外文翻译1日本,微笑着的银行服务
Japan: Bank Services With A Smile? Japan's banks are focusing on a huge retail push -- a sign they're fit again
Pedestrians wandering into MTFG Plaza in Tokyo's hip Shibuya district could be forgiven for thinking they are about to enter a chic boutique. The building was designed by an American architect and features an ultramodern, snow-white exterior embedded with thin strips of multicolored lights. But instead of designer brands, what's for sale is an array of home loans, mutual funds, insurance, annuities, brokerage services, and plain old savings accounts. Just ask at the concierge desk. The banking supermarket is one of the first signs of a new strategic focus on retail customers by Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group Inc. (MTF ). Since the remodeled branch reopened in December, it has kept its rank as the bank's busiest in Japan.
While financial one-stop shops are nothing new in much of the industrialized world, the concept is just now taking root in Japan, where the biggest banks have traditionally catered to the needs of corporate clients at the expense of individuals. Indeed, retail customers have long been subjected to unhelpful tellers, a poor selection of financial products at uncompetitive rates, and automated teller machines that shut down after 6 p.m. But after spending the 1990s digging themselves out of a pile of bad loans to Japan Inc., the major banks have suddenly seen the wisdom of emulating titans such as Citigroup (C ) and HSBC Holdings PLC (HBC ), which are world leaders in retail. "Our first goal is to be the most profitable retail bank in the world," says Tetsuya Wada, a director in charge of MTFG's retail banking business. "The second is to keep that No. 1 position for the next 50 years."
Wada's bravado is a result of MTFG's plan to execute a $29 billion friendly merger with UFJ Holdings Inc., Japan's fourth-largest bank and the big bank most focused on retail services. Although UFJ had to fight off a hostile counterbid from Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group Inc. (SMFG), the merger is now scheduled to be completed in October. It would make the new Mitsubishi UFJ the world's largest bank, with $630 billion in assets.
The big new investment in retail is one sign Japan's major banks have put most of their troubles behind them. The long hangover from nonperforming loans is all but over. As of December, Merrill Lynch & Co. (MER ) estimates the bad loan ratio at Japan's major banks dropped to 3.8%, down from a peak of 8.4% in 2002. And after some serious belt-tightening, Japanese banks now have the lowest cost ratios in the developed world, according to Goldman, Sachs & Co. (GS ) Yet bankers can't revert to the old ways of doing business. Their best blue-chip clients are awash in cash and have less need for loans, while troubled borrowers have been cut off from fresh lines of easy credit. What's more, all-time-low interest rates in Japan translate into puny profit margins.
SAVINGS TO BE SNAGGED
So the big banks -- MTFG, UFJ, SMFG, and Mizuho Financial Group -- are in need of a new business model. "It's about margins," says John Sequeira, a partner at Bain & Co. in Tokyo. "Lending to corporates isn't a good business to be in right now, so Japan's banks are looking elsewhere." Where they are looking first is retail banking. The industry got some help in December from the government, which rescinded regulations that forbade direct sale of stocks
and bonds to retail bank customers. That came on top of a decision three years ago to allow banks to market insurance products such as annuities. Those reforms, plus government plans to scale back bank deposit insurance guarantees starting on Apr. 1, are expected to free up some of the $13.5 trillion of personal assets in Japan, over half of which is locked up in low-yield, long-term deposits, much of it in the postal savings system.
Standard & Poor's (MHP ) estimates that, on average, retail banking contributes no more than 30% of total profits at Japanese banks, compared with 70% at Bank of America Corp. (BAC ). The proportion for Mitsubishi and UFJ is just 15%, which the managers of the combined group hope to raise to 35% in the next few years. A big step toward that is the MTFG Plaza in Tokyo, one of nearly 100 such branches -- out of a total of 712 slated to survive the merger with UFJ -- that the bank expects to open across Japan by 2007. Inside, each is split up into sections offering different services, usually including a comfy lounge for private bank clients and a satellite office of MTFG's house broker, Mitsubishi Securities.
Even before unveiling the remodeled branches, the bank had been turning its giant hull toward retail. In 2002 it formed Mitsubishi Securities, now Japan's fourth-largest broker, through the merger of four securities houses. The bank also has more than doubled the size of its home loan business since 2001, thanks in part to a high-profile "Meet MTFG" TV ad campaign. And the bank was the first in Japan to install biometric ATM machines that scan customer palms to provide account access. MTFG charges customers $95 to register for the palm-scanning ATMs, which are an extra security option in addition to PIN numbers. Last year its earnings in retail banking totaled a respectable $902 million. "While these services are very attractive to our clients, they are also very profitable," says Wada.
MTFG's rivals have been quick to respond to its retail push. Mizuho has opened Mizuho Investors Securities outlets at 31 of its 528 branches and plans to open 100. Mizuho also acquired a 4.92% stake in Nikko Cordial Securities Inc. in December, with which it may seek to market more financial products. Meanwhile, SMFG -- already the leading marketer of annuities, private pensions, and mortgages -- has begun selling foreign bonds at all its branches. And SMFG is in talks with Daiwa Securities Group Inc., Japan's No. 2 broker, about a merger. NICENESS TRAINING
Of course, remaking corporate cultures that have long been largely indifferent to individual customers won't be easy. MTFG is transferring 300 employees from Mitsubishi Securities to help train bank employees in the brokerage business. And it has also set up an internal "retail academy" which, among other things, teaches staff to be nicer to customers. The academy, which has already graduated some 1,500 staffers, offers a range of courses from a single day to one day a week over three months.
Not all industry observers believe that blurring the line between banks and other financial companies is such a wise move. They say banks risk overreaching as they rush to be all things to all customers. And they may have trouble beating established brokerages such as Nomura Securities Co. at their own game. "It's hard to see the synergies from banking, the brokerage business, and insurance," says Yoshinobu Yamada, an analyst at Merrill Lynch Japan Securities Co. (MER ) in Tokyo. "The one-stop shop isn't the answer."
Moreover, a real commitment to retail banking will require expensive new investment. Goldman Sachs estimates Mitsubishi UFJ would have to double its workforce, to 96,236, if it wants to provide the level of service to retail customers routinely provided by banks such as HSBC. "What the banks talk about sounds all good and well in theory, but serious implementation would require significant investment in branches and people," says David Atkinson, an analyst at Goldman Sachs in Tokyo.
Whether Japan's Big Three can reinvent themselves as profitable full-service financial supermarkets remains to be seen. Still, a shift toward more profit-driven growth, even if it is a bit awkward, signals the end of a long, painful period of retrenchment for Japan's banks.
日本：微笑着银行服务？
日本银行正专注于一个巨大的零售推- 一个适合他们再次签署
行人进入广场游荡东京三菱金融集团在东京涩谷区的臀部可以原谅的思维，他们即将进入一个别致的精品。该建筑的设计是由美国建筑师设计，并配备了超现代的，雪白的外观与五彩灯光嵌入细条状。而是一个家庭贷款，共同基金，保险，养老金，经纪服务，和普通的储蓄账户阵列，而不是旧的设计师品牌，有什么可以转让的。B问服务台。银行超市是一个新的零售客户的战略重点由三菱东京金融集团（MTF）的第一个标志之一。由于十二月重新开放了改造分支，它保留了其列为该银行在日本最繁忙的。
虽然金融一站式服务是在工业化世界许多新鲜事，这个概念是刚才参加在日本，最大的银行在传统上迎合个人的开支，企业客户的需求的根源。事实上，零售客户长期受到无益的出纳员，一个没有竞争力的金融产品在利率差的选择，即自动关闭后，于下午6时后，花费了20世纪90年代不良贷款一堆自己挖了日本股价下跌取款机，各大银行也突然看到了模仿，如花旗集团（C）和汇丰控股（HBC）的，这是世界各国领导人在零售巨头的智慧。“我们的首要目标是成为世界上最赚钱的零售银行”，和田哲也说，一个在东京三菱金融集团的零售银行业务主管董事。“第二个是保持在未来50年中第一的位置。”
世界反兴奋剂机构虚张声势是东京三菱金融集团的计划来执行290亿美元与日联控股公司，日本的第四大银行和大银行的大部分零售服务为
重点的友好合并的结果。虽然日联不得不击退来自三井住友金融集团（三井住友）的敌意竞购，合并现定在10月份完成。这将使新的三菱UFJ世界上最大的银行，$ 630亿美元的资产。
大零售新的投资是一个迹象，日本的各大银行纷纷把他们的背后最麻烦。从不良贷款的长期后遗症几乎是结束了。截至12月，美林公司（MER）的估计，在日本主要银行的不良贷款率下降到3.8％，低于2002年8.4％的高峰。之后一些严重紧缩，日本银行现在在发达国家中最低的成本比率，根据高盛公司（GS）的银行家但无法恢复到做生意的旧方式。他
们最好的蓝筹股客户现金充裕，贷款需求较少，而陷入困境的借款人已被切断信贷宽松新鲜线关闭。更何况，在日本的所有时间的低利率转化为微不足道的利润空间。
可节省陷入僵局
因此，大银行- 东京三菱金融集团，UFJ银行，三井住友和瑞穗金融
集团- 是在一个新的商业模式的需要。“它是关于利润的，”约翰说Sequeira，在贝恩咨询公司合伙人在东京。“向企业贷款是不是一个好的业务可以在现在，所以日本的银行正在寻找其他地方。”当他们正在
寻找第一个是零售银行业务。该行业得到了政府在十二月份，其中废止法规禁止的股票和债券直接销售给零售银行客户一些帮助。来到这对三年前决定前，允许银行市场，如年金保险产品。这些改革，加上政府计划缩减银行存款保险保证在4月1日开始，预计将在日本释放美元的个人资产13.5万亿一些，其中一半以上被锁定在低收益率，长期存款，
其中大部分在邮政储蓄系统。
标准普尔（MHP）的估计，平均而言，零售银行业务贡献不超过总数的30％的利润在日本的银行，比70美国银行（BAC）的％。三菱与UFJ 的比例只有15％，其中合并后的集团的经理们提出希望在未来数年的35％。一大步，是东京三菱东京广场，近100家分行对的- 出了712预定生存与日联的合并总计- 该银行预计，到2007年在日本公开赛。在内部，每一个被划分成不同的服务提供，通常包括一个私人银行客户舒适的休息室和一个三菱东京的家经纪公司，三菱证券卫星办公室的部分。
即使在揭幕改造分行，该银行已经把其对零售巨头船体。它成立于2002年通过了四个证券公司合并三菱证券，现在日本的第四大券商。该银行还拥有自2001年以来增加了一倍以上，其住房贷款业务的规模，这一部分要归功于高调“会见东京三菱金融集团“的电视广告活动。而银行是日本第一个安装ATM机，扫描生物识别手掌客户提供帐户的访问。东京三菱金融集团客户收取95美元登记手掌扫描自动取款机，这是一个额外的安全选项，除了对PIN号码。去年在零售银行的盈利总额为一位可敬的9.02亿美元。“虽然这些服务都非常吸引我们的客户，他们也很赚钱，说：“和田。
东京三菱金融集团的竞争对手已迅速回应其零售推动。瑞穗在其开设了528支31瑞穗投资者证券网点，并计划开设100家。瑞穗还收购了日兴Cordial十二月证券公司4.92％的股份，它可能向市场寻求更多的金融产品。与此同时，三井住友- 这已经是年金，私人养老金，抵押领导
市场-已经开始销售在其所有分支机构的外国债券。而三井住友正在与大和证券集团，日本第二大经纪公司，谈合并。
正派训练
当然，改造企业文化在很大程度上已久的个人客户将漠不关心，不容易。东京三菱金融集团是由三菱证券转300员工，以帮助经纪业务培训银行职员。而且还建立了一个内部的“零售学院“，其中除其他外，教人员要更好给客户。该学院，其中一些已经毕业的1500名员工，提供从单一一天的课程范围有一天，一个星期超过三个月。
并非所有行业观察家认为，模糊了银行和其他金融公司行就是这样一个明智之举。他们说，银行的风险过分夸大，因为他们急于将所有的东西给所有的客户。他们也许有麻烦殴打自己的游戏，如野村证券有限公司成立经纪公司。“很难看到从银行的协同作用，经纪业务，保险，说：“山田喜，一美林日本证券公司（MER）的分析师在东京。“一个一站式不是答案。“
此外，一个真正致力于零售银行业务将需要昂贵的新的投资。高盛估计三菱日联将增加一倍的员工，为96236，如果它想提供的服务水平，经常受到如汇丰银行提供的零售客户。“什么银行都好谈的声音，在理论上很好，但严重的实施将需要在分行和人民大量的投资，说：“大卫阿特金森，是高盛公司的分析师在东京。
无论是日本的三巨头可以改头换面，成为有利可图的全方位服务的金融
超市本身还有待观察。尽管如此，对更多的利润驱动型增长转变，即使这是一个有点别扭，标志着一个长期，日本的银行裁员的痛苦时期结束。
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。 因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关
的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。 贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
数字控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料 Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technol-ogies is Numerical Control(NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools. Perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product are directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical Control represented the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical Control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical Control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical Control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines,they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: (1) Electrical discharge machining. (2) Laser cutting. (3) Electron beam welding. Numerical Control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and comples machining processes. Numerical Control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
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1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
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5.倒不是说我们没遇到过麻烦。莫西干是我见过最淘气的狼崽，他还对外界事物很有好奇心，比如他总想看看我奶奶的针线筐里有些什么东西，他因此打翻了针线筐，弄得满地都是线和纽扣。这时，奶奶就会拿起扫帚把莫西干轰出去，他就乖乖地躲到墙角，探头探脑，等待事态平息下来。 6.那年夏天，我和莫西干成了打猎的伙伴，我们一起捕捉犹如冲入云霄的小火箭一般活蹦乱跳的蚱蜢。到了秋天，下了第一场雪后，我们的游戏又换成了到近处的牧草地搜寻田鼠。这时，莫西干已经是一支半大的狼了，
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PLC控制系统外文翻译
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文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
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图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
“我国际服务贸易存在的问题及对策”的文献综述
“我国际服务贸易存在的问题及对策”的文献综述 一、文献资料目录 【1】邓士燕浅谈当前中国服务贸易的现状与问题（期刊论文）-广东财经职业学院院报2007（06） 【2】孔祥荣加快发展我国服务贸易对策及研究2008（04） 【3】胡景岩中国发展服务贸易的战略思考（期刊论文）-国际贸易 【4】余道先中国服务贸易结构域贸易竞争的实证分析2008（10） 【5】肖雨洁我国服务贸易发展的现状与思路研究（期刊论文）-商场现代化2009（06）【6】陈娟服务贸易在我国的发展及存在的问题（期刊论文）-科学时代（上半月）2010（5） 【7】胡琴.HU Kin我国服务贸易发展的现状分析与对策研究（期刊论文）-武汉理工大学学报（信息与管理工程版）2010，32（5） 【8】徐婧.Xu Jing 我国服务贸易发展存在的问题与对策研究（期刊论文）-价值工程2008,27（1） 【9】辛娜我国服务贸易发展中存在的问题及对策研究（期刊论文）-教育教学论坛2010（9） 【10】王美伦浅谈我国服务贸易发展现状与对策（期刊论文）-才智2011（3） 【11】陈文玲.CHENG Wen-ling 推动服务贸易发展的政策选择（期刊论文）-商业研究2009（4） 【12】贾光宇我国服务贸易的现状及竞争力分析（期刊论文）-中国商贸2010（16）【13】孟建国我国服务贸易的现状及发展策略探讨（期刊论文）-商业时代2010（22）【14】杨慧华我国服务贸易发展存在的问题及对策（人文社会科学学刊）-南北桥2010（9）【15】季彬张欣我国服务贸易存在的问题及对策研究（期刊论文）-吉林农业科技学院2010（09） 二，文献综述 由于世界经济全球化和一体化带动了全球服务贸易的迅猛发展和改革开放以来特别是我国加入世贸组织后，服务业在整个国民产业中不断发挥着举足轻重的作用，党和政府高度重视以及服务贸易行业的不懈努力使得我国的服务贸易一直保持着高速增长的趋势。虽然我国的服务贸易现已取得了一些成绩，但是对其产业结构、分配发展方面、管理方面、法律法规方面等还存在着欠缺和不足。 毕业论文确定《我国国际服务贸易存在的问题及对策》这一选题，是希望通过整理和归纳各家所言，对我国国际服务贸易存在的问题进行全面性总结，并针对其存在的问题提出对策。 通过对相关文献资料的学习和分析，我发现绝大多数的学者所持的观点有： ﹙一﹚我国国际服务贸易存在的问题 ⑴我国服务贸易总体结构不合理：我国服务贸易出口仍然主要集中在传统的劳动密集
5外文翻译原文1
A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8f5531021.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.