GCT英语句子结构,一篇通
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GCT英语（句子结构篇）
——顾越
句子的理解在各个题型中的应用
一、在完型填空中的应用
1. The Producer Price Index，1__ measures what producers receive for goods and services， 2 I percent in July，
the Labor Department reported yesterday，double 3 economists had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from flat prices in June．
①A. that B. which C. it D. this
②A. rise B. rises C. rose D. raised
③A. that B. what C. which D. this
2.Typically, increases in the Producer Price Index indicate similar changes in the consumer index1businesses
recoup (补偿) higher costs from customers. 2 for much of this expansion, which started 3 the end of 2001, that has not been the 4 .
①A. as B. so C. while D. when
②A. And B. But C. Yet D. Still
③A. at B. by C. in D. to
④A. condition B. situation C. matter D. case
二、在阅读理解中的应用
1. 在分析题目中的应用
In the 1960s medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list but so were some p ositive life-changing events like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
1. The result of Holmes-Rahe?s medical research tells us __________.
[A] the way you handle major events may cause stress
[B] what should be done to avoid stress
[C] what kind of event would cause stress
[D] how to cope with sudden changes in life
2. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ____________.
[A] how much pressure you are under [B] how positive events can change you life
[C] how stressful a major event can be [D] how you can deal with life-changing events
2.在分析答案中的应用
The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that information won?t fall into the wrong hands. Which of the following is not in the list of the basic criteria of privacy protection mentioned in the paragraph? A．Give notice of what in formation is collected and how it is used to consumers．
B．Allow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected．
C．Make consumers believe that the information provided by the sites is surely correct．
Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.
How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?
A．they are too old to do anything.
B．They feel ill at ease.
C．They feel completely at home.
D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports.
4. 在无法读懂原文时的应用
Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.
Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half-net has been made, it will probably _____________
A. begin a completely new net
B. destroy the half-net
C. spin the rest of the net
D. stay away from the net
5. 在推理时候的应用
But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line. Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies. When new technologies shook up the telecomm business, telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining. She is now a communications technician, earning about $ 64,000 per year. Of course, if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years, and you find yourself replaced by an E-ZPass machine, it may be of little consolation(安慰) to know that the telecomm field is booming.
In this paragraph the author mentions the tollbooth collector to
A. mean he will get benefits from the telecomm field
B. show he is too old to shift to a new position
C. console him on having been replaced by a machine
D. blame the PC for his unemployment
三、在翻译中的应用
1. Society requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subjected, but that even in the mass and body, as
well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted (阻挠,使挫折), their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection.
2. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in
which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
3.One might point out，for instance，that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to
modern times，much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine，but from the widespread application of“cooking in quantity”business methods like massive division of labor，concentration of assets，vertical integration and economies of scale．
四、在写作中的应用
众所周知，我们要建立一个和谐社会，并且要保持可持续的发展，这对中国经济的繁荣是至关重要的。
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第一讲简单句
一、由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成的句子叫简单句。
注意：简单句中主语有时可以是并列主语，谓语也可是是并列谓语。
二、五种基本句型
划分句子的方法很多。这里说的简单句并且是根据谓语动词使用方法的不同，将英语简单句分为五种基本句型：
基本句型一：（主＋谓）
基本句型二：（主＋系＋表）
基本句型三：（主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四：（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五：（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
句型一：主语+（谓语）不及物动词
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
The sun was shining.
The moon rose.
句型二：主语+连系动词+表语
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：
This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
This kind of food tastes delicious.
表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
It is getting warmer and warmer.
句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Who knows the answer?
He enjoys reading.
句型四：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来），give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。
She ordered herself a new dress.
She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。
They appointed him manager.
They painted the door green.
This set them thinking.
一、and 那么；然后；而且；然而
And连接的分句虽然语法上是同等的分局，但语意上可以表达分句间不同的关系，如时间，因果，对比和条件关系等。
1. I lay down and went straight to sleep.
2. He is poor in English, and I am, too.
注意，三个以上的并列句，前面的分句之间用逗号代替。
He is kind, he is clever, and he is handsome.
二、or 或者；否则
1. Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold.
三、but 但是；要不是
1.She tried to give a good impression on the employer, but she failed.
2.We are always looking forward to a good result of the football games, but we are always disappointed.
四、either…or…或者…或者…
1. Either you leave the house, or I call the police.
2. Either you must improve your work or the manager will dismiss you.
五、neither… n or…既不…也不…
1. Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.
2. She can?t read, neither can she write.
3. Neither you nor I am wrong.
六、not… but…不是…但是…
1. It?s not cheap, but it?s very good.
2. It is not what you are studying, but how you study it that counts..
七、not only… but also… 不但…而且…
1. Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.
2. I not only heard it, but I also saw it.
八、still 仍然；尽管
We have made some achievements, still we should be modest and prudent.
九、therefore 因此；因故
He was the only candidate, therefore, he was elected.
十、nevertheless 尽管如此；然而
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.
十一、however 然而; 无论如何
The book is expensive, however, it?s worth it.
十二、meanwhile 同时
I continued working, meanwhile, he went out shopping.
十三、otherwise 否则
Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it.
十四、hence 因此，所以
It is very late, hence you must go to bed.
十五、thus 于是，这样一来
She studied hard, thus she got high marks.
十六、accordingly 因此；于是
Everyone was ordered to leave the building, accordingly, we went into the street.
十七、consequently 所以，因此
Shanghai is situated by the sea, consequently, the city enjoys a healthy climate.
则复合句不成立。由于连词既起连接主句和从句的作用，表明主从句之间的关系，还在从句中充当一定的成份，有一定的意义。
根据从句在主句中充当的成分不同，可分为三类
1.名词从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，状语从句）
2.定语从句(形容词性从句)
3.状语从句(副词性从句)
一、名词从句
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。根据他们在句子中起的语法作用，又可分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。
（一）主语从句
主语从句句型一（由连词that, whether, if 引导）
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
That he had made a mistake is strange.
Whether he will come or not hasn?t been decided.
That 只起连接作用，不担任任何成分，也没有词义，whether, if 有词义，“是否”。
主语从句句型二（由疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what和疑问副词when, where, how, why引导的主语从句）
Who did the work is unknown.
Which team will win that match is not clear.
What he said is true.
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
Why he did such a stupid thing is not known.
When the meeting will be held is not yet fixed.
主语从句句型三以先行词it 为形式主语的主语从句
由于主语从句放在句首，显得比较笨重，因此常把它移至句末，That, whether, if 引导的从句均可以改为形式主语的主语从句。
It is certain that she will come to the discussion.
It is strange that he had made a mistake.
It hasn?t been decided whether he?ll come or not.
以It为形式主语的主语从句有下列四种用法：
主语从句
It is important that he can come to our party.
(necessary, essential, strange, clear)
从句
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
It is a miracle that he survived the accident.
It is a pity that he did not come earlier.
从句
It is said that our school will be rebuilt.
It must be pointed out that you are completely wrong.
It is reported that there was a fire in the village.
It is thought that he is the best player.
It has been proved that the practice can only do good.
注意：翻译有固定的译法。
It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It seems that Mary is not coming at all.
It happened that I knew her boyfriend.
It turns out that his methods didn?t work at all.
It occurred to me there was no time to lose.
（二）表语从句
在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。
表语从句句型一
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
表语从句句型二
as, as if / though, that, whether, because引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
Her problem is whether she should accept his offer.
注意：if 不能引导表语从句，只能用whether。
表语从句句型三
由连接代词what, who, which和连接副词how, where, , why引导的表语从句
This is what I want.
The problem is who could do the work.
That is just where you are wrong.
That is how we parted.
表语从句句型四
使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
His proposal was that they (should) challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.
（三）宾语从句
可以在谓语动词的宾语，也可以做介词和非限定动词，和某些形容词的宾语。that 在宾语从句中经常可以省略。1．谓语动词的宾语
I know that he is friendly and hospitable.
I asked him if he is sure he knows what he is doing
2. 介词宾语
He was interested in whatever he saw there.
I was surprised at what he said.
注意：由于介词后面不能和that一起连用，所以可以省略that。
He insisted on his innocence. / He insisted that he was innocent.
特例：in/ except/ but that
This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.
He differed from his colleagues in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
有时会遇到介词/动词+it +that 这时，it 可以看作是that 从句的先行词。
You may depend on it that they will support you.
I take it that they will succeed.
He is pleased that he passed a tough test.
4.在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句是否定的，一般要将否定
移至主句谓语上，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。
I don?t think I know you.
5. 在hope, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, think等及物动词以及“I’m afraid”等表达的后面，可以用so 代替一个宾语从句，该从句通常是上文提到的一件事。
Do you think we will have good whether? I hope so.
宾语从句句型一
由that, whether, if 引导的宾语从句
I think that it is necessary to go by bus.
I wonder whether it is true.
She asked if that was enough.
●注意：That 引导的从句要注意时态。
I know that he lives here.
I know that he lived here ten years ago.
●英语里凡表示要求，建议，意图，决定，推荐等意义的词，在正式英语里，要求其宾语从句使用should + 动
词原型，而且should 通常省略，这类词有ask, propose, command, insist, urge, move, demand, instruct, require, request, recommend, advise, desire.
She suggested that I be responsible for the arrangement.
宾语从句句型二
由连接代词what, who, which和连接副词how, where, , why引导的宾语从句
I wonder what happened yesterday.
Take which book you like best.
注意：1. 宾语从句也可以是动词宾语从句
I told him that all the students had passed the exams.
He asked me whether she was coming.
宾语从句句型三当宾语从句后面有补语时，动词后面要跟形式宾语it, 从句跟在其后。
We consider it important that you should mind your manners.
He didn?t want it to be known that he was too ill to go on working.
（四）同位语从句
从句用于表示名词的内容，对其加以解释。
The fact that the contract was signed was important.
1. 同位语从句通常由that 引导，但由于与其同位的名词不同，也可由whether, when, which, who, how what 引
导。
I have no idea when she will be back.
The question, whether we need it, has not yet been considered.
We have come to the conclusion that there is no life on Mars.
2. 同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。
The question came up at the meeting whether we has enough money for our research.
We…ve just heard a warning on the radio that a storm will on its way.
The idea suddenly occurred to me that my watch might be wrong.
3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
He heard the news that his team had won.
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.
练习：
well educated：essentially，wealthy white people with high school and college diplomas and who are part of stable，two—parent households．
2. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
3. People who have doubts about their own self-esteem often worry that others will judge them as harshly as they feel they deserve because of a secret idea that they are pretty worthless.
4. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
5. If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.
二、阅读理解练习
1. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still (停滞不前)，but division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have. According to the writer, Adam Smith's mistake was in believing that division of labor ________ .
A) was an efficient way of organizing work
B) was an important development in methods of production
C) certainly led to economic development
D) increased the production of existing goods
2. One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians. One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in LosAngeles and the Chinese a Chinatown in New York.
The main reason why the Indians are most discriminated against is that __________ .
A) they have tried hard to keep their religions
B) they have tried hard to live together to keep their Indian customs
C) they are the only ones who have tried to keep their identity
D) they discriminate many other races
3. All we really know is that men，unlike animals, somehow invented certain sound to express thoughts and feelings，actions and things，so that they could communicate with each other；and that later they agreed upon certain signs，called letters，which could be combined to represent those sounds，and which could be written down.
One of the reasons why men invented certain sounds to express thoughts and actions was that ________________.
A. they could agree upon certain signs
B. they could write them down
C. they could communicate with each other
D. they could combine them
4. Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.
How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?
A．They are too old to do anything.
B．They feel ill at ease.
5. The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45--degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fal1 descent (下降) the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was 1ess immediate than its loss, but was stil1 sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.
What did the pilot do with the plane after it took off?
A. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.
B. he climbed and then made the plane fal1 slowly.
C He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.
D. He climbed and then made the plane turn over.
二、形容词性从句（定语从句）
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语，起形容词的作用。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
关系词：引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）和关系副词(where, when, why,)。
一、关系代词Which的用法
This is the pen which was given by my friend.
This is the pen which my friend gave to me.
二、关系代词Who的用法
The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother.
The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai.
She is the girl with whom I went there.
三、关系代词Whom的用法.
This is the teacher whom/who we like best.
She is the girl whom/ who I went with there.
I don?t like the boy to whom you are talking.
四、关系代词that的用法.
The animal that \which is lost is a panda.
The moon cakes that mother cooked taste nice.
注意1 在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom，which之前（不可放在that之前），也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中的介词则只能放在原来的位置上。如：
The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine.
= The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine.
The girl whom (who) I am looking for is my sister. (look for 是固定词组，for不可放在whom之前)
注意2that /which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用which ,不用that
(2) 如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,另一句宜于用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
注意3that/which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用that ,不用which.
(1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时
This is the best that has been used against air pollution(反对空气污染) in cities.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
(2) 先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时。He is the last person that I want to see.
(3) 主句中已有疑问词时。Which is the bike that you lost?
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时
The bike and its rider that had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station.
(5) 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven?t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
(6) 先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very等词修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
(7) 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory(办了一个工厂) which produced things that had never been seen before.
五、关系副词Where的用法.
This is the house where I was born.
六、关系副词When的用法.
He came at a time when we needed help
七、关系副词why的用法：
The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to the party.
非限制性定语从句的用法
1．非限制性定语从句的作用是用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充说明。
若去掉此定语从句，句子的主旨大意仍然明确，不会引起误解和太大的歧义。如：
Mr. Wang is the headmaster of our school, who you saw at the meeting yesterday.
2．非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加补充说明，与先行词之间的关系较为松散，之间有逗号分隔。
3．当先行词为以下情况时，其后只能接非限定性定语从句。
A.先行词为专有名词the sun, the universe, the Great Wall, China, Tom, Tsinghua University等时。如：
Have you ever visited the Great Wall, which attracts thousands of tourists each year?
B.先行词为惟一性的名词或代词my father, my mother, I, you等。如：
The man in the car is Jim's father, who now teaches English in our school.
C. 当先行词为整个句子时，只能带非限制性定语从句。
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
She must pay for what she has done, which / as is natural.
4. 在非限制性定语从句中不能用that来代指人或物，而应当用who / whom指人，用which指物。
He takes exercise regularly, which helps to keep him fit.
Please give the note to Mr. Li, who is standing under the tree.
Miss Yang is our favorite teacher, whom we honor most.
5．非限制性制语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。
No one knows the exact reason why / for which he didn't come yesterday.
We couldn't accept the reason he explained, for which he was late.
They asked for civil rights, for which they had struggled for hundreds of years.
Do you know the boy whose name is Li Lei?
练习
一、句型分析
1. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies．
2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
3. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
4.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway?s Cottage, Shakespeare?s birthplace and the other sights.
5. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan?s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
二、阅读理解练习
1. Government is not made in virtue of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it; and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract perfection; but their abstract perfection is their practical defect. By having a right to everything, men want everything, Government is a contrivance (发明)of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Men have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom. According to the author, government______.
A. is made by men
B. is made in virtue of natural rights
C. has a right to everything
D. wants everything
2. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of ice that performed the cooling.
The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning to__________
A. basic
B. sufficient
C. necessary
D. undeveloped
3. Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education. As colleges strive for market share, they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make.
Which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names?
A. They prefer higher education competition.
B. They try to gain advantage in market share.
C. They want to project their image.
D. They hope to make some changes.
4. It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964.But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and the USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.
Inside, the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel. Heavi1y padded (填塞) from floor to ceiling, it looked a bit strange. There were almost no windows, but lights along the padded walls illuminated it. Most of the seats had been taken out, apart from a few at the back, where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.
What did the writer say about the plane?
A. It had no seats.
B. It was painted white.
C. It had no windows.
D. The outside was mis1eading.
三、状语从句
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：
1.时间状语从句；
2.地点状语从句；
3.原因状语从句；
4.条件状语从句；
5.目的状语从句；
6.让步状语从句；
7.比较状语从句；
8.程度状语从句；
9.方式状语从句；10.结果状语从句。
不同的状语从句要用不同的从属连词，学好状语从句要掌握不同的从属连词。
一时间状语从句
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim.
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.
【区别】when, while和as的区别：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
As表示“一边……一边”，
We always sing as we walk.
As we was going out, it began to snow.
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。
It will be four days before they come back.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
After we had finished the work, we went home.
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。T
I didn't go to bed until（till）my father came back.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。
I have been in Beijing since you left.
Where have you been since I last saw you?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。
这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如：
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body!
二地点状语从句
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：
句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
You should have put the book where you found it.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.
三目的状语从句
1. 由in order that引导
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
I lent him ￡50 in order that he might go for a holiday.
In order that you may create such a picture, you have to possess certain artistic weapons.
2. 由so that引导
Come closer so that I can see you.
I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
3. 由in case引导
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.
I shall sit up for a time, in case I am wanted.
4. 由for fear (that) 引导
He is working hard for fear he should fail.
Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain.
四条件状语从句
1 引导条件状语从句的从属连词
主要的有if, unless, as [so] long as等：
You can leave now if you like.
As long as it doesn?t rain we can go.
【注】除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件：
I will come on condition (that) she is invited too.
He may go with us provided [providing] he arrives in time.
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等：
He studied hard so that he passed the exam.
He was so angry that he couldn?t speak.
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
【注】so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：
I am so busy I have no time to write a letter.
There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn?t go out. 。
2、so…that与such…that的用法比较
正：He is so clever a child that we all like him.
正：They are such clever children that we all like them.
误：They are so clever children that we all like them.
3、结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换
由so that和so…that引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和so…as to引出的不定式短语转换：He arrived late so that he missed the train. / He arrived late so as to miss the train.
He wrote so carefully that he made no mistakes. / He wrote so carefully as to make no mistakes.
六原因状语从句
1、引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等：
Since /as we?ve no money, we can?t buy it.
Seeing that it?s raining, we?d better stay indoors.
Now that you are here, you?d better stay.
【注】除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句(when 表示“既然”)：I can?t tell you when you won?t listen.
2、because习惯上不与so连用
正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.
误：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.
七让步状语从句
1、引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if等：
Although he is poor, he?s still happy.
I will try it, though I may fail.
We?ll go even if it rains.
【注】除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外，还应注意以下情况：
(1) 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。
She stopped when she ought to have continued.
While I understand what you say, I can?t agree with you.
(2) 用whether…or…引导让步状语从句：
I?ll do it whether y ou like it or not.
Whether we help him or not, he will fail.
(3) 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句：
He does whatever she asks him to do.
Come whenever you like.
2、让步状语从句与倒装
引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although
Poor though I am, I can afford it.
Much as I like Paris, I couldn?t live there.
主要的有as, as if, as though等：
You must do as your parents tell you.
They treated the child as if she were their own.
【注】(1) 在非正式文体中，like也可用连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
Nobody loves you like I do.
2.有时the way 也可用作连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
They didn?t do it the way we do now.
九比较状语从句
引导比较状语从句的从属连词为as...as（和……一样），not as/so...as（和……不一样），than（比），the more...the more（越……越）。这类从句常以省略形式出现。如：
The work is not so difficult as you imagine.
You look younger than you are.
The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.
He doesn?t’t work as hard as she (does).
十程度状语从句
Microbes are so small that they can't be seen with our eyes．
Microbes are small，so that they can't be seen with our eyes．
练习：
一、句子分析
1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
2. I could not wholly make her out，due to the shadows and the film of dust through which I was looking，but I was aware that a tremendous impression had been made upon me as though I had run into a person，as one does sometimes with a stranger，with whose personality one is deeply impressed.
3. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market，he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter，still fresh and hard in neat，one—pound bricks．
4. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
二、阅读理解练习
1. A really fearless soldier - and some do exist - is not a good soldier because he is soon killed；and a dead soldier is of no use to his army．
A really fearless soldier _______________ .
A. is of little use to the army
B. is without equal
C. is nothing but a dead soldier
D. easily gets killed in a battle
2. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out. In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be properly used．If，for example，you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car，you are letting fear rule you too much．
Fear should be used properly because ________________.
A. an airplane may crash on your house
B. you may get cancer
C. fear can only be used as a servant and guide
D. You should n?t let fear rule them too much
Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003. But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or face the legal consequences—which could include being dissolved.
The author mentions Ibsen's play in the paragraph in order to .
A. depict women's dilemma at work
B. explain the newly passed law
C. support Norwegian government
D. introduce the topic under discussion
4. Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies—they occupy around 15% of senior positions.
The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .
A. the small number of qualified females in management
B. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companies
C. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positions
D. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles
5. Gresham lived in the 16th century in England where it was common for gold and silver coins to be debased. Governments did this by mixing cheaper metals with gold and silver. The governments could thus make a profit in coinage by issuing coins that had less precious metal than the face value indicated. Because different mixings of coins had different amounts of gold and silver, even though they bore the same face value, some coins were worth more than others as commodities.
What was the purpose of the governments issuing new coins by mixing cheaper metals with gold and silver in the 16th century?
A. They wanted to reserve some gold and silver for themselves.
B. There was neither enough gold nor enough silver.
C. New coins were easier to be made.
D. They could make money.
英语句子结构分析报告讲解
定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分：主语和谓语 次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday . 主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语 ㈠主语（subject） 句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词） What he has said is true. （句子） 找出下列句中的主语：1、The sun rises in the east. 2、Twenty years is a short time in history. 3、The poor are now living in the shelter. 4、Seeing is believing. 5、To see is to believe. 6、He likes dancing.
7、What he needs is a book. 8、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. ㈡谓语 说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. (三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语Show your passport, please. （名词） She didn't say anything. （代词） How many do you want? - I want two. （数词） They sent the injured to hospital. （名词化的形容词） They asked to see my passport. （不定式） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） Did you write down what he said? （句子）
英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 其实英语只有三种基本句型 ▲主+系动词+表 词序 1 主语 2 系动词 3 表语 即句子的用于连接主语表示主语身份、状态以及主体和表语所处的位置 词性* 名词 代词 Be (is, am, are) * 名词形容词 介词+* 名词(介词短语) 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词）▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。
3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 4 幸福是太多和太少之间的一站。--- 英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness i s a station between too much and too little . -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 高个子的男人是从英国来的老师。
形容词介词短语 The tall man is a teacher from England. 介词短语形容词 6. 她在二楼的小教室里。 形容词介词短语 She is i n the small classroom on the second floor. The teacher in the classroom is handsome. My book is o n the deskin the classroom. 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语）She is in the small classroom on t he second floor.
英语语法 句子成分分析
知识精讲 一、整体把握 成分用法说明位置 主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主 体。 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前；疑问句或倒装句 中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后；there be结 构中放在be之后；祈使句中常省 谓语对主语加以陈述，说明主语怎 么样或是什么。必须由动词担 任，其人称和数必须和主语一 致。 通常在主语后（疑问句、倒装句除外）。 表语与系动词连用，一起构成复合 谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、 身份、类别、状态等。 常在系动词之后。 宾语表示动作、行为的对象。一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前。直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，并在间接宾语前加to或for。 定语用来修饰名词或代词，说明人 或物的状态、品质、数量及所 属等。 单个词常在被修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰 的词之后；副词作定语常放在被修饰的伺候；形 容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的伺候。 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词，表 示动作发生的时间、地点、目 的、方式等。 位置比较灵活。 补语补充说明宾语或主语的成分。宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。 同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解 释、说明，与前面的被修辞成 分在语法上处于同等地位。 常常置于被说明的成分之后。有时可以放在句子 的前面（主语之前），尤其是主语为人称代词时， 为平衡句子的节奏，则把同位语放置于此代词前。 独立成分独立成分是指句子里的一个词 或词组与全局没有语法上的联 系，不属于句子的组成部分； 一般由感叹语、呼语或插入语 等担任。 可放在句首、句中或句末。 二、细讲：主语 表现形式例句
大学英语语法结构分析
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
英语句子结构分析
英语句子结构分析 来源：中文翻译英文作者：翻译器时间：2012-07-06 （https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8b4928652.html,/kouyutingli/yulekouyu/20120706-11216.html） 英语句子结构分析 The English sentence structure analysis 英语句子分为简单句和复合句。所谓的简单句，就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。复合句又分成并列句和复杂句，下面我们分别对这三种情况加以简要的分析。 The English sentence is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences. The so-called simple sentence, is a sentence containing only a subject-predicate sentence structure. Complex sentences into compound sentences and complex sentences, we have the following the three cases tries brief analysis. 1、简单句 In 1, the simple sentence 简单句，即只有一个主谓结构的句子。除了特殊情况，英语句子中都有主语、谓语(或表语)，有时候还有宾语;而且除了倒装句等特殊句型，一般情况下，主语、谓语、宾语的先后顺序是固定的，不可能宾语跑到谓语前面，或者谓语跑到主语前面。目前很多语法书都把英语的简单句归纳为五种基本句型。实际上，英语简单句还可以简化为三种形式： A simple sentence, i.e. only a subject-predicate sentence structure. Except in special cases, the English sentence has a subject, the predicate ( or a ), sometimes the object; in addition to a special sentence pattern, under normal circumstances, subject, predicate, object order is fixed, can not be the object to the predicate or predicate to the front, ahead of subject. At present a lot of grammar books are English simple sentence is classified into five basic sentence patterns. In fact, English simple sentences can be simplified into three forms: 主语+ 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语;I hate grammar. Subject + verb ( transitive verb + object ); I hate grammar. 主语+ 谓语(不及物动词); Grammar sucks. Subject + verb ( transitive verb ); Grammar sucks. 主语+ 系动词+ 表语Grammar is hell. Subject + Verb + / Grammar is hell. 所以，我们在阅读句子的时候，不管句子有多长，不管是并列句还是复合句，都必须首先分清各句中的主语、谓语(或表语)，有的句子中还包括宾语。因为主语、谓语、宾语中英语句子的主干，抓住了句子的主干，句子的基本意思就清楚了。 Therefore, we read the sentence, no matter how long sentence, whether a compound or a complex sentence, must first distinguish the subject of a sentence, the predicate ( or a ), some sentences are also included in the object. Because the subject, object, predicate in English sentence trunk, captures the sentence trunk, basic sentence meaning clear. 2、并列句 In 2, the compound sentence 并列句就是两个或以上的简单句，由表示并列关系的连词或标点符号连接而成。常见的连词：and, not only...but also, neither...nor... or, either...or... otherwise，but, yet, while, so, for等。阅读中遇到并列关系的句子，一般情况下是以连词为界限，将句子分成前、后几个部分，并分别来分析，各句的意思一般可
英语语法大全 句子成分分析
句子成分分析 在句中起着不同语法作用的成分，叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有九种： 1、主语（subject）表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象； 通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任： The sun rises in the east. 日出东方。（名词） He hated to see any bird killed.他讨厌看到鸟儿被杀。（代词） To see is to believe.眼见为实。（动词不定式） Seeing is believing.眼见为实。（动名词） Where we shall hold the party is not decided yet.我们还没有决定在何处举行晚会。（主语从句） It’s human to want something better.精益求精是人类的特性。（不定式） 2、谓语动词（predicate verb）说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语担任： We study English.我们学习英语。（动词） The car broke down on the way.车在路上抛锚了。（动词短语） Do be quiet,children.孩子们，务必安静点。（助动词+连系动词） We are having a meeting now.我们现在正在开会。（助动词+实义动词） Soldiers must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。（情态动词+实义动词） 3、表语（predicative）说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任： The next stop is the zoo.下一站是动物园。（名词） The game is yours.你（们）胜了。（代词） I was first! 我第一名！（数词） I feel terrible.我难受的厉害。（形容词） Is your mother in?你妈妈在家吗？（副词） I’m with you.我站在你这一边。（介词短语） Mary’s task is to set the table.玛丽的任务是摆桌子。（动词不定式） Her hobby is growing roses.她的爱好是种植玫瑰。（动名词） The situation is puzzling.形式令人迷惑不解。（现在分词） Do you feel satisfied with the arrangement?你对这安排满意吗？（过去分词） The fact is that they are cross with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。（表语从句） That’s where you are wrong.这就是你错的地方（表语从句） He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的他了。（表语从句） 4、宾语（object）表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任： May I have your attention ,please.请大家注意。（名词） I want a little.我要一点。（代词） I need two.我需要两个。（数词） Hope to see you soon.希望能很快见到你。（动词不定式） They risk losing everything.他们冒着失去一切的危险。（动名词） He insisted on seeing her home.他坚持送她回家。（动名词作介词的宾语） I’ll do what I can.我将尽力而为。（从句）
初中英语语法——句子成分精讲
一、句子成分精讲 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。 主要成分：主语和谓语 1、主语 一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语的位置： 一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。The school is far from here. 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike.代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number.数词做主语 The blind need more help.名词化的形容词做主语 There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting.动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语 2、谓语 表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态. 英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词 句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来。 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。分析句子的主语和谓语 Mr. Li teaches English. He can play the piano. My parents and I are having dinner. 3、表语 用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。 表语的位置 用在动词be和系动词的后面。 名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。 Y our pen is on the desk. He got very angry. My dream is to have a robot. 常见的系动词
英语句子结构讲解
学会分析英语句子（语法基础辅导讲义） 第一讲学会判断分析简单句 一、词类和句子成分的关系、动词概说与五种基本句型 1．语法学习和语法学习的方法 1)语法包括哪些内容？ 2)怎样学习语法？（死记活用） 关于英语词类的特点的思考题 2．十大词类中，哪种词类是英语中特有而汉语没有的？ 3．哪些词和名词有关系？ 4．动词有什么特征？动词分为几种类型？ 5．什么是不定式？它和谓语动词有什么区别？ 6．哪种词类和动词有关？为什么？ 二、什么是句子成分？有哪些句子成分？ 1.主谓宾定状补主干枝叶分清楚，哪些是主干？哪些是枝叶？ 2.什么是状语和定语？ 3. 什么是宾语补助语和主语补助语？ 英语语法分为句法和词法。 句法就是造句和运用句子的规则，句法是最基本的语法规则；词法就是词的使用规则，如动词时态、语态、助动词、情态动词、形容词和副词的用法等等。要造出一个正确的句子必须有词法和句法知识，比如要弄懂词类和句子成分的关系，比如形容词做定语，副词做装语；又比如代词所有格做定语；主格做主语；宾格做宾语，等等。 动词只能做谓语，十分重要。时态主要体现在动词上，动词做谓语，因此也就是要弄懂谓语的构成，不同的时态有不同的构成，时态有常用的时间状语，要彻底搞清楚。
一个句子必然有时态、语态。对谓语动词要弄清楚其时态和语态，才能进行肯定句、否定句和疑问句的转换。 语态体现在be 动词+ 过去分词上。不管什么语态的句子都有时态，不同时态的被动语态都有固定的结构。 句子必然有其由句子成分构成的句子结构。五种基本句型很重要，但是没有词类和句子成分的知识。例如不懂动词分为及物和不及物两种就不能懂得 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语; 主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语; 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补助语这三种句型 一个句子或者是简单句或者是并列句，或者是复合句。要弄清楚：是简单句、并列句还是复合句？是复合句，又有什么从句？ 每个句子的句子成分是怎么样的？如果不懂什么是宾语，那么就学不懂宾语从句；如果不懂什么是状语，那么就学不懂状语从句；如果不懂什么是定语，那么就学不懂定语从句；如果不懂什么是表语，那么就学不懂表语从句。 要弄清楚句子成分和结构，要学会从简单句、并列句、复合句三个方面分析句子,才能在阅读和造句时不犯错误。 所谓分析英语句子，就是从结构上分析判断它是简单句、并列句还是复合句？ 它们是由什么词类词组充当的？并列句有几个分句？是什么从句？这些句子不管主句还是从句又是怎样构成的？这是大结构大框架的分析。还有从局部如谓语的分析，什么时态？什么语态？词法知识都很重要。还有状语定语的分析也是局部分析。 词类和句子成分的关系 十大词类 要搞清楚句子成分必须搞清楚英语的词类，因为句子成分是由一个一个的词或词组充
英语语法分析句子成分分析
英语语法分析句子成分 分析 TPMK standardization office【 TPMK5AB- TPMK08- TPMK2C- TPMK18】
一、英语中的句子成分分析 I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday. 主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语 1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。例： (1) Students syudy.（名词） (2)We are fridends.（代词） (3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式） (4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词） (5)Jane is good at playing the piano. (6)Four plus four is eight. 2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例： (1)Students study.（实意动词） (2)We are friends.（be动词） (3)We love China . (4)He can speak English.（复合谓语） 3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。 (a)He gave me some books. 间接宾语直接宾语 (b)Please pass me the book. (c)He bought me some flowers. (1)They are teachers. (3) I play with him. (2)We love watching football games. 4、宾语补足语：是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。 (1)I found the book interesting. (2)Do you smell something burning? (3)He made himself known to them. (4)She asked me to lend her a hand. 5、定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任（是用来说明名词或代词性质特点的词）。 (1)This is a red sun. (2)The black bike is mine. (3)He is a tall boy. (4)She is a chemistry teacher. (5)The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher. 6、状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词、介词短语或整个句子的成分，常由副词担任。 (1)The students study hard. (2)I often write to him. (3)The bag is too heavy. (4)I will be back in a while. 7、表语：系动词后的部分就是表语，表语是用来说明主语的性质或状态。 be(am,is,are,were,was),apear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,
英语语法基本知识——句子成分
句子成分 不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫句子，一个句子由各种功能不同的部分组成，这些部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有7种，主语，谓语，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补语。它的构成方法与中文很象，中文分：主，谓，宾，定，状，补，六类，再加上表语就形成了英文的形式。 下面主要是从词类的角度来分析句子成分： 一．主语 句子所要说明的人或者事物，是句子的主体，通常放与句首，一般不省略，可以担当主语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词和主语从句。下面依次举例： Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 二．谓语动词 说明主语动作或者状态的句子成分，一般又实义动词或者系动词担任，助动词和情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也可以构成谓语动词 Actions speak louder than words The chance may never come again. Tom was very sick at heart. Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994. 注意：英语中最基本的原则就是：一句话，只能有一个谓语动词 三．表语（现代某些语法书直接把表语归类到了补语当中） 是用来说明主语的身份，特征和状态，它的位置在系动词之后。可作表语的有名词，代词，形容词与分词，数词，动词不定式与动名词，介词短语，副词以及表语从句。下面依次举例：My father is a professor. Who’ that? It’s me. Everything here is dear to her. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hid your feelings. 四．宾语 宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾
英语语法句子成分分析和练习题
如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) Time flies. （时光飞逝。）这两句话中分别由代词They ，名词Time 作主语。 主语的位置：一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。 The school is far from here. 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语 The blind need more help. 名词化的形容词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短语做主语 That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. 他忘了告诉我开会的时间给我带来了很多麻烦。（从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。 谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当，因此动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词，不能作谓语。且谓语动词可以体现时态，单复数的语法现象。 如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He enjoys singing songs.（他喜欢唱歌。） 这两句话分别由动词were （are 的过去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing 动词短语）作谓语。其中were 体现出句子的时态为过去时态，且主语的人称为第一人称，enjoys singing 体现出句子的时态为一般现在时，且主语的人称为第三人称。
英语语法基本句子结构
英语语法基本句子结构 课程名称：大学英语语法 学院：电子信息与电气工程学院 学生姓名：王磊 学号：201102010054 专业班级：自动化2011级（1）班 指导教师：李国云 2013年 6 月8 日
英语语法基本句子结构 语法是对现成语言中规则的归纳和总结，以便学习者更快模仿掌握一门外语。所以语法知识很重要，你不能用汉语的语法规则来造英语的句子，那样懂英语的人读不懂，同样不懂英语的语法规则也绝对读不懂英语短文。 不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫句子，一个句子由各种功能不同的部分组成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 一个句子一般由两部分组成：主语部分和谓语部分。根据各个句子成分在句子中所起得作用，可分为主语、谓语或谓语动词、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语等。 主语 全句述说的对象，常由名词、代词、名词性短语或分句充当，一般置于句首。下面依次举例： Walls have ears. Football is my favorite. Three plus four equals seven. 谓语或谓语动词 说明主语的动作或状态，主要一般又实义动词或者系动词担任，助动词和情态动词加其他动词的适当形式充当，一般置于主语之后。 They should have finished their work. The chance may never come again.
注意：英语中最基本的原则就是：一句话，只能有一个谓语动词 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾语。可作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动名词等，不定时式也可做及物动词的宾语。下面依次举例：She refused to read that terrible book. We haven’t seen her for a long time. He needs a new dictionary. 表语 表述主语的身份、状态、特征，常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语或分句充当。置于联系动词之后。联系动词一般有be,become,turn,get,grow,seem.,appear,look,sound,smell,feel 等。 My father is a professor. The milk has turned sour. Everything here is dear to her. 定语 是修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句。作定语的有名词，形容词，数词，分词机器短语，不定式及其短语，介词短语以及定语从句等。下面依次举例：
英语句子结构分析网站
英语句子结构分析 句子的划分 i. 根据结构划分：①简单句:s+v（主+谓） s+link-v+p(主+谓+表) s+v+o（主+谓+宾） s+v+o+o（主+谓+间宾+直宾） s+v+o+c（主+谓+宾+宾补） ②并列句 and, but, or等 ③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同） 副词从句（状语从句） 形容词从句（定语从句） ii. 根据功能划分：陈述句 疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句） 祈使句 感叹句 一．五种句型 1. i am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。 chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。 2. internet dating hurts.网恋有害。 3. i like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。 4. chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。 5. we can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。 ②保持某种状态：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. ③看起来，好像：appear, look, seem. ④感官动词：feel, smell, sound, taste. ii. 跟双宾语的动词 1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:he lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：get,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等 2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。 如:mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。 3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后 如：richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西 give it to me。把它给我 4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay. i asked john. 我问约翰 i asked a question. 我问了一个问题 i asked john a question.我问了约翰一个问题 5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to, 不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。
英语语法-句子成分分析报告及练习
英语句子成分分析 一个句子至少由两部分构成，即主语和谓语，它们是句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语（包括双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语），表语，定语（包括前置定语及后置定语），状语，同位语（包括限制性同位语及非限制性同位语），补语。 一.主语：是一句话的中心，一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象 如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) Time flies. （时光飞逝。）这两句话中分别由代词They ，名词Time 作主语。 主语的位置：一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。 The school is far from here. 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语 The blind need more help. 名词化的形容词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短语做主语 That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. 他忘了告诉我开会的时间给我带来了很多麻烦。（从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 二.谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态 英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。 谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当，因此动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词，不能作谓语。且谓语动词可以体现时态，单复数的语法现象。 如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He enjoys singing songs.（他喜欢唱歌。） 这两句话分别由动词were （are 的过去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing 动词短语）作谓语。其中were 体现出句子的时态为过去时态，且主语的人称为第一人称，enjoys singing 体现出句子的时态为一般现在时，且主语的人称为第三人称。
完整版初中英语句子成分分析与讲解
初中英语句子成分分析与讲解 英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分? 【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动动词之前位于名词等充当.The car is running fast.(名词) We are students.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词) It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 动词充当。动词分为实义2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： He works in a factory.(实义动词) I felt cold.(系动词+表语) How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词) Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词) They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词) 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 及物动词所涉及的对象什么谁。如：问3.宾语：是 He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to go home.(不定式) We enjoy playing football.(动名词) 【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如： He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如： Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾) 4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词) She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
英语语法英语句子成分分析
英语语法——英语句子成分分析 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友) 这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。 2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends. (我们是朋友) 这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。 3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。) I play with him. (我和他一起玩。) 这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。 4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如： This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.) He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。） 这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词，它们作定语。 ５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如： The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。) I often write to him. (我常给他写信。) The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。) 这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。 ６）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。) 通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语） 如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo. (The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday. 请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分 1）I have two elder sisters. （我有两个姐姐。） 2) They don't swim very well.（他们游泳不太好。） 3) Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上学吗？） 4) I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶。） 5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英语非常好。） 语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕，其实里面有很多趣味。 第一讲英语句子成分 WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people