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Sunlight photocatalytic activity of CdS modified TiO2 loaded on activated carbon fibers

Sunlight photocatalytic activity of CdS modified TiO2 loaded on activated carbon fibers
Sunlight photocatalytic activity of CdS modified TiO2 loaded on activated carbon fibers

Sunlight photocatalytic activity of CdS modi?ed TiO 2loaded on activated carbon ?bers

Wenxia Zhao a ,b ,*,Zhipeng Bai a ,Ailing Ren b ,Bin Guo b ,Can Wu a

a College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China

b

College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Science and Technology,Shijiazhuang 050018,China

1.Introduction

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2)has advantages over other photo-catalysts,such as high activity,good stability,low cost and little harmness to humans.However,the main drawback of TiO 2is its relatively large band-gap (anatase:3.2eV,rutile: 3.0eV).As a consequence,TiO 2shows photocatalytic activity only in the near-ultraviolet region and can harvest only a small fraction (<5%)of incident solar irradiation [1].Therefore,modifying TiO 2photo-catalysts to enhance light absorption and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation becomes the main research direction in recent years.

So far the modi?cation techniques mainly involve doping TiO 2with transition metals such as Fe,Cu [2,3],sensitizing TiO 2by

adsorbed dyes [4,5]and compounding TiO 2with semiconductors having lower band-gaps and more cathodic conduction band (CB)[6–8].However,there are still some shortcomings,for instance,the transition metals are easy to become the recombination centers of the photo-electron–hole pairs,the photosensitizers are easy to fall off.In contrast,the compounding semiconductors are considered to be an effective method.In the metal sulphides,CdS is a semiconductor with a band-gap of 2.4eV.Its excitation wave-length is less than or equal to 495nm and it has obvious advantages in adsorbing solar spectrum.So,not only the CdS/TiO 2composite nanoparticles prepared by CdS modi?ed TiO 2are excited easily by visible light,but also the recombination probabilities of the photo-electron–hole pairs are minished [9–14].

However,as other powder photocatalysts,CdS/TiO 2nanopar-ticles have some disadvantages,such as dif?cult recovery,easy cohesion and low utilization rate in practical applications.Some alternative methods are immobilizing nanoparticles onto an inert and porous supporting matrix;through the accumulation of carriers the adsorption mass transfer rate and ef?ciency of photocatalytic degradation are effectively improved [15–18].

Applied Surface Science 256(2010)3493–3498

A R T I C L E I N F O Article history:

Received 13August 2009

Received in revised form 18December 2009Accepted 18December 2009

Available online 28December 2009Keywords:TiO 2CdS

Activated carbon ?bers Methylene blue Photocatalysis Sunlight

A B S T R A C T

To improve the photocatalytic application performances of TiO 2,in this work,?rstly CdS modi?ed Degussa P25TiO 2(CdS/TiO 2)composites were prepared by two methods,sol–gel method and precipitation method.Next they,sol–gel-CdS/TiO 2(sg-CdS/TiO 2)and precipitation-CdS/TiO 2(pp-CdS/TiO 2),were loaded on activated carbon ?bers (ACFs)by dip-coating method using the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as adhesives.The composites were characterized by XRD,UV–vis absorbance spectra,SEM,EDS and BET.The photocatalytic activities under sunlight were investigated by the degradation of methylene blue.The results showed that CdS/TiO 2composites were mainly composed of anatase-TiO 2and little CdS cubic phases.The absorption wavelengths of sg-CdS/TiO 2and pp-CdS/TiO 2composites were extended to 590nm and 740nm,respectively.The absorption edge had a pronounced ‘red shift’.From EDS analysis,the elemental contents of CdS/TiO 2were mainly Ti and O and a small quantity of S and Cd.CdS/TiO 2loaded on ACFs were in the form of small clusters,but not very uniform;compared with the original ACFs,the surface area and pore volume of CdS/TiO 2/ACFs decreased slightly,respectively,while the average pore diameter was not changed.The photodegradation rate of methylene blue under sunlight with CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was markedly higher than that of P25-TiO 2/ACFs,and the effect of pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was better than that of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs,when irradiated for 180min,and the photodegradation rate of methylene blue reached to 90.1%.The photodegradation kinetics of the methylene blue ?tted with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation.The apparent reaction rate constants of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs and pp-CdS/TiO 2were 0.0105min à1and 0.0146min à1,respectively,which were about 1.3–1.7times as large as that of P25-TiO 2/ACFs.

?2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

*Corresponding author at:College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Science and Technology,Yuhua East Road 70#,Shijiazhuang 050018,Hebei,China.Tel.:+8631188632361;fax:+8631188632361.

E-mail address:wenxia.zhao@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html, (W.Zhao).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Surface Science

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /a p s u s c

0169-4332/$–see front matter ?2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.062

Activated carbon?bers(ACFs),a new kind of microporous activated carbon,have been received increasing attention in recent years as an https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,pared with conventional granular and powder activated carbon(AC),ACFs are produced in the form of felt or cloth,with high BET surface area and micropore volume.ACFs have larger adsorption capability and faster adsorption rate[19].So far the methods of nanoparticles, such as TiO2,loaded on ACFs mainly include machine mixing[20], direct impregnation[21],adhesive cohering[19,22],sol–gel method[23],liquid phase deposition[24]and synthesis in situ [25].Among them,the prepared processes of the former two methods are more simple and easy,but the combination of TiO2 with ACFs is not?rm,yet the latter three methods are relatively complex,but the combination of TiO2with ACFs is more?rm,only the adhesive cohering is more simple and TiO2loaded on ACFs is more?rm,so this method is especially suitable for TiO2 nanoparticles loaded on ACFs.

At present,CdS/TiO2nanoparticles loaded on ACFs have seldom been reported.Therefore,in this work,?rstly CdS/TiO2composite nanoparticles were prepared by Degussa P25TiO2modi?ed by CdS, which were obtained by two methods,one was sol–gel reaction of Cd(NO3)2and SC(NH2)2solutions,the other was precipitation reaction of Cd(NO3)2and Na2S solutions.Next,ACFs were selected as adsorptive supporting matrix,and the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)was used as adhesive to ensure CdS/TiO2 nanoparticles loaded on ACFs more?rm,which was cheap and easy-obtaining,so a series of CdS/TiO2loaded on ACFs photo-catalysts were prepared by dip-coating method.In view of the modi?cation of TiO2by CdS and the combination of ACFs with CdS/ TiO2nanoparticles,the new photocatalysts were thought of as CdS/ TiO2/ACFs composite materials in this work.Their structural characteristics were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV–vis absorbance spectra,scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive analysis system of X-ray(EDS)and nitrogen adsorption Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET)speci?c surface area analyzer.Methylene blue(MB)was selected as the model reactant, the photocatalytic activities of CdS/TiO2/ACFs irradiated by sunlight had been investigated,and the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalysis were also studied.

2.Experimental

2.1.Materials and reagents

Degussa P25TiO2(80%anatase,20%rutile,with an average particle size of30nm and a BET surface area of50m2/g);viscose rayon-based activated carbon?bers in felt form(ACFs,1mm thick, with speci?c surface area of1150–1250m2/g,Nantong Senyou Carbon Fiber Corporation,China).CMC,MB,Cd(NO3)2á4H2O and SC(NH2)2were purchased from Tianjin,China,being analytical reagent.Water used for solution and experimental preparations was ultra-pure.

2.2.Preparation of CdS/TiO2and CdS/TiO2/ACFs composite photocatalysts

2.2.1.Preparation of CdS/TiO2nanoparticles

(1)Sol–gel method:?rstly,0.123g(0.4mmol)of Cd(NO3)2á4H2O

was dissolved in100mL distilled water,then0.0746mol SC(NH2)2,0.04mol NH3áH2O and0.004mol NH4Cl were dissolved in above solution,which was stirred for15min at 708C.Secondly,4g of Degussa P25TiO2was added and stirred for18h at258C.Next,CdS modi?ed TiO2was ?ltrated using a Millipore?lter,and washed three times with 5mL of distilled water and two times with5mL of acetone.

Finally,it was dried3h at ambient conditions and3.5h at 1058C.Dried catalyst was ground in a ball mill.It was marked as sg-CdS/TiO2.

(2)Precipitation method:two aqueous solutions,a?rst one

(100mL)containing0.123g(0.4mmol)of Cd(NO3)2á4H2O and a second one(100mL)containing0.096g(0.4mmol)of Na2Sá9H2O and27.8mL(0.4mmol)of C2H4O2S(MAA),were mixed and stirred for10min at258C.Next,4g of TiO2 Degussa P25was added,followed by stirring for18h at 258C.After?ltration through a Millipore?lter,CdS sensi-tized TiO2was washed three times with5mL of distilled water and two times with5mL of acetone.Finally,it was dried for3h at ambient conditions and for3.5h at1058C.

Dried catalyst was ground in a ball mill[11].It was marked as pp-CdS/TiO2.

2.2.2.Preparation of CdS/TiO2/ACFs composite photocatalysts

Before being used,pieces of ACFs(75mm?50mm)were washed with ultra-pure water in ultrasonic oscillation(AS5150A, Beijin Deweisi Scienti?c Instruments Corporation,China)for 30min and dried at1058C in the dry oven(101-0S electrothermal blowing dry oven),were marked as ACF0.The composite photocatalysts were prepared as follows:?rstly,a certain amount CMC(0.25wt.%)and0.1500g sg-CdS/TiO2or pp-CdS/TiO2were added to24mL distilled water,and the resulting mixed suspension was surged with ultrasonic oscillation allowing the TiO2particles to remain suspended in the solution.Next,the ACF0were impregnated in the suspension and drawn out with a speed of 3cm/min,then dried at1058C for2h,so the composite photocatalysts were prepared,they were marked as sg-CdS/ TiO2/ACFs and pp-CdS/TiO2/ACFs,respectively.Meanwhile,for comparison,another material was prepared in accordance with the operation mentioned above,but0.1000g Degussa P25TiO2was added,was marked as TiO2/ACFs.

2.3.Characterizations of photocatalysts

Crystal phases of the composite photocatalysts were obtained by XRD(D/max2500PC,Rigaku,Japan)with Cu K a radiation of wavelength0.154nm in the range of2u=10–808with a scan speed of1.28/min.UV–vis absorbance spectra were measured between 300nm and800nm using a UV–vis spectrophotometer(UV-3600, Shimadzu,Japan),equipped with a diffuse re?ectance sphere.The morphologies of the photocatalysts were analyzed by SEM(S-4800I,Hitachi,Japan)at3.0keV,which was equipped with an energy dispersive analysis system of X-ray(EDS).The BET surface area,pore volume and pore size of the photocatalysts were obtained by N2adsorption at77.4K using a BET speci?c surface area analyzer(NOVA2000,Quantachrome,USA).The pore size distribution was calculated by density functional theory(DFT) method.

2.4.Measurement of photocatalytic activities

Photocatalytic activities of CdS/TiO2/ACFs composite photo-catalysts were evaluated by monitoring the photodegradation of MB aqueous solution under sunlight.A piece of CdS/TiO2/ACFs, with the size of75mm?50mm,was put into one100mL of 50mg/L MB aqueous solution,respectively.Under magnetic stirring,the mixed solution was irradiated under sunlight.Then samples were taken out every30min,after centrifugal separa-tion,and the concentration of MB in supernatant was analyzed by a spectrophotometer(Vis-7220,Beifenruili,China)at664nm. Direct sunlight was used in the present study and all the experiments were conducted between10:00a.m.and3:00p.m., when the solar intensity?uctuations were minimal.

W.Zhao et al./Applied Surface Science256(2010)3493–3498 3494

3.Results and discussion 3.1.XRD patterns

The XRD patterns of CdS/TiO 2composites and Degussa P25TiO 2were compared in Fig.1.In the pattern of P25-TiO 2(Fig.1a),the diffraction peaks at 2u =25.38,37.88,48.08and 54.08were attributed to anatase-TiO 2,the diffraction peaks at 2u =27.48,36.18,41.48and 54.48attributed to rutile-TiO 2.Meanwhile,in the pattern of pp-CdS/TiO 2(Fig.1c)the additional small peaks at 26.58,44.18,52.18were also observed,which could be assigned to the CdS cubic phase,while in the pattern of sg-CdS/TiO 2(Fig.1b)no extra peaks except for TiO 2diffraction peaks were observed,and the peaks intensity became lower and peaks shape wider.This may be due to the small amount of CdS in CdS/TiO 2composites,and for the sol–gel method,the preparation temperature of CdS was relative low,so CdS in pp-CdS/TiO 2was mainly to be amorphousness.

TiO 2anatase over rutile ratio was calculated from [11]:anatase content A ewt :%T?

100

1t1:265?eI R =I A T(1)rutile content R ewt :%T?100àA ewt :%T

(2)

with I A and I R the diffraction intensities of the (101)anatase and (110)rutile crystalline phases at 2u =25.38and 27.58,respective-ly.The average crystallite diameter D Scherrer (nm)was calculated using Scherrer’s equation [26].

Anatase,rutile content and D Scherrer were summarized in Table 1.The calculated results of P25-TiO 2were well in agreement with commercial data provided by the supplier.For pp-CdS/TiO 2composites,both phase ratio and average particle diameter of P25-TiO 2were not affected by CdS,while the anatase phase ratio of sg-CdS/TiO 2composites reduced more than 10%,although the average particle diameter did not change signi?cantly after modi?cation.

3.2.UV–vis absorbance spectra

UV–vis absorbance spectra of CdS/TiO 2composites and P25-TiO 2were represented in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,pared with P25-TiO 2,a shift of the absorbance spectra of CdS/TiO 2photocatalyst towards the visible light region was observed.The band-gap energies (E g )of modi?ed and pure TiO 2were obtained from the wavelength values corresponding to the intersection point of the vertical and horizontal parts of the spectra,using the equation:hc /l =E g ,where E g was the band-gap energy (eV),h was the Planck’s constant,c was the light velocity (m/s)and l was the wavelength (nm),so the absorption edge of P25-TiO 2was at l =406nm,corresponding to a band-gap of 3.06eV,while the absorption edge of sg-CdS/TiO 2and pp-CdS/TiO 2composites were at l =590nm and l =740nm,respectively,corresponding to the band-gap of 2.10eV and 1.68eV.It showed that the band-gap energies of the CdS/TiO 2nanocomposites were lower than that of pure TiO 2nanoparticles,and pp-CdS/TiO 2composites were better than that of sg-CdS/TiO 2.So the CdS/TiO 2composites could be excited to produce more electron–hole pairs under visible light illumination,which could result in higher photocatalytic activities.3.3.SEM and EDS analysis

The surface morphologies of original ACFs and CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites were showed in Fig.3.Within the original ACFs,carbon ?ber silks mixed with each other in disorder,while the surface of a single silk ?ber was slick and had the banded groove structure along the axis direction,whose diameter was about 15m m [Fig.3(a)].P25-TiO 2and CdS/TiO 2particles were ?xed on the surface of ACFs in the form of small clusters and distributed unevenly,so that the surface of ACFs became rough,but the diameter of single silk ?ber varied little.

The elemental contents of CdS/TiO 2composite photocatalysts were listed in Table 2.Results of EDS analysis showed that the elemental contents of CdS/TiO 2were mainly composed of Ti and O elements and a small quantity of Cd and S,namely the amount of CdS in CdS/TiO 2composites was less,this had consistent with the XRD patterns.

3.4.Surface area and pore size distributions

Table 3shows the surface area and pore size distributions of ACFs,TiO 2/ACFs and CdS/TiO 2/ACFs photocatalysts.The data showed that using adhesive CMC did not change the

porous

Fig.2.UV–vis absorbance spectra.

Table 1

Anatase,rutile content (wt.%)and D Scherrer (nm)of photocatalysts.Photocatalysts Anatase content (wt.%)Rutile content (wt.%)D Scherrer (nm)Degussa P25TiO 2802029sg-CdS/TiO 2683227pp-CdS/TiO 2

76

23

28

Fig.1.XRD patterns of (a)P25;(b)sg-CdS/TiO 2;(c)pp-CdS/TiO 2.

W.Zhao et al./Applied Surface Science 256(2010)3493–34983495

distribution of original https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,pared with original ACFs,the surface area and pore volume of TiO 2/ACFs and CdS/TiO 2/ACFs photocatalysts decreased slightly,while the average pore diameter was not changed.The reason was that rich micropores were distributed on the outer surface of the ACFs,their pore diameter was narrow,mainly below 2nm [27],while the average size of the loaded TiO 2particles was about 30nm and CdS/TiO 2particles about 27–28nm,so no inside pores of ACFs were ?lled and only parts of the outside pores of ACFs were covered,in addition,the small clusters of TiO 2or CdS/TiO 2particles on the external surface of ACFs formed a certain amount of mesopores and macropores,therefore CdS/TiO 2loaded on the ACFs did not change the microstructure of original ACFs,and pp-CdS/TiO 2composites loaded on the ACFs was superior to sg-CdS/TiO 2loaded on the ACFs.3.5.Photocatalytic activities

The degradation curves of 50mg/L MB aqueous solution under sunlight were shown in Fig.4.The photodegradation rate of MB with CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was obviously higher than that of TiO 2/ACFs,and the photodegradation rate of MB with pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was higher than that of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs.When irradiated for 90min under sunlight,the degradation rate of MB with CdS/TiO 2/ACFs was about 16–30%higher than that of TiO 2/ACFs.After irradiated for 180min,the degradation rate of MB with pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs was up to 90%,the illuminated time was more early than that of other two composites.

The photocatalytic reaction of organic contaminants over illuminated TiO 2?tted Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model [28].The kinetics plots were shown by apparent ?rst-order linear transform àln(C t /C 0)=k app t in Fig.5,where k app was the apparent ?rst-order rate constant (min à1),C 0was the initial concentration of MB,and C t was the concentration of MB at time t .The activities of TiO 2/ACFs and CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composite photocatalysts could be evaluated by comparing the apparent ?rst-order rate constants listed in Table 4.It showed that the apparent rate constant of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs was about 1.3times as high as that of TiO 2/ACFs,while the apparent rate constant of pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs was higher than that of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs,the former was about 1.3times of the latter.The CdS modi?ed TiO 2nanoparticles obviously enhanced the photocatalytic activity under sunlight.3.6.Photodegradation mechanism of CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composite photocatalysts

The UV–vis absorbance spectra (Fig.2)show that the band-gap of CdS/TiO 2nanocomposites is smaller than that of pure TiO 2.The narrow band-gap allows CdS/TiO 2to absorb more photons,and this will enhance the photocatalytic ef?ciency of TiO 2under sunlight.Because of the inconsistency and overlapping of the conduction band (CB),valence band (VB)and band-gap of the two semiconductors,when CdS/TiO 2nanocomposites are irradiated under sunlight,the photogenerated electrons can be excited from the VB of CdS and then be transited to the CB of TiO 2,

while

Fig.3.SEM micrographs of:(a)ACF 0;(b)TiO 2/ACFs;(c)sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs;(d)pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs.

Table 3

Microstructures of original ACFs and composite photocatalysts.

Samples ACF 0

TiO 2/ACFs sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs BET surface area,m 2/g 1140

921.31004

1053

Total pore volume,cm 3/g 0.48360.46810.41500.4393Average pore diameter,nm

1.697

1.758

1.654

1.668

Table 2

EDS elemental contents of CdS/TiO 2composite https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,posite photocatalysts

Contents

Elements O(K)

Ti(K)S(K)Cd(K)sg-CdS/TiO 2Mass,%38590.55 2.3Atomic,%65340.470.56pp-CdS/TiO 2

Mass,%42550.59 1.6Atomic,%

69

30

0.48

0.38

W.Zhao et al./Applied Surface Science 256(2010)3493–3498

3496

photogenerated holes will be left in VB of CdS.The electrons can react with O 2to generate O 2à,and the holes theoretically migrate to the surface and react with OH àor H 2O to generate OH,these radicals can react with adsorbed pollutants.The reactions can be expressed as follows:

CdS àTiO 2th n !CdS eh t;e àTàTiO 2(3)CdS eh t;e àTàTiO 2!CdS eh tTàTiO 2ee àT(4)e àtO 2! O 2à(5)h ttOH à! OH (6)h ttH 2O ! OH tH t

(7)

When CdS/TiO 2photocatalysts are loaded on ACFs,?rstly the pollutants MB are adsorbed on adsorbent supports,resulting in

higher pollutant environment around the loaded CdS/TiO 2,then the adsorbed MB are transferred to the catalyst by diffusion and decomposed there at rates,which depend on their adsorption strength [29].After migration of photocatalytic products from CdS/TiO 2surface,the adsorption and photocatalysis of TiO 2/ACFs system are regenerated.The whole process can be clearly described in Fig.6.4.Conclusions

Using two methods,one was sol–gel reaction of Cd(NO 3)2and SC(NH 2)2,the other precipitation reaction of Cd(NO 3)2and Na 2S,CdS modi?ed Degussa P25TiO 2composite photocatalysts were prepared,and successfully loaded on ACFs by dip-coating method using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,pared with Degussa P25TiO 2,CdS modifying TiO 2had no signi?cant effect on the TiO 2crystalline performances,TiO 2crystal diffraction peaks were still obvious;the absorption edge of CdS/TiO 2in the UV–vis absorbance spectra had a pronounced ‘red shift’.EDS analysis showed that the elemental contents of CdS/TiO 2/ACFs were mainly Ti and O and a small quantity of S and Cd.CdS/TiO 2loaded on ACFs was in the form of small clusters,but not very https://www.wendangku.net/doc/822827940.html,pared with original ACFs,the surface area and pore volume of CdS/TiO 2/ACFs were decreased slightly,while the average pore diameter was not changed.Under sunlight irradiation,the photodegradation rate of MB with CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was markedly higher than that of P25-TiO 2/ACFs due to the modifying effect of CdS.The photodegradation of MB by CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites ?tted with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation,the kinetic results followed pseudo-?rst-order reaction,the apparent rate constant of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was about 1.3times as large as that of TiO 2/ACFs,while the apparent rate constants of pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs were higher than that of sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs,the former was about 1.3times of the latter.It was evident that the photocatalytic activity of pp-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs composites was superior to sg-CdS/TiO 2/ACFs,it was good consistent with the characterizations results of XRD,UV–vis absorbance spectra,SEM,EDS and BET.Acknowledgements

The work was ?nancially supported by Decision-making Consultation Projects of China Association for Science and Technology (2007ZCYJ06)and Tianjin Science and Technology Development Plan Foster Research Projects of China (06YFGP-SHO4200).References

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1测控系统简介 本测控系统专为拉力机、压力机、电子万能材料试验机而研制。适用于测定各种材料在拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切、撕裂、剥离、穿刺等状态下的力学性能及有关物理参数。可做拉伸、压缩、三点抗弯、四点抗弯、剪切、撕裂、剥离、成品鞋穿刺、纸箱持压、泡棉循环压缩、弹簧拉压及各种动静态循环测试。 1.1主要功能特性 1. 硬件 主控制器采用21世纪最先进的32位ARM处理器, 处理速度达到奔腾级通用计算机的水平,相比传统的8位单片机测控系统整体性能大大提高,运算速度更快,控制精度更高. 数据采集核心器件采用美国最新型超高精度24位AD,采样速率可达2000次/秒,可捕捉到力量的瞬间变化过程,全程不分档分辨力最高达500000分度。并采用独创的6点校准技术进一步提高精度,力量测量精度优于国家0.5级(最高级)标准。 位移编码器计数采用4倍频技术,使位移分辨力提高4倍,最高可达0.0005mm。 脉冲和电压两种输出控制方式,可控制具有脉冲或电压控制接口的任意伺服马达、变频马达或直流马达实现平滑无级调速,另还有上升、下降及停止等开关量信号输出可用于直接驱动外部继电器或电磁阀,可用于控制直流电机或气动、液压等动力装置。 先进的速度、位移、力量三闭环技术,可以实现精确的任意波形控制。 丰富的接口扩展能力:多达4路24位模拟量输入,3路16位模拟量输出,3路脉冲输出,3路AB相光电编码器输入,9路开关量输入,8路开关量输出,1路USB接口,1路RS232接口,1路RS485接口,4种LCD接口,1个并口微型打印机接口,1个串口微型打印机接口,1个8×4矩阵键盘接口。 所有输入输出接口均采用高速光电隔离技术,具备强大的抗干扰能力。 2. 软件 Windows标准风格,层次分明的操作方式加上详尽的帮助文档和提示使之成为目前试验机行业最简单易用的软件,您的调试和软件培训效率将显著提高。 采用多线程并行处理技术,测试过程中实时同时显示力量-位移、力量-时间、位移-时间、应力-应变等曲线,可随意切换到想看的曲线画面,并可查看用户设置等。 标准化的测试过程控制和报表输出模版,使可以定义任意多个测试标准供用户调用,范围涵盖GB、ASTM、DIN、JIS、BS…等几乎所有测试标准。灵活强大的测试方法自定义方式,具备定速速、定位移、定力量、定力量速率、定应力、定应力速率、定应变、定应变速率等各种控制模式,可实现复杂的多步嵌套循环控制.可设置自动返回、自动判断断裂、自动归零等功能。 强大的数据分析统计和曲线图形分析辅助工具,具备放大、缩小、平移、十字光标、取点等功能。多次历史测试数据可调入图形同时显示做对比分析。多达7个区间设置、40个手动取点、120个自动取点功能。具备最大值、最小值、平均值、去高低平均值、中位数、标准差、总体标准差、CPK值等多种统计功能。 完全开放的测试结果编辑方法,用户可得到任何想要的测试结果。最大力、断裂力、剥离力、拉伸强度、剪切强度、撕裂强度、最大变形、屈服力、伸长率、弹性模量、环刚度、非比例延伸率、区间最小力、区间平均力、定伸长取力、定力量取伸长等多达400多个计算结果均由计算机自动算出,供用户选择调用。 业界创新的Microsoft Word报表格式,简单易用,只要您会使用Word,就可编辑出您想要的精美报表。 权限管理系统使您可以锁定软件的任意功能模块,将软件操作分为多个权限级别,没被授权的操作人员无法触及没被授权的模块,软件操作更加安全可靠。 全数字化的校准系统,校准过程简单高效,校准数据上下位机双重保护。 功能强大的单位系统,可以适应世界上任何单位制,如力值单位有gf、kgf、N、kN、tf、lbf、ozf、tf(SI)、tf (long)、tf(short)等供选择,更可扩展任意多种单位。 更多重的保护机制:力量、行程、位移超量程保护设定,上下限位行程开关硬件保护设定。 测试数据管理简单直观高效:单次测试数据以Windows标准的文档形式存储,自由设置储存路径和文件名。避免了传统测控软件以数据库格式储存测试数据时数据库文件会越来越大而导致软件运行越来越慢的缺点。只要您的硬盘足够大,测试数据可以无限量保存。 所有操作均具有快捷键,并可连接外部手动控制盒,可外接快上、快下、中上、中下、慢上、慢下、置零、回位、测试、暂停、结束等全部常用按健. 多国语言一键切换:简体中文、繁体中文、英文,十国语言版更有日文、韩文、俄文、德语、法语、西班牙文、葡萄牙文等即将推出。 绿色软件,无需安装,直接拷贝到计算机即可使用(需先安装串口驱动),维护升级更加简单。

高二作文:忠言逆耳利于行议论文800字

忠言逆耳利于行 人生的旅途中总会有许多的岔路口,然而成功的巅峰却只有一个。成功的人,不是因为他们有多么优秀,而是因为他们能接受逆耳忠言、苦口良药,所以我们要明辨并接受逆耳忠言,才能成功。 逆耳忠言如镜,以之可鉴得失。魏征屡次顶撞太宗,太宗能明鉴受之,方得贞观之项羽刚愎自用,仅因几句忠告之言,竟疏远了亚父范增,终被迫乌江之刎。孟尝君接受冯燰买义之言,终居相位数十年。魏征之言可定大逆不道之罪,却能点出太宗治国之得失,范增之言逆耳,却蕴含成功之道,冯燰之言难以让孟尝君接受,却为他指出了治理封地的得失,可以说没有接受他们三人的忠告,就不会有贞观之治和孟尝娇君的富贵,忠言虽然逆耳,但却是歧途上的最佳警钟。 逆耳忠言如星,以之可明方向。清王朝内部以天朝上国自居,却不顾“欲求超胜,必须贯通”之忠言,终尝闭关锁国之恶果,楚杯王不听屈原连齐抗秦之忠言,终于客死它乡。秦穆公不听蹇叔之忠言,终落得大败而归。徐光启的话指明了中国应有的发展方向,却冲击了满清“骑射为本”的思想,倘若清王朝不是对其不屑一顾,怕是就不会再有所谓的半殖民半封建的中国了吧;若是楚怀王信屈原忠言,远离秦使张化的糖衣炮弹,怕是也不会有秦王朝的统一吧;若是穆公听取蹇叔之言,也不会受其大败之辱吧。由此可见,忠言虽然逆耳,却能使人悬崖勒马,重归正途。 逆耳忠言如令,可以定成败。仲达的兵马已达城下,却因猜疑而回绝了攻城之请,反是错失良机。子产告诫子太叔以猛政治民,但子

太叔却以宽政治民,致使盗贼横行;夫差不听信伍子胥之忠言,终被勾践灭国。倘若他们听取了忠告,三国也许会提前结束,子太叔也许会与子产齐名,夫差也就不会亡国。因为忠言与他们内心的想法不符,就回绝其言,往往会引人走上失败之路。由此可见,忠言虽然逆耳,却能打开成功之门,避开失败的深渊。 当我们走在追求成功的路上的时候,请谨慎对待那些逆耳的建议,因为只有它们,才能给予我们真正的成功之路,当你拒绝了它们,也就亲手关闭了成功的大门,所以请接受逆耳忠言。

忠言逆耳利于行作文(初中初一800字).doc

忠言逆耳利于行作文(初中初一800字) “良药苦口,益于疾病;忠告逆耳,益于实践”的意思是:良药苦口,难下咽,却能治愈疾病。建议可能与自己的想法不同,但符合自己的利益。每个人都知道这个事实,但是很难做到。 唐太宗李世民任用人才。其中一个是一位名叫魏徵的部长。他敢于直言不讳并向他提出抗议。他经常和唐太宗打架,非常生气,唐太宗几次想杀他,但他都忍了。魏徵死后,唐太宗悲伤地说:“以铜为榜样,穿得得体。从过去学习,我们可以知道国家的兴衰。向他人学习,你就能看到收获和损失。”既然魏徵已经去世,是时候知道他的死讯了。“这种例子不仅在古代很常见,在现实生活中也很常见。 ”梅·许逊的雪比梅的白三倍,但是雪失去了它的香味.”这是我对父亲教诲的总结。 升到初中第一天后,我开始熟悉我的同学。因此,我父亲经常在午饭后和我谈论学校事务。当谈到一些名列榜首的女孩和一些不喜欢她们的女孩时,我的反应非常强烈。我父亲笑着对我说,“那是因为人们学习好,有资本。”“仍然有糟糕的研究!”我很快补充道。“这意味着他们口才很好,但你不能说他们好。”就这样,我被父亲打了。“没错,”我父亲补充道:我有时间问他们如何学习。“‘那帮老...’我在心里骂。很快就被遗忘了。 我父亲和我最后一次参加期末考试就要到了。我父亲告诉我,我不足以帮助我复习,于是我不耐烦地答应了。看到我不听,我父亲批评了我。在考试前几天的复习中,我父亲放弃了午睡时间来监督我的

学习。起初,我很不情愿。渐渐地,我开始全身心地投入到学习中,并且觉得我不能让父亲失望。在那段时间里,我还遇到了一个小学同学,她学习成绩很好。我记得父亲说过的话,并问她如何学习。她坦率地告诉了我。这样,我在班上得了第十名,数学得了第一名。 在回家的路上,风吹在树叶上,好像在为我鼓掌。在我父亲知道这件事之后,他嘴角露出一丝微笑,让我继续努力。 人们说,“没有压力,就没有动力。”在生活中,如果没有逆耳忠言,一个人似乎就失去了通往成功之路的风向标。因此,让我们接受那些不在我们心中的建议,驶向成功!

confident的详细用法总结大全

confident的详细用法总结大全 你知道confident的用法吗?快来一起学习吧,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 confident的用法总结大全 confident的意思 adj. 确信的,深信的;有信心的,沉着的;大胆的,过分自信的;厚颜无耻的 n. 知己;心腹朋友; confident的用法 用作形容词(adj.) 用作定语 ~+n. We need a confident leader to overcome these difficulties. 我们需要一个有信心的领导者来克服这些困难。 He noticed her confident smile.

他注意到她充满自信的微笑。 用作表语 S+be+~+prep.-phrase I feel confident about the future of rock-and-roll music in China. 我对摇滚乐在中国的前景充满信心。 I am confident in him. 我对他充满信心。 He is confident in his ability to achieve success. 他坚信自己有能力取得成功。 We are confident in saying that the new record will be broken soon. 我们充满信心地说新的纪录很快会被打破。 S+be+~+that-clause I feel confident that we will win. 我确信我们将胜利。 confident的用法例句

1. He was confident the allies would make good on their pledges. 他相信盟友们会履行他们的承诺。 2. She has now changed into a happy, self-confident woman. 如今她已经变成一个快乐、自信的女人。 3. If there has to be a replay we are confident of victory. 如果重新比赛,我们有信心取得胜利。 4. Management is confident about the way business is progressing. 管理层对业务发展的态势充满信心。 5. Hes very forward and confident and chats happily to other people. 他很自以为是,喜欢和别人攀谈。 6. Police say they are confident of catching the gunman. 警方说他们有信心抓住那个持枪歹徒。 on holiday 还是on holidays

逆耳忠言助我行作文

逆耳忠言助我行作文 逆耳忠言助我行作文(一): 入口即化的是蜜言,令人生畏的是谗言,唯有苦口逆耳的才是助我成长的忠言。 ――题记 亘古以来,人月交替,王朝兴衰,似乎构成了一个长久不变的规律:兴国之本是有敢于直谏的臣子与善于纳谏的明君,魏征的批评指责,曾令唐太宗咆啸:“我当杀此田舍翁!”但依然吸纳谏言,开创了贞观盛世! 贞观四年,唐太宗打算大兴土木,建造乾阳店,给事张玄素说,在国家元气尚未恢复时,您这样做的过失比隋炀帝还大,甚至会得到同桀、纣一样的下常对如此尖锐的言辞,唐太宗非但没有动怒,而且理解了意见,下令缓建,还重赏了他。 唐太宗的这种气度是其之所以兴盛的原因。 拿破仑曾率领强大的军队征战,富尔顿告诉拿破仑,砍掉船上的桅杆,撤去风帆,不管刮什么风,不管什么天气,装上钢板,安上蒸汽机,就能够横渡英吉利海峡,但因用词不当,与拿破仑的思想有冲突,一气之下的拿破仑没采用他的推荐。试想,如果拿破仑静下心来,认真想一想,也许历史将改变。

为什么一些人听不进这些忠言呢!难道只因为话中多了分真诚与直接么!难道只有奉承的话才能取悦你们!为什么不为一个能直接指出自己不足的朋友而高兴呢! 想想自已,有时不也是这样么!父母对自己有一句劝告,有一句评价,我们就会生气不听……上初中后,学习了这么多的历史事件,最后明白了,父母的话,哪一句不是“忠言”阿!正是父母的一句句,我才有了这天的成绩! 阿!请铭记吧“逆耳忠言助我行”! 逆耳忠言助我行作文(二): “良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。”的确,良药很苦,可它能治病,忠言逆耳,可它能帮你向成功更进一步。 那次,因为考试不好,我的情绪极差,那时,我多么想听到有人鼓励我,也许那些鼓励的话会使我一开始就振作起来,但是没有。有的只是一句句挫伤我自尊心的话。妈妈说:“你这次怎样考得这么差,这样的分数不属于你,我辛辛苦苦的养你这么多年,要得就是这个吗?你看×××以前学习不都没你好吗?但是此刻,人家不也比你好吗?你怎样就不能努力阿……” 我明白妈妈说的都是气话,那些话都是为我好,但是她根本不明白那些话对我的打击有多大。那次我几乎都快绝望了。都快对自己失去信心了。之后,我跑了出去,一个人漫步在大街上。

干货site的使用方法总结

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