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第一章时态

第一节一般现在时和一般过去时

?考点一

英语动词的一般现在时主要用来表示:

一、真理,经常性动作及现在状态,常和always, every, weekend, never, occasionally, often, on Mondays, seldom, sometimes, twice a year, usually等状语连用。

The earth __ around the sun.

A move

B moves

C is moved

D moved

Four plus three __ seven.

A equals

B equaled

C have equaled

D will equal

The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, __ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.

A have allowed

B allow

C allowing

D allows

二、特殊用法

?一表示预先安排好将要发生的动作,常用于begin, close, depart, finish, go, leave, open, start, stop等动词。

The plane __ in an hour.

A leaved

B leaves

C has left

D was leaving

The school __ in early September.

A begin

B was beginning

C is beginning

D begins

二代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句。

Call me as soon as you __ there.

A got

B is getting

C get

D will get

I can’t do it unless my mother __.

A agrees

B agreed

C is agreeing

D will agree

三表示已经发生的动作,用于hear, learn, say, tell等动词。

They __ Miss White will teach us English.

A says

B say

C will say

D had said

Barack __ me the Hedrens are moving from No. 12.

A told

B will tell

C tell

D tells

考点二

?英语动词一般过去时主要用来表示:

一、过去发生的动作或情况。

On July 26 of 2005, he __ reinforcement projects and __ with people.

A visited…talked

B visits…talks

C wi ll visit…talked

D visits…talked

二、过去的习惯动作,常和never, often, usually等词连用。

Arafat never __ before.

A smokes

B will smoke

C is smoking

D smoked

Hillary usually __ her lessons in the sitting-room.

A preparing

B was preparing

C prepare

D prepared

三、在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。

I missed that exciting game, because Mother said I couldn’t watch before my homework __.

A is finished

B was finished

C finishes

D is finishing

Father promised to buy me a bike if he __ a raise.

A gets

B got

C is getting

D will get

第二节现在完成时和现在完成进行时

?考点一

英语动词的现在完成时可以用来表示一个反复进行的动作。

The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, __ every four years so far this century, except during the two World Wars.

A are held

B were held

C had been held

D have been held

考点二英语动词的现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性。

The patient __ of pain in his stomach since noon.

A complained

B has been complaining

C had complained

D is complained

She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she __ too long.

A has been reading

B had read

C is reading

D read

第三节过去完成时和过去完成进行时

?考点一

过去完成时主要表示相对于某一个时间或动作之前已完成或发生的动作或状态。过去完成时是一个相对的时态,因此常和after, before, by, until等引导的时间状语连用。

Before the first non-stop flight made in1949, it __ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.

A would be

B has been

C had been

D would have been

Until then, his family __ from him for six months.

A didn’t hear

B hasn’t been hearing

C hadn’t heard

D hasn’t heard

We __ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

A just have had

B have just had

C just had

D had just had

考点二

?过去完成进行时表示过去某时刻迁移发生并一直延续到这一过去时刻的动作。

?过去完成进行时是一个相对的时态,上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参考的过去时间。

----“What happened?”

----“We __ for an hour when the bus finally came.”

A waited

B have waited

C have been waiting

D had been waiting

第四节完成时态在It is the first time+ that 分句结构中

考点一

?当主句动词为is/will be 时,that分句动词一律用现在完成时态。?当主句动词为was 时,that分句动词通常用过去完成时态。

It’s the third time I __ this particular aspect of grammar.

A explain

B explained

C have explained

D will explain

That was the first time the old lady __ her sufferings to others.

A was telling

B had told

C tell

D told

考点二

?含有ever的现在完成时或过去完成时,经常放在形容词最高级之后,说明最高级比较范围,表示“….所见过(听过等)的最….”。完成时在此表示一种经历。

Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I __.

A saw

B see

C had seen

D have ever seen

In 1997, she was the largest ship that __.

A had ever been built

B has ever built

C has ever been built

D was ever built

第五节将来时

?考点一

一般将来时

一、一般将来时主要用来表示将来发生的动作或未来的倾向。

While people may refer to television for up-to-the minute news, it is unlikely that television __ the newspaper completely.

A will replace

B have replace

C replace

D replaced

一般现在时表示一般将来时

?1 在I hope, I bet等后面的that 从句中可用一般现在时表示将来。

I hope the train __ late.

A isn’t

B wasn’t

C hasn’t

D hadn’t been

I bet it __ tomorrow.

A rain

B is raining

C rained

D rains

?二在表示“要注意使…”、“务必使…”、“保证使…”等含义的结构see (to it )

make sure

make certain

take care

take notice

take the responsibility

look out

watch out

的后面的that从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。

Will you see to it that Miss Smith __ all the help she needs?

A gets

B would get

C got

D get

考点二将来完成时

?有关将来完成时的考题在语法试题中一再出现,是复习的重点。

?将来完成时主要表示将来某时刻前已完成的动作或一直持续的状态。?将来完成时必须有一个时间状语。

常见的时间状语

by+具体时间

by the end of this month, by then(8 o’clock)

this time+具体时间

this time next week

in+一段时间

in two months’ time

以及由by the time, before, when等引导的副词从句。

The conference __ a full week by the time it ends.

A will have lasted

B must have lasted

C would last

D has lasted

On her next anniversary she __ married for 25 years.

A will be

B will have been

C has been

D is being

By the time he arrives in Beijing, we __ here for two days.

A will have stayed

B shall stay

C have been staying

D have stayed

第二章被动语态

1. A candidate for the post __ by the manager at the moment.

A. was interviewed

B. is being interviewed

C. is interviewed

D. is interviewing

2. I found that my cheating in last Monday's English test __ to my parents that very evening.

A. was being reported

B. had reported

C. had been reported

D. was reported

3. I should very much like to go to the party, but __.

A. I will not be invited

B. I was not invited

C. I have not been invited

D. I am not invited

4. Unless the police can prove to the court that Ted has committed robbery, he __ .

A. will find guilty

B. will not be found guilty

C. will have found guilty

D. will be finding guilty

5 You need not worry about that. Everything will __ in good time.

A. be attending

B. attend

C. be attended

D. be attended to

第三章虚拟语气

什么是虚拟语气?

?陈述语气

一般性的叙述性的语气,多用来指客观存在的事实。

?虚拟语气

说话人对过去,现在,未来的事物不确定,否定或猜测的想法。

第一节虚拟条件句

考点一if 条件句

现在事实虚拟:If条件句用一般过去时,主句用should/would+动词原形。

I ___ talk that way if I were peter.

A didn’t

B won’t

C wouldn’t

D couldn’t

将来事实虚拟:if条件句中用should+动词原形,主句用would+动词原形。

Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she ___ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friend very often.

A has to get

B should get

C had got

D could have got

过去事实虚拟:if条件句用过去完成体(had done ),主句用would/should+have+过去分词。

If the whole operation ___before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.

A was not planned

B has not been planned

C had not been planned

D were not planned

考点二If 条件句的倒装

在If 从句中,如果有were,should,had这三个词,可以省略if,将

were,should,had提前至句首采用倒装形式表示条件。

Had he worked harder, he ___the exams.

A must have passed

B would have passed

C would pass

D could pass

?

?考点三含蓄虚拟条件句

?虚拟条件有时不是通过if从句明显的表达出来,而是隐含在副词,介词短语或上下文中。

一、otherwise 或or

We did n’t know his telephone number; otherwise we __ him.

A would have called

B must have called

C would call

D had called

He must have had an accident, or he __ then.

A would have been here

B Had to be here

C should be here

D would be here

二、but for(要不是,倘若没有)

__ the fog, we should have reached our destination in time.

A Because of

B In spite of

C In case of

D But for

第二节虚拟语气在that从句中的使用

?一、某些表示建议,命令等主观倾向性概念的动词带宾语从句或用于It is/was +此类动词的-ed分词+that从句结构时,从句中的谓语须用虚拟,即should + 动词原形。

desire, prefer, advise, propose, suggest, recommend, ask, beg, insist, maintain, request, urge, command, direct, order, decide, determine, arrange, promise

二、某些名词,尤其是上面提到的表示建议,要求,命令等含义的动词相应的名词形式,在其同位语或表语从句中,谓语动词同样用虚拟。

advice, agreement, command, decision, demand, desire, determination, insistence, necessity, order, preference

The mother flatly rejected my suggestion that she __ her daughter the next week.

A met

B meet

C be met

D has met

We are all for your proposal that the discussion __ till Friday.

A be put off

B was put off

C should put off

D is to put off

三、在it is/was+adj+that从句中常用虚拟表建议,要求等。

advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, compulsory(强制的), concerned, crucial(紧要关头的), desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要的), important, impossible, reasonable, urgent, vital, willing.

四、It’s (abou t/high) time +that从句中,谓语动词用一般过去时,这种虚拟表示“早该是….的时候了”。

?It is time __.

A we should leave

B we should have left

C we leave

D we left

第三节as if/as though从句

一、对现在虚拟,从句谓语用一般过去时。

I feel as if I already __ inside me all the medicine that could cure the illness.

A had

B have

C be had

D being had

二、对过去虚拟,从句谓语用过去完成时。

They operated the new machine as if they __ skilled workers.

A be

B had been

C was being

D had been being

三、对将来虚拟,从句谓语用would+动词原形。

第四章不定式

第一节不定式做宾语

?考点一

能直接以不定式to do sth 作宾语的动词有:

?afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, bother, choose, claim, dare, decide,demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long等。

1. People complain that the costs of establishing an office are so much that only the rich can afford ____ for office.

A. running

B. to have run

C. to run

D. having run

2. Jane refused _____ the dinner because she did not like to dress formally.

A. to have attended

B. having attended

C. attending

D. to attend

考点二

?只能接带疑问词的不定式,而不能直接接不定式作宾语的动词(组)有:

?consider, discover, discuss, explain, find out,guess, know, inquire, observe ?

?这些动词之后接不定式作宾语时,不定式之前一般要加疑问代词或疑问副词how, when, why, where, whether, which+名词等。

1. There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.

A. what to do with

B. how to do

C. to do with

D. to do

2. We've settled that we’ll go to Wales, but we haven’t settled ____.

A. to get there

B. getting there

C. how to get there

D. how getting there

第二节不定式作定语

?考点一

?在下列名词/代词后常接动词不定式作定语:

tendency, ability, capability, agreement, decision, determination, resolution, ambition, desire, arrangement, attempt, plan, promise, wish, failure, need, reason, right;

不定代词:something, anything, nothing

1. The pressure ____causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

A. to compete

B. competing

C. to be competed

D. having competed

2. Now the need ____other people' s language is becoming greater and greater.

A. to learn

B. learning

C. to be learned

D. being learned

3. If the building project ____by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

A. being completed

B. is completed

C. to be completed

D. completed

考点二

?不定式作定语所修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语时,如果不定式属于不及物动词,或由于意义和结构上的需要,后面须加介词。Could you find someone __ ?

A. for me to play tennis with

B. for me to play tennis

C. play tennis with

D. playing tennis with

第三节不带to的不定式

?考点一

?在do nothing but/except (只…,仅…), do anything/everything but/except(只不)后,即当but前有do某种形式时,后接不带to的不定式。

The train is late, and I can do nothing but____ .

A. wait

B. waiting

C. await

D. to wait

而在there is no choice/alternative but ... 或to have no choice/ alternative but . . . 两句型中, but 后接带to 的动词不定式。

That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____the police.

A. called in

B. calling in

C. call in

D. to call in

在had better, would rather, would just as soon, might just as well, cannot (help) but 之后,都必须接动词原形。其中cannot help but +动词原形= cannot help doing

Tim cannot but ____his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing the project.

A. to ask

B. ask

C. asking

D. asked

第五章动名词

考点一动名词的完成式

动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,要用完成式。

In many countries the law forbids citizens to carry pistols or rifles without first ____ a special permit.

A obtaining

B to obtain

C being obtained

D having obtained

考点二动名词的被动语态

?当动名词的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的接受者时,要用被动式。

He opposed to ____ by his boss yesterday.

A having been criticized

B being criticized

C criticizing

D having criticized

考点三区分

I used to/he used to和I am used to/he is used to的不同含义。

前者表示过去的习惯或惯例(如They used to burn coal;now they burn fuel oil only 〈他们过去一直烧煤,而现在只烧油式的燃料了〉)。

而后者则指现在的习惯,相当于I am/he is accustomed to(习惯于)/familiar with(熟悉……):

I am used to the cold.

我已习惯了寒冷。(我不怕寒冷了。)

He is used to working at night.

他习惯在夜里工作。(他对夜里工作并不在乎。)

考点四动词+所有格形容词/宾格代词+动名词

如果动词或动词+介词后面直接跟动名词,则动名词所表示的动作应是由动词的主语所做出的:

Tom insisted on reading the letter.

汤姆坚持要看信。(汤姆看了信。)

如果把所有格形容词或代词置于动名词之前,则动名词所表示的动作应是由所有格形容词或代词所表明的人做出的:

He insisted on my/me reading it.

他坚持要我读一读。(我不得不读。)

动词+所有格形容词/宾格代词+动名词

He disliked working late.

他不喜欢工作到很晚。

He disliked me/my working late.

他不喜欢我工作到很晚。

I object to paying twice for the same thing.

我不赞成为一件东西付两次钱。

I object to his/him making private calls on this phone.

我不赞成他为私事使用这部电话。

动词+所有格形容词/宾格代词+动名词

excuse,forgive,pardon和prevent后面不能直接跟动名词,而要跟所有格形容词/代词(宾格)+动名词或代词(宾格)+介词+动名词:Forgive my/me ringing you up so early.

Forgive me for ringing you up so early.

请原谅我这么早给你打电话。

You c an’t prevent his/him spending his own money.

You can’t prevent him from spending his own money.

你不能阻止他花自己的钱。

考点五常跟动名词作宾语的动词

acknowledge, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, cannot help,

cannot resist, cannot stand, consider, delay, deny, dislike,

don‘ t mind, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy等

1.They are considering ______before the prices go up.

A. of buying the house

B. with buying the house

C. buying the house

D. to buy the house

2. That young man still denies ___ the fire behind the store.

A. start

B. to start

C. having started

D. to have started

3. "Tom is so worried about the test that he said he is going to study all night. "

"Tell him he should quit____ and get some sleep. "

A. worry

B. to worry

C. worrying

D. from worrying

考点五只能跟动名词作宾语的动词短语

approve of ,disapprove of, be accustomed to, be used to, feel like, give up, insist on, look forward to, object to, persist in, put off, take to

1. She was so angry that she felt like____ something at him.

A. to throw

B. throwing

C. to have thrown

D. having thrown

2. The match was cancelled because most of the members ____a match without a standard court.

A. objected to having

B. were objected to have

C. objected to have

D. were objected to having

3. His parents approved of____ in the university for another year in order to work toward his Ph.D.

A. that he stay

B. him to stay

C. his staying

D. that he would stay

4. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used____ late for his lecture.

A. to have students

B. for students' being

C. for students to be

D. to students ' being

考点六固定句型中的动名词

It is no good/no use…/There is no need/no point in…/how/what about…/what’s the point of…

1. It' s no use____ me not to worry.

A. you tell

B. your telling

C. for you to have told

D. having told

2. It' s no good____ until I' m reasonably sure when I' ll be able to go for my holiday.

A. to decide

B. to have decided

C. deciding

D. being decided

2

be worth…/ be busy…/have difficulty/trouble (in) /spend/waste time (in)

The Londoners doubted if it was worth ____a hundred miles to see the basketball game.

A. of driving

B. driving

C. drive

D. being driven

The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy ____back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon.

A. to send

B. sending

C. to be sent

D. being sent

He wasted a whole afternoon___ to persuade him to change his mind.

A. try

B. to try

C. trying

D. tried

第六章现在分词和过去分词

考点一

?一、现在分词的句法功能

?(一)作状语。可表示时间、原因、伴随情况或方式以及结果、条件和让步等。

1. ____with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.

A. Dissatisfying thoroughly

B. To dissatisfy thoroughly

C. Being thoroughly dissatisfied

D. To be thoroughly dissatisfied

2. Realizing that he hadn' t enough money and ____to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

A. not wanted

B. not to want

C. not wanting

D. wanting to

3. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _______ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.

A. being

B. been

C. to be

D. having been D. to be followed

4. Some passengers are reading the morning paper, and others are talking with one another, ______nervously for the train.

A. to wait

B. waiting

C. are waiting

D. being waited

(二)作定语

6. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one____.

A. to correct

B. correcting

C. having corrected

D. being corrected

7. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town______ 50 households or more.

A. having

B. to have

C. to have had

D. having had

(三)作宾补

8. When I caught him ____ me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

A. cheat

B. cheating

C. to cheat

D. to be cheating

9. Mrs. Douglas unknowingly left a package ____on the shop counter.

A. laying

B. to lie

C. laid

D. lying

10. His remarks left me ____about his real purpose.

A. wondered

B. wonder

C. to wonder

D. wondering

二、现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或进行,完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,被动式表示其逻辑主语是动词动作的承受者。

?现在分词的完成式和被动式经常同时用于现在分词短语中,在做题时须对句意及结构进行综合分析来决定选项。

11. ____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

A. Having believed

B. Believing

C. Believed

D. Being believed

12. ____ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.

A To be given B. Having been given C. Having given D. giving

考点二比较不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补语

?一、在表示“致使”意义的动词如have,keep ,make ,get 等后面,常用过去分词作宾语补足语。宾语和宾补是被动的关系。

1. Don't get your schedule ____; stay with us in this class.

A. to change

B. changing

C. changed

D. change

2. The manager promised to keep me ____of how our business was

going on.

A. to be informed

B. on informing

C. informed

D. informing

3. In Australia the Asians make their influence ____in businesses large and small.

A. feeling

B. feel

C. felt

D. to be felt

二、have作使役动词用于句型have sth done中表示某件事情由别人去做的,而不是自己亲自去做的;用于句型have sb do sth 中表示“使某人干某事”。

4. The tooth is giving you a lot of trouble, you should ___.

A. pull out it

B. have it pulled out

C. have it pull out

D. have pulled out it

5. My sister' s tutor had her ____her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.

A. rewritten

B. to rewrite

C. rewrite

D. rewriting

三、不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别:

?动词see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch 和find 之后现在分词可以做宾语补足语,也可以用不定式(不带to )作宾语补足语。但是现在分词作宾语补足语时表示动作正在进行;而不定式作宾语补足语时则强调全过程的结束。

6. The children went there to watch the iron tower____.

A. to erect

B. be erected

C. erecting

D. being erected

7. The man said he had seen the robbery _____on the previous day.

A. took place

B. take place

C. has taken place

D. was taking place

8. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____in Cuba.

A. being cultivated

B. been cultivated

C. having cultivated

D. cultivating

四、现在分词与过去分词作宾语补语的主要区别:

现在分词表示主动的动作;过去分词表示被动的动作。

9. If you want ___ you have to get the fund somewhere.

A. that the job is done

B. the job done

C. to have done the job

D. the job that is done

10. A husband and wife with a common duty to the family will find themselves ____ closer together.

A. been drawn

B. drawn

C. to draw

D. drawing

考点三带主语的现在分词和过去分词短语

?一、分词的一般形式在句中作状语,其逻辑主语就是主句中的主语。但如果分词(短语)的逻辑主语不是句子主语,就要在分词前加一个名词或代词做逻辑主语,构成分词独立主格结构。

?分词独立主格结构要用逗号和句子隔开。

?独立主格的选择题常常是这样设计的:题句中两个部分各有主语,但用逗号分开,中间无任何连接词。在这种情况下,除了从意义的逻辑关系来判断,还可作如下分析:首先这不是一个并列句,因为并列句的各句之间,除了逗号之外,还应有并列连词来连接。这两部分之间定有一种从属关系:其中一部分为一个完整的句子,另一部分或许就是一个独立主格结构作状语。

1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper____ it closely.

A. followed

B. following

C. to follow

D. being followed

2. A new technique _____, the yields as a whole increased by 20

percent.

A. working out

B. having worked out

C. having been worked out

D. to have been worked out

3. _____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

A. Other things being equal

B. Were other things equal

C To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal

4. Weather____, the picnic will be held as scheduled.

A. permits

B. should permit

C. will permit

D. permitting

5. So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off.

A. were absent

B. been absent

C. had been absent

D. being absent

6. The decision____, the next problem was how to make a good plan.

A. having made

B. having been making

C. having been made

D. been made

7. ____, she went back to her room.

A. There was no cause for alarm

B. Being no cause for alarm

C. There being no cause for alarm

D. Without having no cause for alarm

二、有时这种分词独立结构可用介词with 引出,即:with +名词(代词)+现在分词与过去分词。

1. ____ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn' t go on with the experiment.

A. Since

B. For

C. As

D. With

2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

A. having seated

B. seating

C. seated

D. having been seated

第七章名词从句

第一节主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句

?考点一

?引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句)的连接词有:

(1)从属连词that,whether ,if

(2)连接代词what (ever),which (ever) ,who (ever) ,whom (ever) ,(3)连接副词when,where,how,why

1. In some countries, ____ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all the people.

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. one

2. ____we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers.

A. Whoever

B. Whatever

C. However

D. That

3. Because they usually receive the same score on standardized examinations, there is often disagreement as to ____ is the better student, Bob or Helen.

A. who

B. which

C. whom

D. whose

4. ____all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.

A. Nearly

B. That nearly

C. It is nearly

D. When nearly

?考点二

?主语从句通常放在句首。但为了保持句子的平衡,可用it作形式主语,而将主语从句首移至句末,即采用“It is +名词/形容词/分词+主语从句”的结构。用that引导的宾语从句如果跟有补足语,须用形式宾语it ,而将宾语从句放于宾语补足语之后,即采用“动词+ it +宾语补足语+ that 从句”。

1. I have made it clear ____I will never go back on my word.

A. when

B. that

C. where

D. however

2. It is a shame ______he has done such a humiliating thing.

A. if

B. whether

C. that

D. why

考点三表语从句用于系动词be, look, seem, remain 之后,对句子主语进行解释和说明。当句子主语为reason 时,表语从句应当由that 而不是because 来引导,但可以说“it/this/that is because… ”。

?The reason I didn't go there was ____a new job.

A. because I got

B. because of getting

C. due to

D. that I got

考点四介词后一般不能直接跟that 引导的宾语从句,但以下几个介词除外:besides (that),but (that) ,except (that) ,in (that) 。这些介词和后面的that 已被当成固定的复合连接词使用。

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形(定) + 名名 + 形(谓) 多人唔紧要。人多不要紧。 好生意啦。生意好啦。 黄先生几好人。黄先生人挺好。 大风得滞!风太大了! 今日真系齐人。今天人真齐。 3. 双宾语的位置不同 宾语是动词的一种连带成份,有时一个动词可以带起两个宾语,如:「他借我两本杂志。」中的「我」跟「杂志」,这就是双宾语了。普通话与话在双宾语的先后次序上刚好相反;在普通话里,指人的宾语在前,指物的宾语在后,构成一名(人宾语)一名(物宾语),而在话则刚好相反,指物的宾语在前,指人的宾语在后,构成一名(物宾语)一名(人宾语)。简单来说双宾语在普通话是以「先人后物」形式存在,而在话则是以「先物后人」形式存在。 话普通话 主 + 动 + 物宾语 + 人宾语主 + 动 + 人宾语 + 物宾语 俾一本书我。给我一本书。 佢俾钱我。他给我钱。 佢借两本杂志我。他借给我两本杂志。 你打个俾小华啦。你给小华打个吧。 你写封信俾佢啦。你给他写封信吧。 4. 动补结构的否定式上,否定词位置的不同 在普通话中的动补结构的否定式,否定词「不」往往是在动词之后,而在话中,否定词「唔」往往是在动词之前,例如: 话普通话 否定词 + 动词动词 + 否定词 o的字我唔睇得清楚。那些字我看不清楚。 嘈得滞,我唔训得着。太吵了,我睡不着。 我o地唔比得过佢o地我们比不过他们。

英语语法专业术语表达

英语语法专业术语表达( The Noun 名词 The Pronoun 代词 The Numeral 数词 The Verb 动词 The Adjective 形容词 The Adverb 副词 The Article 冠词 The Preposition 介词 The conjunction 连词 The Interjection 感叹词Classification of Nouns 名词的分类Common Nouns 普通名词 Proper Nouns 专有名词Countable Nouns 可数名词Uncountable Nouns 不可数名词The Singular Form 单数形式 The Plural Form 复数形式Individual Nouns个体名词Collective Nouns集体名词

Material Nouns物质名词Abstract Nouns抽象名词 The Possessive Case所有格Personal Pronouns 人称代词Possessive Pronouns物主代词Self Pronouns反身代词Demonstrative Pronouns指示代词Interrogative Pronouns疑问代词Conjunctive Pronouns连接代词Relative Pronouns关系代词Indefinite Pronouns不定代词 The Subjective Case主格 The Objective Case宾格Cardinal Numerals基数词Ordinal Numerals 序数词Fractional Numerals分数词Notional Verbs实意动词 Link Verbs 连系动词 Auxiliary Verbs助动词 Modal Verbs情态动词 Transitive Verbs及物动词Intransitive Verbs不及物动词

语法

1,Leave/fly/come/go /move这些表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表将来时。注意与be going to+v-原区分 2,mind doing sth介意做某事 3,spend (time)doing sth花时间做某事。 4,Have great fun doing sth高兴做某事 5,enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事 6,地点副词前面不用介词(there/here/home) 7,say sorry to sb for sth为某事向某人道歉 8,keep sb doing sth让某人一直不停地做某事 9,be sure of sth/sb相信某事、人、be sure to do sth一定会做某事Be sure to do sth务必要做某事。 10小心,当心be careful /watch out /look care/look out 11, had better ( not ) to do sth 12 , help sb (to) do sth/help sb with sth 13, one…..the other一个·····另一个 14其它的other+名词=疑问代词、副词+else 15It takes sb (time) to do sth 16,take sth to sb把某物带给某人 1, look up the word in the dicationary 2, pass sb sth=pass sth to sb 3,thank you sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事 4,good at doing sth擅长与做某事 5,would like to do sth 6, what about doing sth 7,much不能直接修饰形容词或副词的原级,可以修饰比较级;more+多音节adj/adv原级8,must否答needn’t/don’t have to 9,take off脱下take out把······拿出来put on穿上put off推迟 10,may情-v+v-原May be也许是Maybe也许adv修饰v或adj 11, I’d better=I had better I’d like=I would like 12,否定句中some改成any 13, call sb=phone sb=give sb a call=give sb a phone 14,不接触的over the desk在·····上方(垂直) Above the desk在·····上方(斜) 接触的on在······上面 15,through(从中间)穿过 Across(从表面)穿过介词(与动词搭配成为动词) 1,动词cross/pass穿过=go across 2,动名词v-ing 3,到达arrive in/at=get to=reach 4,During在····期间among在·····中间between``````and```在·····之间 5,By+交通工具=on one’s+交通工具 6,Cry哭,哭声sound声音(泛指任何声音)noise吵闹的voice(指人的)说话声

04语法形式和语法意义

第四讲关于语法形式和语法意义的理论 前面我们已经指出:语法研究的最终目的就是为了探求语法形式和语法意义之间的对应关系,那么,我们就有必要对语法形式和语法意义有一个清晰的认识和了解,弄清楚什么是语法形式,什么是语法意义。 4.1语法形式 什么是语法形式呢?我们先看下面的一个例子: 我们用层次分析把上面这句话分析成大大小小的片段。如果把一个大片段里包含的小片段叫做“成分”,把小片段组合而成的大片段叫做“组合”,那么上面例子中的片段可以分为三类: a.——是组合,不是成分——句子。 b.└─┘是组合,也是成分——词组。 c.不是组合,是成分——词。 a、b、c三类片段合称为语法形式,即它们都是语法形式。语法形式是具体语言里分析出来的成分或组合,或者说语法形式是词、词组和句子的形式的总和。 语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。狭义的语法形式只指有形的语法形式,广义的语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。对有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式进行分解,就得到了有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式的各种构成因素。 4.1.1有形的语法形式的构成因素 有形的语法形式的构成因素如下: (1)语序。语序不同,表达的语法意义也不同。例如: 红花(定中) 花红(主谓) 跑快点(述补) 快点跑(状中) (2)停顿。停顿往往是结构成分的分界点,也是层次的切分点。例如: 咬死了/猎人的狗咬死了猎人的/狗 广东和福建的/部分地区广东/和福建的部分地区 (3)轻重音。不同的轻重音也能表达不同的语法意义。轻重音区别语法意义的作用在虚词中尤为明显。例如: 你想好了再说。(“再”轻读,表示接续义) 你唱完了再唱一个。(“再”重读,表示重复义) 我已经吃过了。(“过”重读,表示完成态) 北京我以前去过。(“过”轻读,表示经历态) (4)重叠。重叠是汉语语法的一种语法手段。重叠可以表示程度的减弱,也可以表示程度的加强,可以表示短时态、尝试态等。重叠表示什么语法意义,涉

英语语法专业术语表达

active voice 主动语态,passive voice被动语态, absolute construction独立结构, adjective 形容词,adverd 副词,noun名词, verb动词, artical冠词, determiner限定词,quantifier量词,numeral数词, subject主语, object宾语,adverbial状语,attributive定语,complement补语,predicative表语,appositive同位语,infinitive不定式, -ing participle-ing分词, -Ed participle -ed分词,finite clause 限定从属分句,non-finitive clause非限定分句,inversion倒装,adverbial clause状语从句,subject clause主语从句,relative clause/attributive clause定语(关系)从句,从句也可以用clause as subject/object/来表示主语从句、宾语从句 时态:tense语态:voice单数:singular form复数:plural form 主谓一致:agreement of subject and verb 定语从句:attributive clause 名词性从句: noun clause 状语从句:adverbial clause 虚拟语气:subjunctive mood 冠词:article代词:pronoun形容词和副词:adjective & adverb 动词和动词词组:verbs & verb phrase 非谓语动词:Non-Predicate Verbs / Non-Finite verbs

WIKI语法简介

WIKI语法简介 本文仅针对在Fitnesse页面编辑中涉及的WIKI语法进行简介。主要分为三部分:字符排版编辑,列表表格编辑以及链接编辑。 一、字符排版编辑 1.文本样式编辑 主要有:''斜体'' ,'''加粗''',''''加粗斜体'''',字体变大字体变小,等用法。具体效果见表格-1。 编辑输入实际输出注释 ''斜体'' 斜体这些用于改变字体, '''加粗''' 加粗前三个都是单引号, ''''加粗斜体'''' 加粗斜体不是双引号,尤其 !style_note[note] note四个单引号 !style_left[left]left显示在左边 !style_right[right]right显示在右边 表格-1 2.字符编辑 主要有:--删除线--,字符颜色,字符底纹,等用法。具体效果见表格-2。 编辑输入实际输出注释 --删除线-- 删除线 !style_red[red] red !style_error(an error) an error !style_code[code] code !style_code(!style_red[code red]) code red 也可以嵌套使用 表格-2 3. 标题排版编辑主要有:标题分为三级,排版时,输入过程中,另起一行在显示时表示为一个空格,空一行表示是另起一个段落。"====="表示是分割线"-------"。 具体效果见表格-3。 编辑输入实际输出注释 !1 标题1 标题1 !2 标题2 标题2 !3 标题3 标题3 ------------------------- -------------------- 分割线(但是会加粗) 表格-3

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