英国文学2
Chapter 1
1.Earliest settlers---Celts
2.55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. ---Roman Empire(London was founded)
3.演变Celts- Romans – Anglo-Saxon – English
4.Julius Caesar , the first general came to British
5.500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex, the Celts King Arthur.
His followers , who were know as the knights of the round table, fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.
6.9th century, King Alfred , the great of Wessex lead the AS kings to defeat the invaders
by uniting their forces.
7.the Norman Conquest
1066, Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward Ⅱ. And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.
8.Two highlight in the development of AS literature
A. Northumrian School
○1the first AS poet ---Caedmon
The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.
○2Vernerable Bede, A monk write in Lain
B. the reign of Alfred Contribution
○1translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect
○2
○3created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose
9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗
A.the earliest heroic poetry
B.the most significant poetry
C.existed in oral form as early as the 6th century
D.Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements
10.Difference between Old Eng poetry , later poetry is technical structure
11.There are two poetic features of Old English poetry: alliteration and kenning. Chapter 2
1.流行Romance 主要写Knights
2.Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development
of feudalism 封建主义in ENG
3.Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ,the matter of Rome , the matter of
Britain
4.Middle ENG:
A.words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usually of the French origin
B.many inflectional form of words were dropped
C.formal grammar simplified
5. Medieval Romance (Subject Matters)
A. matter of French (Charlemagne the Great, Roland,
B. matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, The siege of Troy)
C. Britain the Arthurian Legend
By Sir Gawain, Launce lot, Marlin, the quest for Holy Grail, the Death of King Arthur. Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer
1.The Hundreds’ Years War is an awakening of national Consciousness in ENG,the French
heroine Joan of Arc贞德
2.Geoffrey Chaucer (Buried in the Poets’ Conner in Westminster Abbey)
A.Father of Eng poetry
B.The work of Geoffrey Chaucer
○1influenced by French literature
○2influenced by Boccaccio
○3
The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.
3.the significances of
A.Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time
B.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended 高度赞赏by critics
C.Geoffrey Chaucer’s humor
D.Chaucer’s contribution to ENG language
E.Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English
4.John Wycliff
A.father of ENG prose
B.one of the first figures who demanded to reform church
C.the one translate Bible into standard ENG
5.William Langland
1.main events
A.The war of the Rose ,the thirty Years War(the house of Lancaster/Red, the house of York)
B.The discovery of American and the new sea routes
C.Reformation of church. HenryⅧfound the Anglican Church, break away from the
church of Rome.
2.Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story
3.Characters of Ballads
A.the beginning is often abrupt
B.have strong dramatic elements
C.the story is told through dialogue and action
D.the theme is often tragic
E.the meter格律is used (contains four-line stanzas, the odd numbered line奇数four feet,
the even numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.)
4.Ballads
A.
雀花王朝
B.
5.Early ENG Plays(the 14th )developed into(mystery Plays神秘剧，miracle plays 奇迹剧)
6.The flourishing of drama
the reason: no other entertainment ,both rich and poor can go to there
Chapter 5
英国文学史上三次高潮15th ENG Renaissance—19th上Romantic —19th下Victoria
1.The Background
Queen Elizabeth , defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队, mighty naval power强有力的海军.
2.Humanism 人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)
Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ” in ENG
3.人文主义的解释及价值观
According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to ○1sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that ○2man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, In art and literati on, instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.
4.Edmund Spenser
5.The University Wits
A.Robert Greene
B.Thomas Kyd
C.Christopher Marlowe
Unrhymed iambic pentameter
6.William Shakespeare
A.发展
○1Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期
○2Growth and development
○3gloom and depression
○4restored serenity
B.achievement
○1represented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of people
○2S’ humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of love ○3S’ characterization, S’ characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平
○4originality
○5as a great poet in sonnets
○6master of the Eng language
7.Four Tragedy : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of Macbeth
8.Sonnets (Italy/Petrarch’s —the first one, S’s)
A.definition A short song in the original meaning of the word become a poet of 14 lines.
Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步with various rhyming schemes.
B.Sonnet, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet (Shakespeare’s
9.S’s sonnets are different from Petrach’s.
Petrach’s sonnets is divided into an octave(八音) which typically rhymes abba abba , and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes.
Shakespeare’s sonnets (English sonnets)consists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ,which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends with a surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.
Petrach abba abba / cde cde
Shakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg
10.Hamlet —Humanist (melancholy忧郁procrastination优柔寡断)
Chapter 6
From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution
1.Background(the ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglican
church 与Puritanical Church)
2.Glorious Revolution 1688
In 1688, William signed
3.The King James Bible of 1611
Old Testament in Hebrews
New Testament in Greek
The earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon, Bade and King Alfred.
4.Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of Eng Materialism唯心主义”
5.
目的：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.
功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep;
moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
方法：Books are able to be tasked, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
6.玄学派特点（Metaphysical Poets）John Donne
Metaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits （奇思妙喻）incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought, frequent use of Paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
7.Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love, death and religion
Main theme of Cavalier(骑士派)：Carpe Diem及时行乐
8.Cavalier: Carpe diem<ＡValediction：forbidding mourning >
A breach, but an expansion
Like gold to airy thinness beat
If they be two, they are two so.
As stiff twin compasses are two.
THEME, 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。
9.John Milton(Puritan Writer)
10.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8e6368325.html,ton ’s master piece and one of the greatest poems in world literate.
B.Satan, the most impressive character Better to reign in Hell than Serve in Heaven
C.Meaning:
○1rebellion spirits叛逆精神
○2defiance of authority对权威的藐视
○3excessive pride极端自负
11.John Bunyan(Puritan)
medieval form of allegory and drama.
Chapter 7
1.Glorious Revolution
2.Two Parliaments: The Tory & The Whig
3.The characters of neo-classicism
Official
A.People emphasized reason理智rather than emotion, form rather than content
B.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic 说教性and
satirical讽刺
C.As elegance 优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness 恰当性and restraint 节制性
were preferred , the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.
D.It’s almost exclusively a “town” poetry catering to the interests of the “society” in great
cities.
E.It is entirely wanting in all these elements that are related with the “romantic”
Civilian
A.Emphasized reason rather than emotion , form rather than Content
B.Didactic and satirical
C.The poet found closed couplet the only for serious
D.Town poetry show no love of nature, landscape or country things
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8e6368325.html,ck of all Romantic Elements
4．Geoffrey Chaucer, first use couplet—Pope
5. Classicisms , a drama, 3 unities: action, place, time
6. Daniel Defoe, know as a pioneer novelist of ENG
7.Jonathan Swift
8.Joseph Addison & Richard Steele, periodical essays期刊写作. 2 periodical 期刊（the tattler,
the spectator）
9.Alexander Pope 新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰
11.Henry Fielding (playwright, novelist)
12.Robert Burns 抒情诗人From Scotland, write in Scottish and in traditional of Scottish folk
songs. Besides, love lyrics, most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political Themes. Burns had a profound love for the common Scottish people and their literature. And
his poems or songs are permeated with the Scottish natural spirit.
13.William Blake (神秘主义者)同Burns 为前期浪漫主义代表
Chapter 8 Romanticism
1.From Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir
Walter Scott in 1832.
2.Characters: The glorification of instinct and emotion a deep veneration 崇拜of nature,
and a flaming zeal to remark the world.
3.Rousseau 卢梭French Philosopher . The Father of Romanticism/ The Nobel Savage
4.Characteristic features of the romantic movement
A.Subjectivism主观主义
B.Spontaneity 自发性
C.Singularity 奇特性
D.Worship of nature
E.Simplicity
F.There is a dominating note of melancholy / in the poems of Romantic poets人道主义理
想、忧郁气质
G.An age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feeling and emotion free verse form
5.William Wordsworth —Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
6.WW
A.Sing of harmony between things in nature and between the nature and the poet himself
B.Personification, Simile, Metaphor
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8e6368325.html,ke poets (William Wordsworth, Robert Southey，Taylor Coleridge )
8.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
9.George Gordon Byron
10.
Byron’s fiery passion for the liberation of Greek people, and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relation of his time.
11.Percy Bysshe Shelley
希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗
12.John Keats (Last poet)
13.Charles Lamb 剧作家With his sister 写了
Familiar Essay
14.Thomas de Quincy
15.Walter Scott—Historic Novel . 1832 die , the end of Romanticism Contribution
Chapter 9 Queen Victoria
1.Two Queens:
A.both were on a throne for a long period of time. Elizabeth 40s, Victoria 60s.
B.Developed rapidly in both politically , economically
C.Literature flourished(E’ - SB, drama. V’-novel)
2.The reason why novel rise quickly in V’s Age
A.the growth of urban population bring a new reading in publich
B.the development of printing and making papers and the price of books dropped
C.people can make a living by writing
D. a large part class who need recreation and entertainment
E.the novel provided a marvelous mechanism for all sort of things——explorisy the
conditions of poor and the manners of society, satirizing individuals or institution , advocating social reform and providing diversion for people at all levels
F.the feminist movement
3.Characterized by the common features
A.plot is unfolded against a social background
B.the cause-effect sequence much more striking than in previous novels
C.published in serial form连载
D.the spirit of Puritanism 清教主义
E.characterized by their moral purpose (hypocrisy 伪善V’时期的共同特点)
F.critical realism 批判现实主义/ critical realistic novelist批判现实主义小说
4.Charles Dickens
artistic technique
○1a tendency to describe ugly characters or events
○2loves to instill life into inanimate things
○3description of pathetic scenes
5.William Makepeace Thackeray
6.Difference between Thackeray and Dickens
A.Thackeray descript a different world from Dickens (T, descript people of upper and
middle classes; D, descript the underdogs and the unprivileged )
B.T is a cynic , D is a sentimentalist 感伤主义者
C.T against affectation. D is a Romanist
7.The title Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s
8.Lord Alfred Tennyson (Laureate Poet)
9.Robert Browning (the dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗)
10.The Bront? Sister
A.Charlotte Bront?—
B.Emily Bront?—
C.Anne Bront?—
11.Some critics said that the Bront? inherited their strong emotion from their parents.
A.The Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for
spiritual integrity.
B.Another factor was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.
C.The Third factor their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by
Romantic Poets.
12.The works of Charlotte and Emily Bront? and different from those of other Victorian
writers in the aspects below:
A.their works are marked by strong romantic elements
B.the role of nature is very significant in their work
C.marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate
feelings.
13.
women’s position in society.
14.Emily Bront?
conflict between the privileged and the hire hand.
15.Thomas Hardy, the last important novelist of the Victorian age Wessex novels.
16.George Bernard Shaw (Irish )
17.Oscar Wilde—
名词解释
1.Alliteration头韵
is the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.
例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved
To his kin the kindest , keenest for praise
代表作：Sir Gawain &Green Knight
2.Kenning隐喻
A kenning is a metaphor usually composed two words, which becomes the formula 准则for a special object.
3.Renaissance
A French word, means “Rebirth”.The art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being rediscovered after long years of neglect. English Re had two impulses —humanist reverence for the classics and English pride and sense of national identity. Emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.
4.Romance
R is a type of literature that is very popular in the Middle age. The great age of medieval romance is the 12th and early 13the centuries and its chief breeding ground起源地is the aristocratic贵族的society in France.
5.Allegory 寓言
An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underling meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.
6.Heroic Couplet英雄对偶句
HC is a pare of rhyming 押韵的iambic pentameter五步抑扬格lines.
AA BB CC DD EE
7.Ballad 民谣
B is a narrative poem that tells story.
8.The blank Verse无韵诗
Unrhymed iambic pentameter, used in his dramas , was the chief verse for, used by SB.
16世纪的英国戏剧主要表现形式
9.An ode 颂诗
It’s a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.
10.Dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗
It’s a poem in which there is one imaginary speaker, addressing an imaginary audience.
11.Allegory:
A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 12.Anapest抑抑扬:
Its made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.
常用资料
修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration 头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步
英国文学史2
The understanding of English literature 一The brief introduction of English literature in renaissance The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that eased the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. The Renaissance was slow in reaching England not only because of England's separation from the Continent but also because of its domestic unrest. Thus began the English Renaissance, which was perhaps England's Golden Age, especially in literature. Among the literary giants were Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne. The English Renaissance had no sharp break with the past. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values resented in the works. In the medieval society, people as individuals were largely subordinated to the feudalist rule without any freedom and independence; and in medieval theology, people's relationships to the world about them were largely reduced to a problem of adapting to or avoiding the circumstances of earthly life in an effort to pare their souls for a future life. The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More (1478__1535) wrote his Utopia(1516) in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of future happy society. At the end of the 16th century the great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon (1561_1626) wrote his famous philosopher and literary works. In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt(1503_1542), Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517_1547) and others who
中世纪英国文学概述
中世纪英国文学概述 中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。
英国文学名词解释
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学题库2(含正确答案)
1.______ is not a novel written by Jane Austen. A. Jane Eyre B. Sense and Sensibility C. Pride and Prejudice D. Emma 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought to its last perfection ______ Dryden had successfully used in his plays. A. the heroic couplet B. the free verse C. the bland verse D. the Spenserian stanza 3. ______ has been regarded by some as the “Father of the English Novel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. A. John Bunyan B. Henry Fielding C. Daniel Defoe D. Alexander Pope 4. ______ defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.” A. William Blake B. William Wordsworth C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge D. John Keats 5. Romanticism does not emphasize ______ . A. the special qualities of each individual’s mind B. the inner world of the human spirit C. individuality D. the features that men have in common 6. Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of Defoe’s language? A. Elegant. B. Colloquial. C. Vernacular. D. Smooth. 7. The Rivals and ______ are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A. The School for Scandal B. The Duenna C. Widowers Houses D. The Doctor’s Dilemma 8. ______ was the only important dramatist of the 18th century. A. Alexander Pope B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. Samuel Johnson D. George Bernard Shaw 9. What makes Jonathan Swift’s satire all the more bitter, biting and poignant is that his satire is often masked by ______ on the part of the author. A. an apparent eagerness, gravity, sincerity and detachment in tone B. a softness and persuasiveness in manner and firmness and thoroughness in action C. a strong indignation in tone and open defiance and challenge D. a friendliness and frankness in tone and the seeming indifference and nonchalance
英国文学概述-王守仁
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
英国文学2
Part One Anglo-Saxon Literature（大约450- 1066）Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature，is almost exclusively a verse（韵文）literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Its creators for the most part are unknown. It was only given a written form long after its composition. There were two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan (非宗教的)poetry represented by Beowulf [be???w?lf]（《贝奥武甫》它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝奥武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话色彩。）课下网上欣赏电影“Beowulf” （女主角：安吉丽娜·朱莉）或《贝奥武夫与怪兽格兰戴尔》。 The second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎格鲁-撒克逊基督教诗人）and Cynewulf [K]（基涅武甫，盎格鲁-撒克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》、《使徒的命运》、《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》等）.In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.（《尚书》的出现标志着中国散文的形成。非成于一人之手，后由孔子编订，成于春秋末战国初,战国时期开始于公元前475年）The famous prose writers of the period were Venerable Bede（比德，英国历史学家和神学家, the most important of his works is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People《英国基督教会史》.）and Alfred the Great( he is the king of Wessex Kingdom. The most important of his works is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》. Part Two Medieval English Literature (1066—1485) Medieval English literature can be divided into three parts, the first is Anglo-Norman literature, in 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to invade England. After the conquest, the feudal system was established in English society. The body of customs and ideals known as chivalry(骑士精神表现为对个人人格的爱护和尊重；为被压迫者和被迫者牺牲全部力量乃至生命的慷慨勇敢精神；把女子作为爱和美在尘世上的代表及作为和谐，和平与安慰的光辉之神而加以理想化的崇拜等等，) was introduced by the Normans into England. The knightly code（道德尊则）, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary（圣母玛丽亚）were reflected in the Literature. The Normans began to write histories or chronicles. Most of the books were written in Latin or French. The romance(传奇文学) was the main form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The romance prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the noble class, so it had nothing to do with the common people. The second part is English Literature in Age of Chaucer(乔叟). Chaucer lived in the 14th century. Geoffrey Chaucer, th e last one, was the greatest of them. He was a scholar, traveler, a business man, courtier（朝臣）, who shared in all the stirring life of his age and reflected it in his works. He was the representative writer of the century.The
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
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