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大学英语四级考试听力各种题型应对技巧

大学英语四级考试听力各种题型应对技巧
大学英语四级考试听力各种题型应对技巧

历年来许多考生在听力上失分都比较多,听力是考试难点,因其所占分值多也是重点。因此,在备考时应加强听力练习同时也要了解考试题型,考点方向。本章详细介绍了大学英语四级听力的试题分析和解题技巧。

一、短对话

对于绝大多数英语学习者来说,从刚接触英语听力考试开始就有短对话这种最常见、最固定的题型。短对话共有8个题目,占卷面总分的8%。该部分一般是日常生活中的对话,即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习、生活等话题。

短对话具有如下特点:

对话是一男一女的形式,每人说一句,然后提问,卷面只有选项,没有问题;美式英语发音和英式英语发音的混合对话。

短对话按题型分类主要有地点题、人物关系或身份职业题、数字计算题、请求和建议题、判断推理题、因果关系题、词汇和习惯用语理解题、观点态度题等。各种题型的答题技巧在第二节中会作详细的讲解。

在做这部分题目的时候,除了要有扎实的听力基本功之外,还要掌握一定的方法。

1.熟悉常考场景及常用词汇

大学英语四级听力短对话的场景每年都是比较固定的,在相同的场景中会使用到相同或相近的词汇,因此如果掌握了这些场景中的常用词汇,这对于提高听力理解能力起着非常重要的作用。

四级对话中常涉及的场景包括:诊所或医院(clinic or hospital)、餐馆(restaurant)、学校或校园(school or campus)、书店(bookstore)、火车站(railway station)、机场(airport)、图书馆(library)、邮局(post office)、银行(bank)、旅馆(hotel)等。

2.预览选项,预测谈话内容,抓住重点

最重要的是好好把握播音之前的时间,我们应该利用好这段时间来阅读选项。阅读选项的过程中要注意以下两个方面的问题。

首先,根据选项预测对话内容和提问内容。通过四个选项的对比和对关键词的研究,我们就会预测出对话的内容和将要提问到的问题,在听的过程中就会抓住重点,解答试题就会事半功倍。

【典型例题】(2006年6月)

12.A) The woman does her own housework.

B) The woman needs a housekeeper.

C) The woman’s house is in a mess.

D) The woman works as a housekeeper.

显而易见,此题是有关housework的问题,因为四个选项中分别出现了does housework, needs housekeeper, house mess, work as housekeeper;由此推断此题是关于做家务方面的一个谈话,在听这则对话时,就可以轻而易举地对号入座了。

其次,根据选项确定提问的人物对象。短对话是一男一女的形式,通过对选项的分析我们就可以确定提问内容是关于男士的谈话内容还是女士的谈话内容,从而在听的过程中会有所侧重。

【典型例题】(2007年6月)

14.A) He quit teaching in June.

B) He has left the army recently.

C) He opened a restaurant near the school.

D) He has taken over his brother's business.

通过对选项的分析可知,四个选项的主语都是he,因此提问的内容集中在男士的回答上,在听的过程中要重点听男士所说的内容。

二、长对话

长对话虽然也采用两人日常对话的形式,但是与短对话有很大的区别。长对话不仅字数大幅增多,约200~300单词,而且在难度上也大大提高。短对话涉及的只是一个“点”,而长对话涉及的则是一个“面”。短对话的答案一般是“显而易见”的,而长对话涉及的内容更深入,它有一个“中心议题”,中心议题正是该“面”的凝聚点,对话双方都是围绕中心而展开话题。

按题材分类,长对话主要有社会生活类、人物故事及其历史类、科普知识类和文化教育类。

按照题型分类,长对话主要有细节题和推理判断题。长对话大部分都是细节题,命题点常常是对话中所谈论的某个时间、地点、原因、事件等。当然,题目的正确选项与对话内容中的某些字词完全相同的还是属于少数,细节题主要以答案是对话细节的同义转述为主。正确选项不再是对话中某个细节的再现,而是换了一种形式来表达,它们是对话中某个细节的同义

转述。因此考生即使听到了对话中的某个细节,还得注意它的其他表达方式,比如近义转换、句型转换等。推理题在长对话中所占比例较小,每一套题中可能涉及两、三题。推理题是相对较难的一种题型,需要考生对某个细节有深层次的理解。由于推理不是凭空进行,而是建立在细节的基础上的合乎逻辑的推断,因此考生有必要捕捉对话的细节,找到与需要推理的相关部分,及时做笔记,还要综合问题加以分析,这样才能选出正确的答案来。

长对话和短对话的不同特点也对我们的答题方法和答题技巧提出了不同的要求,以下两点需要注意。

1.预览选项,预测主题

虽然长对话的篇幅增加,但我们要看到它的另外一面,其透露出的信息比短对话内容更完整,情景更具体。所以,预览长对话的题目选项就变得尤为重要。一篇长对话通常有三至四个题目,每个题目四个选项。当我们浏览完四个题目后面的选项后,基本上就能够推测出文章的主题和谈论的内容。这对于我们接下来的听力理解很有帮助。

在浏览选项时,我们应当充分利用录音播放之前的空当时间把每个选项的关键词划出来,以便在听完录音开始选题时节省反应时间,快速选出正确答案。

【典型例题】(2006年6月)

22.A) She’s worried about the seminar.

B) The man keeps interrupting her.

C) She finds it too hard.

D) She lacks interest in it.

23.A) The lecturers are boring.

B) The course is poorly designed.

C) She prefers philosophy to English.

D) She enjoys literature more.

24. A) Karen’s friend.B) Karen’s parents.C) Karen’s lecturers.D) Karen herself.

25.A) Changing her major.

B) Spending less of her parent’s money.

C) Getting transferred to the English Department.

D) Leaving the university.

看完前面的第22题至第25题,我们可以从22题里面出现的单词seminar,23题里面出现的单词lecture、course,24题里面的单词major等猜测出该长对话的题材是文化教育类,内容可能是学生对某个专业或科目的兴趣问题。

2.捕捉信息,速记要点

由于篇幅的增加,短时间内记住这么多的内容难度非常大。所以在听录音的时候养成做笔记的习惯至关重要。由于听力考试的答案都会在最后转涂到答题卡上,原试卷上可以随意的做标记而不会影响得分。为了节省时间,避免分心,可以把笔记就写在考试试卷的相关题目旁边空白处。笔记主要记下长对话中的关键词和关键信息。同时我们要学会用自己熟悉的符号或缩写把与题干有紧密联系的信息简要记下来,将诸如年、月、日、星期、时间、年龄、价码等数字和关键词尽量记下来,并做好必要的换算,对于人命和地名可以记下首字母或汉字,长句则抓住主要内容,这对于提高正确率大有帮助。

综上所述,可以把这部分的解题要领概括为如下步骤:

(1)先看选项,预测内容及问题;

(2)抓住对话开头部分以及对话的提问方的问题,理解对话内容核心;

(3)扼要记录,以助辨认事实;

(4)抓住对话结尾部分,弄清对话结果;

(5)运用常识,做出合理推断;听清问题,避免“答非所问”。

三、短文理解

短文听力理解是四级考试的常规题型,共3篇文章10个题目,占卷面分数的10%,问题基本为特殊问句,短文的平均字数大约220字。

四级听力短文的体裁主要有记叙文、说明文和议论文。其文章题材大致可以分为如下四大类:社会生活类、人物故事及其历史类、科普知识类和文化教育类。

短文听力篇幅较长,信息量大,这与对话听力相比,难度又提高了一个层次。但短文听力和对话听力相比较也有更好应付的一面。

首先,由于每篇文章的3~4个考题都是相互联系的,并且每篇短文的篇幅远比对话长,所以相对于每一道试题来说,有较丰富的上下文信息,参照性强,提示多,便于理解和答题。

其次,短文听力的考题不一定都比对话的考题难。短文主要考对主要内容的理解和对细节的记忆,考题以明示信息居多。而对话常考隐含信息,特别是短对话,上下文较少,不易推断。

短文理解考查题型一般可以有细节题、推理判断题和主旨题三大类。事实细节题是出现频率最高的一种题,10道通常都占5道以上,有时多至8、9道题。此种题型主要考查学生对文章细节内容确切含义的理解,对文中的事实、细节以wh- question和how question 进行捕捉和理解的能力。推理题是相对较难的一种题型,需要考生对文章的主旨或某些细节有深层次的把握。在实际考试中,推理题所占的比例时多时少,少则1~2题,多则4~5题。主旨题主要考查考生对全文的主旨大意或所谈论话题的理解。主旨题在一套考题中所占的比例很小,一般只有1~2题。

了解了短文听力的特点后,我们就可以扬长避短,采取有效措施克服难点,提高解答问题的能力。在解答短文听力理解题时要注意以下几点。

1.预览选项,预测主题,区分文体

对题目选项关键词的圈划是做该部分题目的第一步,这一方面可以帮助考生预测全文,另一方面可以节省其听完录音后的答题时间,可谓一举两得。预测说话人的意图是听力理解的基本技巧。预测技巧主要取决于考生对文章题目的理解深度,所掌握背景知识的多少,对关键词的捕捉情况,以及对语言环境的熟悉程度。预测时所依赖的词和短语的特征越大,预测的正确性也就越高,理解程度也就越深。在听录音之前快速浏览选项可以对短文的内容有个大概的了解和推测。通过纵向、横向比较能发现一些解题的重要信息,如否定词、转折词、重复出现的单词和短语,这些都能够帮助推断短文内容及问题类型。很多的考查内容是有关细节的,选项中给出的正确答案与原文内容保持基本一致。此外,问题的出现常常与短文叙述的先后保持一致,对此考生可采取边听录音边看答案、边听边预选的办法,从而避免“听到的没记住,记住的没有考”的现象。同时对那些不太重要的词句,以及没有听到的个别单词可趁早放弃或置之不理。

四级听力短文的体裁主要有记叙文、说明文和议论文,通过浏览选项,一般说来可以辨认出文章是何种文体,这为我们下一步听短文抓重点提供了方向。

2.文体不同,听的侧重点不同

(1)记叙文

对于有关人物事件的小故事以及叙述类的短文,要能够正确抓住故事发生的时间、地点、人物和情节。其中时间、地点、人物的信息比较直观,容易出现问题的地方是对情节的理解,而抓住了情节的发展,有关整个故事的各种问题也就迎刃而解了。所以一定要搞清楚故事的来龙去脉和因果关系。从选项提供的信息中我们就可以了解短文的测试点,我们在听的过程中要多加留意,记忆相关的信息,并利用选项中的信息辅助对重要情节的理解。

人物传记类的记叙文主要叙述的是一些杰出或特殊人物的真实事迹、成就、贡献和精力等。这类短文常常介绍有关人物的姓名、出生年月、地点、重要事件及发生年代和相关评价等。情节的篇幅不多,也不复杂,考的大多是明示信息。在听这一类文章时要结合试题,关注与考题有关的信息,并能将所听到的信息与正确选项一一对应,排除干扰项的影响,最后根据所听到的信息,将正确答案确定下来。

(2)说明文

对于说明类的短文,抓住文章的主题大意是至关重要的。这类听力文章叙述简明、结构清晰、有条有理,要求我们准确抓住其主题。短文的开头或每段的开头常常包含主题句,可以帮助我们快速而准确地把握听力文章的主题大意,因此在听的过程中切不可忽视主题句对理解全文所起的作用。当然主题句也可能出现在段落结尾甚至中间部分,因此大家在平时要多积累处理这类短文的经验,培养抓住主题句的能力。通过主题句掌握了文章的大意后,利用一些关键词,结合选项的内容,许多问题的答案就变得明显而容易选择了,因为每一道试题应该都和文章的主题有关,在做题时这为我们指明了正确答案的方向。

(3)议论文

议论短文的内容不是按照时间、地点顺序安排的,也不是顺着情节展开的。遇到这一类短文,我们常常觉得信息很散,不易理解也很难记住。其实对于议论文的短文,我们应当根据其规律来处理所听到的信息,这样才能有效地答题。议论类的短文常常先给出一个论点,听懂这一论点是理解全文的关键所在。短文在给出论点后,会用说理、举例、罗列、反证等手段来

论证论点的成立,这些细节信息都是论据,对他们的描述都是针对论点、与论点有关联的。因此我们在接受这些信息时要与论点联系起来进行思考,这样整篇文章的内容就不散了,也容易理解和记住。此外在接受论点及论据的信息时,我们应该推测一下说话者对所谈论的事物所持的态度,是褒是贬。在议论类短文听力中若抓住了以上几个方面,再结合审题时获得的有关选项的信息,对重点内容特别关注,则各类问题都可迎刃而解。

3.捕捉信息,速记要点

这一点在听长对话部分已作了讲解,请大家参考。

类似于听力考试的长对话,短文理解部分的解题要领及步骤如下。

(1)先看选项,预测内容及问题

(2)抓住题句,理解短文核心

(3)扼要记录,以助辨认事实

(4)抓信息词,把握文章脉络

(5)运用常识,做出合理推断

(6)听清问题,避免“答非所问”

四、复合式听写

复合式听写的短文篇幅在200词左右,题材、体裁和难度与听力理解部分的短文相似。短文中有10个空格,前7个空格要求填入单词,后三个空格要求填入3个句子。全文朗读三遍,第一遍以正常语速朗读全文,没有停顿,使我们对短文有大致的了解;第二遍以稍慢的语速朗读,在空格处有短暂的停顿,要求我们在此时间内把听到的内容填入空格;第三遍也是以正常的语速朗读全文,且中间没有停顿,让考生核对所填写的内容。

复合式听写的体裁一般为记叙文和说明文,从历年真题来看,说明文所占比例最大。复合式听写的题材主要涉及英、美国家的文化教育、人文环境、科普知识以及任务、故事等。

复合式听写主要考查我们听音时对语篇的理解能力和相应的书面表达能力,是一种综合能力的测试,更是对交际中英语应用能力的强调。做这类题时,我们需要切实把握住所听原文的大意,并运用相应的写作能力将其表达出来,如下三点值得考生注意。

(1)培养良好的听音习惯,熟练掌握一定难度的词汇、语法、语义和英美文化背景知识可以提高对所听内容的良好语感和反应速度。这需要考生多写、多练、多记、多背,以打好基本功。

(2)培养和锻炼逻辑思维能力。逻辑思维能力是指根据上下文预测事物的发展情况的一种推理能力,是一种普遍适用、特别是用在复合式听写中的听力技巧。

(3)处理好听与写的关系。使用适合自己的速记方法,如使用一些简单的符号或者字母缩写来及时记下所听到的内容。做到边写边听,边听边写。

同时,我们也要掌握解答复合式听写的一些解题技巧,在这些解题技巧的基础上多加练习,定能取得高分。

1.预读文章

我们应利用考前空隙或播放考试指令的时间浏览复合式听写的文章。通过预读,我们就可以预测所要听写的词汇,推测这些词汇的词性。当填入空为一个句子时还可以预测出其要涉及的大致内容。

2.做题原则

解答复合式听写时需要我们一边听,一边填词。磁带会把短文放三遍,由于在录音播放之前我们已经把握了文章的主旨大意,所以在录音播放第一遍的时候就可以开始填空了,而不是像指令中要求的那样去了解文章主旨大意。同时也要注意填词的顺序,建议在第一遍放音时先填1、3、5等奇数空格,第二遍时再填2、4、6等偶数空格。这样空格之间时间间隙比较大,时间充裕,这类方法比较容易得分。录音的第三遍同第一遍一样,没有停顿,供考生进行校对。

3.答案修正

此过程中要特别注意文章的时态,词性的变换使用,名词的单复数,同音近音词的分辨,单词首字母大小写问题,标点符号问题,容易拼写错误的单词以及连读、省略、同化、不完全爆破等造成的错误等。

大学英语四级考试真题及答案.doc

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