增加更多的混乱。
A third lesson from Apple is that smart companies should sometimes ignore what the market says it wants today.苹果公司的第三条经验告诉人们，明智的公司有时应当忽略市场当下的要求。The most important factor determining how they cope with the recession in the rich world will be whether they are high savers, able to stimulate their own economies, or big borrowers.
富裕国家中决定它们如何应对经济衰退的最重要因素将会是：它们是不是有高额存款，是否有能力刺激本国经济，或者是不是高额借贷人。
Intrinsic value is what a buyer might pay for a company.
内在价值是指买家在购买公司时可能支付的价值。
（3）Too many technology firms think that cleaver innards are enough to sell their products.
有太多的技术企业认为，拥有聪明的内部员工就足以销售产品。
He argues that some of those campaigns will fail to draw in new business because customers these days are looking for more control of the content they see. 他认为其中的一些营销计划不会赢得新的业务，因为现在的消费者都在寻求对他们所看到的广告内容进行更多的控制。
Now marketing executives say that they are constantly planning package overhauls.
如今，营销主管们说，他们不断地策划给产品包装改头换面。
The president of World Bank reckons that food inflation could push at least 100 million people into poverty, wiping out all the gains the poorest billion have made during almost a decade of economic growth. 世界银行行长估计，粮食涨价起码会让一亿人陷入贫困，从而抹杀了最贫穷的十亿人在将近十年的经济增长期间的所有收益。
Unlike on LinkedIn, companies can set up private networks to ensure that the right kinds of people are alerted to openings and that the data they post remain under their control.
不同于LinkedIn的模式，公司可以建立自己的专用网络，以保证那些合适的人选能适时知道相应的职位空缺，并保证张贴的资料由公司掌握。
The euro makes it easier that the countries trade with each other and other countries trade with them. 欧元使得这些国家之间以及其他国家与这些国家之间的贸易更加便捷。
Meanwhile corporate borrowers have found it hard that commercial paper is issued, as
money-market fund have fled from all but the safest assets. 与此同时，企业的借贷人发现要发行商业票据十分困难，因为除了最安全的资产外，货币市场基金全部出逃。
Such bottlenecks and market failures make it hard that small holders respond to high prices, even without the multiple distortions that governments also introduce into the world food market.
即使没有各国政府给世界粮食市场造成的多重扭曲，这些障碍和市场失灵也使得小农户感觉对涨价做出回应是十分困难的。
(4)There is the inescapable dilemma that this planet cannot sustain 6.5 billion people living like today's middle-class in its rich north.这是个无法逃避的困境，那就是这个星球无法供养65亿按照今天富裕的北半球的中产阶级方式生活的人。
He decided to set up a system of his own--with the hope that once his project proved credible, the government would back them.
他决定创建自己的系统——希望一旦证明他的项目是可靠的，政府将给予支持。
The third argument that protectionism will not get very far is dangerously complacent.
关于第三点，即保护主义不会过头，这种满不在乎是危险的。
First came an announcement by the British government that it had crafted a $90 billion rescue package for its banks.
首先，英国政府宣布已经为本国银行精心制定了900亿美元的一揽子拯救方案。
There is a general misconception that market-seeking FDI in domestic sectors such as retail yields little development impact.一般有一种误解，认为寻找市场的外国直接投资进入零售业等服务行业，对发展起不了多大的推动作用。
Thousands of factories have closed in southern China, triggering concerns that rising unemployment will cause social unrest.
当然，资讯作为服务比作为商品更有价值的想法并非汤姆森所独有。
The idea that information is more valuable as a service than a commodity is, of course, not exclusive to Thomson.当然，资讯作为服务比作为商品更有价值的想法并非汤姆森所独有。The fact that tariffs are being reduced also should help on margins.
关税正在被削减的事实也应当有助于我们获取更多的利润。
The fact that these big newspapers have gone public makes things worse as Wall Street has weighed in with attacks on the management of The New York Times and their lack of financial performance.大报社公司上市的事实会使情况变得更糟，因为华尔街已经对《纽约时报》的管理不善和财务状况不佳提出了抨击。
Without your active commitment and support, there is danger that universal values will remain little more than fine words.如果没有诸位的积极承诺和热心支持，全球性准则就有变成一纸空文的危险。
二、Translation of Attributive Clauses
(1)Employees who handle cash should not have access to the accounting records, and accounting personnel should not have access to cash.
管理现金的雇员不应接触会计记录，并且会计人员也不应接触现金。
Once dangers occur, the party who suffers will lodge a claim against the insurance policy.
一旦损害发生，遭受损害的一方就会凭保单要求赔偿。
Very sophisticated armaments, which have to be totally imported, are considered a priority, and absorb around 30% of all loans.不得不完全依赖于进口的非常尖端的武器装备是优先考虑的项目，占用全部贷款的大约30%。
Free international competition will destroy many local enterprises which are not technologically and financially able to compete.
自由的国际竞争将会摧毁许多在技术和资金方面缺乏竞争力的本地企业。
In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
除了商品进口的有形贸易外，还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。
（2）China's future growth will have to be based more on domestic demand than on exports, which will require increase in consumption.
中国未来的发展要更多地依赖国内需求而不是出口，这就需要扩大国内消费。Developing countries continue to request and receive loans which, each time, are larger and more difficult to repay. 发展中国家继续要求并接受贷款，每次的数额都更大，也更难以偿还。On the screen is a chart that compares the price increase of Dell's stock with the prices of three other Wall Street sweethearts: Coca-Cola, Intel and Microsoft. 呈现在屏幕上的是一个图表，把戴尔公司与其他三家华尔街宠儿——可口可乐、英特尔及微软的股价增势进行对比。Many of these websites, which represent a relatively small percentage of E-commerce revenues, are accessible through links from major portal. 人们可以从主要门户网站通过链接进入这些网站。这些网站的收入仅是电子商务总收入的一小部分。
In fact, the Japanese financial system has served as a model for a number of developing countries. Most notably South Korea, which is now on the brink of financial collapse. 事实上，日本的金融体制已成为许多发展中国家的楷模，特别是韩国，它正处于金融崩溃的边缘。
(3)A senior Chinese economist has criticized colleagues who advocate an easing of the government's anti-inflation policies to spur the national economy. 一位中国高级经济学家批评了他的同行，因为他们要求松动政府的反通货膨胀政策，以刺激经济发展。
The promotion was unsuccessful in Hong Kong, where the totally urban people did not identity at all with the horse riding in the countryside. 这一促销广告在香港并不成功，因为那里完全习惯城市生活的人们认为在乡间骑马与他们完全无关。
Third world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange. 第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物，以换取所需的外汇。Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments. 中国贸易代表团前往非洲各国，以便届时将与非
洲各国政府进行贸易协定谈判。
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleases all of them. 这个方案富于创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢。
Borrowers who fail to pay at least the interest on time have been threatened with injury. 若连利息也不能如期交付，借款人就有遭受人身伤害的危险。
In 1995, Clark sold stock in Netscape to the public, which was one of the most successful stock offerings ever, raising $2 billion almost overnight. It was also the last straw for software giant Microsoft, which declared war on upstart Netscape. 1995年，克拉克向公众出售网景公司的股票。这是历史上最成功的股票发行之一，几乎一夜之间就融资20亿美元。它也是软件巨头公司微软忍耐的极限，令其向市场新贵网景公司宣战。
(4)Wal-mart is a company that has its own tastes, preferences and style.
沃尔玛公司有自己的品味、偏好和风格。
There was an increased production of sugarcane, which was achieved by expanding cultivation to new lands.甘蔗产量的提高是通过扩大耕地面积获得的。
Since 1998 there is an increasing number of companies that offer edutainment online in a distance-learning format.从1998年以来，越来越多的公司以远程学习方式提供在线娱乐教育。International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.
国际贸易就是人们跨越国界进行商务活动。
Blue-collar wages, which had doubled in four years in some coastal cities, have fallen for many workers this winter.
一些沿海城市蓝领的薪酬曾在四年间翻了一番。而这个冬天，许多工人的工资都下降了。
三、Translation of Adverbial Clauses
(1)Although the term e-commerce is fairly new, large corporations have been conducting
e-commerce for decades by networking their systems with their business partners and clients. 尽
管电子商务这个词相当新，但大公司通过把他们的系统与商业伙伴及客户联网，已经实施了几十年电子商务。
Some quotas apply to the physical quantities of particular goods, whereas others are based on the total value of all imports. 某些配额对某些商品的实际进口数量加以限制，而另外一些配额则对所有进口商品的总值加以限制。
If superior knowledge is the main source of a multinational corporation's competitive advantage, it must have an organizational system that allows better returns from extending and exploiting its knowledge through direct foreign operations than the return it could get by selling or licensing that knowledge.如果知识优势是跨国公司竞争优势的主要来源，那么它必须拥有一套组织系统。这套组织系统通过直接的国外经营活动推广和利用它的知识，与借助出售和发许可证方式扩散这种知识相比较，前者能够获取更好的回报。
(2)A tariff may be defined as a tax which is put on a commodity when it crosses a national boundary. 所谓关税，就是对通过国境的商品征收税款。
Once the seller has made the shipment, he assembles the documents, prepares the draft drawn on the issuing bank, and presents it for payment. 卖方在托运后，即备齐单证，准备好给开证行的汇票，并提交议付。
Critics of globalism come together wherever and whenever the Washington consensus meets, most notoriously during the "battle in Seattle" at the meeting of the World Trade Organization in December 1999.只要“华盛顿共识”的支持者召开大会，全球政策的反对者就会随时随地地