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CHINA EXIM BANK BUSINESS INTRODUCTION

Export Seller’s Credit

The Export Seller’s Credit refers to loans provided to an exporter to finance its export of manufactured or purchased mechanical and electronic products，complete sets of equipment，and high—and new—tech products as well as the provision of labor services．

Credit Nature

Export Seller’s Credit provided by China Eximbank is not profit—oriented and bears the following official features：

1. The capital of the Bank comes from fiscal allocation of the Chinese

government；

2. The credit is provided for the purpose of lending strong government support

in line with relevant national industrial，foreign trade，financial and fiscal palicies.

Credit Features

Export SeIler's Credit provided by China Eximbank is：

1. a loan provided to the exporter;

2. a loan with large amount，long maturity and preferential interest rate;

3. a 1oan an official nature demonstrating the state will.

Credit Purpose

1 To support the export of Chinese products and improve their Com Detitiveness in the international market；

2 To help earn foreign exchange cu r rency and keep foreign exchange balance;

3 To create domestic employment opportunities and contribute to the development of the national economy·

Credit Types

1．Export Sellers Credit for Equipment

Export SeIIer's Credit for Equipment refers to the loans，denominated either In Renminbi or foreign currencies，provided by the Bank to Chinese companies to support their export project of complete sets of equipment(including accessories)，single units and related technical services.

For those projects undertaken in China that are financed by the loans from the World Bank，Asian Development Bank and other international financial institutions or foreign governments，if there are Chinese contractors winning the international tendering of equipment supply under the projects，the Bank can

also be app roached for this credit．

For those projects in which Chinese companies build ocean engineering structures for domestic companies engaged in offshore natural gas exploitation，or Chinese offshore natural gas exploitation companies trade between them equipment—type ocean engineering structures，the Bank can be approached for this credit.

Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include Chinese companies that are registered with Chinese Administration of industry and Commerce or its local offices，and accredited with independent legal person status.

Application Requirements

1）The borrower shall be an equipment manufacturer or an export agent that demonstrates app ropriate production capacity，reliable contract performance capabiIity，sound management and financial status, favorable credit standing, and debt servicing capability;

2）The export contract value shall be no less than USD 1 million except for the export of equipment—related technical services；or the yearly accumulated export volume of the borrower exceeds USD 5 million．

3）The equipment export project shall conform to relevant regulations set in the Administrative Measures Regarding Coordinating the Export of single Unis of Heavy Machihery and Complete Sets of Equipment．(MOFTEC Order of Ministry No．33，2001);

4）In the case of deferred paymenti,a payment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided for the amount overdue；

5）The importer shall have strong financial status and reliable cr edit standing；6）In the case where repayment is assessed as of high risk，export credit insurance shall be arranged in accordance with the requirement of the Bank；7）A repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided；

8）Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary

Application Documents

1) Loan Application；

2) The equipment export contract app roval documents from competent

government authorities，and documents required by the Administrative Measures Regarding Coordinating the Export of Single Units of Heavy Machinery and Complete Sets of Equipmenl;

3) Exchange memos for aged repayment collected．a payment guarantee for

aging payments receivable，and a security for payment of the amount overdue；

4) Cash flow statement of the export project together with an analysis of

economic returns；

5) A Letter of Intent for covering export credit insurance (if such an insurance is

required)；

6) Profile statements of both the borrower and the guarantor duplicate copy of

business license of the borrower that has passed the annual examination, audited financial reports of the past three years and the audited financial statement for the current year，and other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and operations of both the borrower and the guarantor；7) In the case of calculating fund need by credit line statements and reports

covering the export of equipments in the past three years by the borrower, export plans for the current year and signed export contracts shall be provided

8) A Letter of Intent for repayment guarantee or in the case of mortgage or

pledge，valid certificates of ownership of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof；and

9) Other documents required by the Bank

2.Export Seller's Credit for High—and New—tech Products (Including Software Products)

Export Seller's Credit for High—and New—tech Products(including software products) refers to loans，denominated either in Renminbi or foreign currencies, provided to Chinese companies for financing their export of high—and new—tech products excluding ships and equipment．

Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include Chinese companies that are registered with Chinese Administration of Industry and Commerce or its local offices, accredited with dependent legal person status, and authorized to export high- and new-tech products.

Application Requirements

1) The borrower shall demonstrate fine management and operation, sound

financial status and favorable credit standing, and shall be capable of repaying the principal and interest incurred;

2) The export products shall be either entries on the Export List of High-and

New-Tech Products and the List of High- and New-Lech Products promulgated by Chinese government or products confirmed as high- and new-tech by competent government authorities;

3) The borrower's yearly export volume of the high- and new-tech products

shall reach USD 3 million, or USD 1 million in the case of software products;

4) In the case of a software exporter, the borrower shall demonstrate powerful

research and product development capacity, having obtained e ither CMM Level * or above Certificate or GB/T19000-1SO9000 quality assurance certificate;

5) A repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided;

6) Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary.

Application Documents

1) Loan Application;

2) Export license of the borrower, profile statements of both the borrower and

the guarantor, a duplicate copy of the business license of the borrower that has passed the annual examination, audited financial reports of the past three years and the audited financial statements for the current year, and other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and the operations of both the borrower and the guarantor;

3) Statements and reports covering the borrower's export of high- and

new-tech products in the past three years, export plans for the current year, together with export contracts already signed;

4) A Letter of Intent for repayment guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid certificates of ownership of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof;

5) Other documents required by the Bank.

3. Export Selleds Credit for General Mechanical and Electronic Products

Export Seller's Credit for General Mechanical and Electronic Products refers to loans, denominated either in Renminbi or foreign currencies, provided to Chinese companies for financing their export of the mechanical and electronic products excluding ships, equipment and high- and new-tech products. Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include the Chinese companies that are registered with Chinese Administration of Industry and Commerce or its local offices, accredited with independent legal person status, and authorized to export general mechanical and electronic products.

Application Requirements

1) The borrower shall demonstrate fine management and operations, sound

financial status and favorable credit standing, and shall be capable of repaying the principal and interest incurred;

2) The export products shall be included in the List of Mechanical and Electronic

Products promulgated by the Chinese government, or shall be confirmed as such by competent government authorities;

3) The borrower's yearly export volume of general mechanical and electronic

products shall reach USD 5 million and above, or USD 3 million in the case of private companies or those companies based in the central and western regions of China;

4) Repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided;

5) Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary.

Application Documents

1) Loan Application;

2) Export license of the borrower, profile statements of both the borrower and

the guarantor, duplicate copy of the business license of the borrower that has passed the annual examination, audited financial reports of the past more years anorecent audited financia statements of the current year, and other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and the operations of both the borrower an the guarantor:

3) Statements and reports covering the borrower's export of general mechanica

and electronic products in the past three years, export p arts for the current year. and export contracts already signed:

4) A Letter of ntent for reoayment guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid certificates of ownersh p of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof: and

5) Other documents required by the Bank.

4. Loan to Overseas Construction Contract

Loan to Overseas Construction Contract refer to the loan. either in Renminbi or foreign currencies, that the Bank provides to Chinese companies to finance their construction projects implemented in foreign countries, which may stimulate the export of Chinese equipment, construction machinery, building materials, technology, and labor services. This credit is also applicable to Chinese contractors who win the tendering in intonation bidding on the projects that are implemented n China and financed by the World https://www.wendangku.net/doc/807545342.html,n Development Bank and other international financial institutions.

Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include Chinese companies that are registered with Chinese Administration of Industry and Commerce or its local offices. accredited with independent legal person status authorized to handle contract construction abroad; and qualified with expertise, professional knowledge and technology for such operations.

Application Requirements

1) The borrower shall demonstrate fine management and operation, have a

sound financial status, favorable credit standing, and debt servicing capacity;

2) The borrower has already signed a contract for undertaking overseas

construction projects, which, when necessary, shall be authorized by competent government authorities;

3) The spin-off exports of Chinese equipment, materials, technology, labor

service, and management services that derive from overseas construction contracts shall account for no less than 15% of the total contract value of the

project;

4) The value of the overseas construction contract shall be no less than USD 1

million, with down payment amounting to no less than 15% of the total contract value in principle. In the case of deferred repayment, a payment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided;

5) The overseas construction contract shall be able to generate satisfactory

economic returns;

6) The contractor shall be licensed and capable of performing the deal sealed;

7) The host country shall remain politically and economically stable;

8) In the case where repayment is assessed as of high risk, appropriate export

credit insurance shall be arranged as per the requirements of the Bank;

9) Repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided:

10) Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary.

Application Documents

1) Loan Application:

2) Engineering and construction contract and approval by competent

government authorities (if required);

3) Purchase contract and other commercial contracts relevant to the

construction project:

4) The analysis of economic returns and cash flow statements of the

construction project;

5) A Letter of ntent for export credit insurance (if such an insurance is required);

6) The authorized permit for undertaking overseas construction contracts of the

borrower, profile statements of both the borrower and the guarantor, duplicate copy of the business license of the borrower that has passed the annual examination, audited financial reports of the past three years and the recent audited financial statements of the current year, and other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and the operations of both the borrower and the guarantor;

7) A Letter of Intent for repayment guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid certificates of ownership of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof; and

8) Other documents required by the Bank.

5. Loan to Overseas Investment Project

Loan to Overseas Investment Project refers to the loan, either in Renminbi or foreign currencies, provided to Chinese companies to finance their overseas investment projects.

The overseas investment projects in question refers to:

●Overseas resources exploration project;

●Overseas processing trade project that helps increase the export of Chinese

equipment, technology and products;

●Overseas investment in setting up factories and infrastructure construction

projects;

●Investment in setting up overseas research & development centers, product

marketing & sales centers, and post-sales service centers for the purpose of upgrading the product development capacity and market competitiveness of Chinese manufacturers;

●Overseas acquisition, merger, or participation in share-holding ventures

that aims to develop international markets and sharpen competitiveness of Chinese companies.

Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include Chinese companies registered with Chinese Administration of Industry and Commerce or its local offices, and accredited with independent legal person status. Joint ventures controlled by Chinese companies who invest abroad (Greenfield investment, M&A, stock purchase, capital increment, re-investment, etc) can also apply for the Loan in the name of the participating Chinese company.

Application Requirements

1) The borrower shall demonstrate competent financial strength and reliable

administration capacity of handling and undertaking investment projects abroad, and shall have business experience in cooperation with foreign parties;

2) The total amount that the borrower plans to invest in the overseas

investment project shall be no less than USD 1 million, and the portion of self-raised capital shall normally be no less than 30% of the total amount;

3) The borrower has already signed a contract for the planned overseas

investment project, which shall have been approved or authorized by competent government authorities of both China and the host country/region;

4) The planned overseas investment project shall get ready with all the

supporting conditions, and shall have good economic estimates and sound debt servicing capacity;

5) The host country shall have a welcoming environment for foreign investors;

6) Projects associated with high country risk shall be covered by overseas

investment insurance as per the requirement of the Bank;

7) A repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank shall be provided, unless

otherwise specified;

8) Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary.

Application Procedure

1) The borrower shall submit its project proposal (including tendering proposal)

and/or project feasibility study report to relevant government authority, and carbon copy to the Bank. In addition, a formal loan application shall be

submitted to the Bank.

2) The government authority approves or pre-assesses the project proposal and

carbon copy its approval documents to the Bank as reference for the latter's acceptance of loan application.

3) The Bank issues a letter of comment on project as a reference to the

government authority for its approval or pre-assessment of the project feasibility study report

4) The Bank shall formally process the loan application when the project

feasibility report is approved (or filed).

Application Documents

1) Loan Application;

2) Approval documents of the overseas investment project issued by competent

government authorities of both China and the host country / region of the project;

3) The joint-venture agreement(s) on the overseas investment project,

corporate charter of the invested joint venture, and other related contracts and arrangements;

4) Feasibility study report on the project;

5) A Letter of Intent on overseas investment insurance (if necessary);

6) Profile statements of both the borrower and the guarantor, duplicate copy of

the business license of the borrower which has passed the annual examination, audited financial statements for the last three years and audited financial statements of the current year, other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and business performances of both the borrower and the guarantor, and other documents on the invested company / venture registered overseas;

7) A Letter of Intent for Repayment Guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid certificates of ownership of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof; and

8) Other documents deemed necessary by the Bank.

6. Export Seller's Credit for Agricultural Products

Export Seller's Credit for Agricultural Products refers to loans, denominated either in Renminbi or foreign currencies, provided to Chinese companies for their export of agricultural products.

Prospective Borrowers

Prospective borrowers include Chinese companies registered with Chinese Administration of Industry and Commerce or its local offices, accredited with independent legal person status, and authorized to export agricultural products. Application Requirements

1) The borrower shall demonstrate sound management and financial strength

with favorable credit standing, and shall be able to repay loan principal and pay interest incurred;

2) The export products shall be raw and processed agricultural products from

China.

3) The borrower's yearly export volume of agricultural product shall exceed USD

1 million in principle;

4) A.repayment guarantee or insurance acceptable to the Bank shall be

provided;

5) Other requirements that the Bank deems necessary.

Application Documents

1) Loan Application;

2) Export license of the borrowers, profile statements of both the borrower and

the guarantor, duplicate copy of the business license of the borrower that has passed the annual examination, audited financial statements for the last three years and audited financial statements of the current year, other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and business performance of both the borrower and the guarantor;

3) Statements and reports covering the export of agricultural products in the

past three years by the borrower, export plans for the current year, together with export contracts already signed;

4) A Letter of Intent for Repayment Guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid certificates of ownership of the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports thereof;

5) Other documents deemed necessary by the Bank.

7. Credit for Exporting Cultural Products and Services (including Animation)

Credit for Exporting Cultural, Products and Services (including Animation) includes export seller's credit and export buyer's credit. Export seller's credit in this category refers to loans denominated either in RMB or foreign currencies provided to finance exports of cultural products and services by Chinese companies. Buyer's credit refers to loans denominated either in RMB or foreign currencies provided to overseas borrowers to finance their imports of Chinese cultural products and services.

Prospective Borrowers

To apply for export seller's credit in this category, the borrower shall be aChinese company accredited with independent legal person s tatus and license of exporting cultural products and services and shall be registered with the Chinese Administration of industry and Commerce or its local offices.

To apply for export buyer's credit in this category, the borrower shall be an importer, a financial institution of the importing country or a competent agency

authorized by the importer's government that is acknowledged by the Bank, and the exporter shall be a Chinese company with independent legal entity, license of exporting cultural Products and services, as well as contract- performing capabilities.

Application Requirements

To apply for export seller's credit, the following requirements need to be satisfied:

1) The borrower shall demonstrate sound management and operation, strong

financial position, favorable credit standing and good debt servicing capacity.

Its credit rating determined by the Bank shall be above (including) A-;

2) Exported cultural products and services shall be entries on the Guiding

Catalog for Export of Cultural Products and Services promulgated by competent government authorities, or fit into the export of copyright of books, newspapers and magazines, electronic music-picture products, films and TV series, as well as such undertakings as setting up overseas publishing house, broadcasting and television network, sales agencies of publication, purchasing overseas media time s lots, opening up overseas broadcasting and television frequency channels and overseas labor cooperation conducted by cultural entities;

3) Repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank needs to be provided;

4) Other requirements deemed necessary by the Bank.

To apply for export buyer's credit, the following requirements need to be satisfied:

1) The economic and political situation of the borrower's country shall be stable;

2) The borrower shall have a sound credit standing and debt servicing capacity;

3) Exported cultural products and services shall be entries on the Guiding

Catalog for Export of Cultural Products and Services promulgated by Chinese competent government authorities, or fit into the export of copyright of books, newspapers and magazines, electronic music-picture products, films and TV series, as well as overseas labor cooperation conducted by cultural entities;

4) The borrower shall provide repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank;

5) Export credit insurance needs to be in place when required;

6) Other requirements deemed necessary by the Bank.

Application documents

To apply for export seller's credit, the following documents need to be provided:

1) Loan Application;

2) The borrower's license of exporting cultural products and services, profile

statements of both the borrower and the guarantor, copy of the borrower's business license that has passed the annual examination, audited financial statements of the past three and the latest audited financial years

statements of the current year, and other documents that demonstrate the credit standings and operations of both the borrower and the guarantor; 3) Description of the borrower's export of cultural products and services over

past three years, export plan of the current year and relevant commercial contracts and cooperation agreements;

4) Necessary approval and evidentiary documents by competent government

authorities of both China and the importing country, together with project feasibility study report, project cash flow statements and economic return analysis;

5) Documents of intent on export credit insurance (if such an insurance is

required);

6) A letter of intent for repayment guarantee, or in the case of mortgage or

pledge, valid ownership certificates for the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports shall be provided; and

7) Other documents deemed necessary by the Bank.

To apply for export buyer's credit, the following documents need to be provided:

1) Loan Application;

2) Draft commercial contract, letter of intent and other contractual documents;

3) Necessary project feasibility study report;

4) Necessary approval and evidentiary documents provided by competent

government authorities of both China and the importing country;

5) Documents that demonstrate the credit standings and operations of the

borrower, the guarantor, the importer and the exporter, as well as audited financial statements of the borrower and the guarantor (excluding government authorities) over the past three years;

6) For RMB-denominated export buyer's credit, application for opening bank

settlement account and relevant evidentiary documents need to be provided;

7) In the case of mortgage or pledge, valid ownership certificates for the property under mortgage or pledge and evaluation reports need to be provided; and

8) Documents of intent on credit insurance (if such an insurance is required);

9) Other documents deemed necessary by the Bank.

E xport Buyer’s Credit

Export Buyer's Credit refers to the medium and long-term credit provided to foreign borrowers to finance their imports of Chinese products, technologies and services. The Credit is designed to facilitate foreign importer's (or project owner's) payment at sight of commercial contract to Chinese exporters (or contractors).

Credit Coverage

Export Buyer's Credit is mainly extended to finance exPorts of Chinese products, technologies and services as well as overseas construction projects that can facilitate Chinese exports of equipment, construction machinery, materials, technical and managerial expertise, and labor services.

Application Requirements

The borrower can be a foreign importer (project owner), a foreign financial institution, or the Ministry of Finance or other authorized institutions of the importing country, which are acceptable to the Bank.

The exporter should be an independent legal entity with export license and the ability to perform commercial contracts.

The following requirements shall be satisfied when applying for Export Buyer's Credit:

1. The economic and political environment of the borrower's country should be

stable;

2. The borrower should demonstrate sound credit standing and good debt

servicing capacity;

3. The value of the commercial contract shall exceed USD 2 million, and the

export project shall fall into the financing area of this credit;

4. The Chinese content of export products should be no less than 50% of the

total contract value. For the overseas contracting projects, no less than 15% of the project shall come from the export of Chinese equipment, construction mechanics, materials, engineering work, technical and managerial expertise, and labor services;

5. The borrower shall provide a repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank;

6. Export credit insurance shall be sought if required;

7. Other requirements the Bank deems necessary.

Terms and Conditions

Currency

The currency of the loan could be US Dollar or other foreign currencies

acceptable to the Bank. The Bank can also provide RMB-denominated export buyer's credit according to relevant rules and regulations.

Financing Amount

Credit for ship exports shall not exceed 80% of the total contractual value, and credit for other exports and overseas contracting projects and other export projects shall not exceed 85% of. the total contractual value,

Maturity

The tenor shall be calculated on the cash flows projection of each project. The maximum tenor, starting from the date of the first drawdown till the Last repayment date, shall not exceed 15 years in principle. Within the repayment period, the borrower shall repay semi-annually in equal installments unless otherwise specified.

Interest Rate

The interest rate of foreign currency-denominated credit could be either a fixed or floating interest rate in accordance with relevant rules and regulations of the Bank. The interest rate of RMB-denominated credit shall follow relevant rules and regulations.

Fees

China Eximbank will charge management fees, commitment fees and other fees relevant to the loan. For projects not covered or partially covered by export credit insurance, the Bank will charge exposure fees on the exposed part of the loan. Rates for individual: projects are decided in accordance with relevant rules and regulations of the Bank.

Loan Application and Approval

The following documents shall be provided:

1. Loan application letter;

2. Draft commercial contract, letter of intent, tendering and bidding documents;

3. Feasibility study report of the project;

4. Relevant approval documents from Chinese government authorities and the

host country of the project;

5. Documents that demonstrate the credit standing of the borrower, the

guarantor, the importer (or project owner), and the exporter (or contractor);

financial statements of the borrower and the guarantor (government agencies excluded);

6. For RMB-denominated export buyer's credit, application for opening bank

settlement account and relevant documents shall be provided;

7. In the case of mortgage or pledge, ownership certificates and necessary

evaluation reports thereof shall be submitted;

8. Other documents the Bank deems necessary.

China Eximbank will examine, in accordance with regulated procedures, the application documents submitted by the borrower, negotiate with the borrower on the terms and conditions, and complete the loan approval procedure. For large-size contracting projects, manufacturing projects or projects with complicated structure, external professionals or agencies could be employed for consultation and demonstration and due diligence investigation.

Loan Disbursement and Repayment

Upon approval of the Loan, the Bank and the borrower will sign loan agreement and other relevant legal documents, complete guarantee procedures and the transfer of rights and interests.

When the loan agreement enters into effect and the drawdown condition are satisfied, the Bank shall make disbursement to the borrower in accordance with the disbursement procedures stipulated in the loan agreement.

The borrower shall oaky the Bank relevant fees timely, and repay the principal and interests in accordance with the loan agreement.

1. A commercial contract is signed between the exporter and the importer.The

value of the contract should be no less than USD 2 million.

2. A loan agreement is signed between China Eximbank and the borrower.The

loan amount should not exceed 85% of the commercial contract value while 80% in the case of a ship export project.

3. Repayment guarantee provided by the guarantor to China Eximbank or other

security measures adopted on a case-by-case basis.

4. Export credit insurance or political risk insurance be provided if the Banks

deems necessary on a case-by-case basis.

5. The down payment should not be less than 15% of the commercial contract

and no less than 20% for ship export project.

6. The exporter delivers goods to the importer as stipulated in the commercial

contract.

7. China Eximbank make disbursements in accordance with the loan agreement

after the delivery of goods.

8. The borrower pay to China Eximbank relevant fees and interests, and repays

the principal semi-annually in accordance with the provisions of the loan agreement.

Chinese Government Concessional Loan and Preferential Export Buyer’s Credit

1. Chinese Government Concessional Loan

Basic Concept

Chinese Government Concessional Loan (hereafter referred as Concessional Loan) refers to the medium and long-term, low interest rate credit extended by China Eximbank under the designation of the Chinese Government with the nature of official assistance

Loan Purpose

The Concessional Loan is designed to:

●Fund manufacturing projects, infrastructure construction projects and

social welfare projects in the borrowing country, which can generate promising economic returns or good social benefits;

●Finance the procurement of Chinese mechanical, electronic products,

complete sets of equipment, technology and service and other goods by the borrowing country.

Credit Management

●The governance of Concessional Loan resides in Chinese Government

represented by Ministry of Commerce in cooperation with Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Finance. Ministry of Commerce is responsible for formulating policies and plans on Concessional Loan and the signing of inter-government framework agreement on Concessional Loan;

●China Eximbank is responsible for project appraisal, signing loan

agreements, loan disbursement, loan operation monitoring and collecting principal and interest.

Prospective Borrower

The Borrower of Concessional Loan is normally the government of the borrowing country represented by Ministry of Finance. Under special circumstances, the borrower could be a financial institution or other agencies designated by the government of the borrowing country and acceptable to China Eximbank. In such case, Ministry of Finance of the borrowing country is required to provide repayment guarantee acceptable to the Bank.

Terms and Conditions

Loan Amount

In principle, the amount of loan applied shall be no less than RMB 20 million. Interest Rate and Maturity

Interest rate and maturity shall be agreed upon between the Chinese Government and the Government of the borrowing country, and shall be stipulated in the inter-governmental framework agreement. Maturity includes grace period (including drawdown period) and repayment period. In the grace period, the borrower shall pay the interest but no principal. In the repayment period, the borrower shall pay both the interest and the principal as stipulated in the loan agreement.

Interest payment

Interest is calculated and paid semi-annually. Interest collection dates are fixed on March 21 st and September 21 st every year.

Principal repayment

In repayment period, the principal is repaid semi-annually in equal installments. Principal repayment dates are fixed on March 21st and September 21st every year.

Management Fee and Commitment Fee

Management Fee is calculated on the basis of the total amount of the Loan and paid in one lump sum before the first drawdown. Commitment Fee is calculated on the basis of the un-drawn amount of the Loan and paid on interest collection dates.

Project Criteria

Candidate projects shall meet the following requirements:

1) The project shall be approved by both the Chinese Government and the

Government of the borrowing country;

2) The borrowing country shall have sound diplomatic relations with Chinese

Government, and shall be politically stable and economically sound, with debt servicing capacity and reliable contract-performance record;

3) The project shall be technically feasible and shall fall within priority sectors

that can contribute to the economic development and sector planning of the borrowing country while being able to yield sound economic returns or social benefits;

4) Chinese companies shall be selected as the project contractor. And for

procurement projects, equipment supply shall come from a Chinese exporter in principle;

5) In project procurement, priority shall be given to equipment, materials,

technology or services from China. In principle, no less than 50% of total procurement shall be made in China;

6) The counterpart funds for the project shall be already in place. Qualification for Chinese Contractor/Exporter

The Chinese candidate contractor or exporter for executing the Concessional Loan project shall satisfy the following requirements:

1) It shall be a medium- and large-sized company registered with the local

Administration of Industry and Commerce, accredited with independent legal person status;

2) It shall be good in operation and management and sound in financial and

credit status;

3) For contracting projects, the Chinese contractor shall be authorized for the

operating rights of contracting overseas projects with A-Class (the top class) professional qualification for relevant specialties, and shall be experienced in contracting projects and good in performance.

4) For export projects, the Chinese exporter shall bear export license for

relevant products, and shall be experienced in foreign trade with good operation record.

Application Documents

1) Proposal or Loan Application from the Government of the borrowing country;

2) Recommendation issued by the Commercial Counselor's Office of the Chinese

Embassy in the borrowing country;

3) Project Proposal or Feasibility Study Report approved by the Government of

the borrowing country specifying the essential s ignificance of the project (target and objectives), content and scope of the project, investment budget, and other information including technical and economical feasibility and social benefits;

4) Commercial contract or other types of cooperation agreements signed

between the Chinese contractor/exporter and the local executing agency of the borrowing country;

5) Materials and documents presenting the political, economic and social status

of the borrowing country;

6) Profile statements, duplicate copy of the business license, audited financial

reports of the past three years of both Chinese contractor/ exporter and the local executing agency, and performance records of Chinese contractor/ exporter both at home and abroad.

7) Other documents required by the Bank.

Loan Procedures

Application

The Government of the borrowing country proposes, based on its development plan and strategy, candidate projects to the Chinese Government or China Eximbank with the submission of relevant application documents. Appraisal

China Eximbank conducts appraisal at its own discretion on the candidate projects, and reports appraisal results to the competent authority of the Chinese Government

Loan Agreement

●Inter-governmental Framework Agreement is signed between the Chinese

Government and the Government of the borrowing country, specifying the purpose, amount, maturity and interest rate of the facility;

●Individual loan Agreement is signed between China Eximbank and the

Borrower in line with the terms and conditions stipulated in the inter- governmental framework agreement.

Project Implementation and Loan Disbursement Project Implementation

It is essentially the obligation of both the Borrower and the executing agencies to implement the project. In the process of implementation, no change to the project content is allowed without the consent of China Eximbank.

Loan Disbursement

●The borrower submits drawing notice and payment documents for

drawdown of the loan as stipulated in the Loan Agreement. After examination, China Eximbank disburses the loan to the account of Chinese contractor/exporter;

●China Eximbank makes loan disbursement in line with the project progress

and monitors the implementation of project to ensure an efficient use of fund;

●The borrower reports to China Eximbank such information as the project

progress and use of funds and provides necessary assistance for the on- site inspection of the latter;

●Upon project completion, the borrower sends a completion report to China

Eximbank

Loan Repayment

The Borrower repays principal and interests as stipulated in the Loan Agreement.

2. Preferential Buyer's Credit

Preferential buyer's credit refers to the medium and long-term credit with preferential terms and conditions, aiming to promote China's economic and trade cooperation with other developing countries. China Eximbank is the only operating bank for this credit.

Loan Management

As the sole lender of preferential export buyer's credit authorized by the Chinese Government, China Eximbank is responsible for project evaluation, signing of loan agreements, loan disbursement, collection of loan principal and interests and portfolio management.

Objective

To boost China's economic cooperation with other developing countries;

To promote economic and social development of developing countries and

improve living standards of the local people.

Loan Principles

1) Compliance Principle: Preferential export buyer's credit shall be conducted in

line with state laws and regulations and rules of China Eximbank.

2) Centralized Management Principle: The Head Office of China Eximbank is responsible for the operation of preferential export buyer's credit.

Project Requirements

1) The Project shall meet the borrowing country's demand for economic

development and priority sector planning, and shall contribute to both the social-economic development of the borrowing country and trade and economic cooperation between China and the borrowing country.

2) The Project shall be able to generate foreign exchange revenue and create

jobs in the borrowing country. The credit focuses on supporting infrastructure such as energy, transportation, telecommunication projects, and high-efficiency sectors such as manufacturing, processing, and agriculture in the borrowing country.

3) Equipment, materials, technology or services demanded by the project shall

be procured from China in priority.

Terms and Conditions

1) Interest and Maturity: Referring to the terms decided in the General Loan

Agreement on Preferential Export Buyer's Credit. Maturity Period includes Grace Period and Repayment Period. In the Grace Period, the borrower shall pay the interest but no principal. In the repayment period, the principal is paid as stipulated in the loan agreement, usually in equal installments.

2) Principal Repayment and Interest Payment: The interest rate is calculated

semi-annually on January 21 and July 21 every year. Interest collection and principal repayment dares are fixed on the same date.

3) The borrower shall pay the management fee in one lump sum before the first

drawdown and pay commitment fee based on the un-drawn amount of the loan.

Qualification Requirements for Chinese Exporter/ Contractor 1) Registered with Chinese Administration for Industry and Commerce or its

local offices and accredited with independent legal person status.

2) Competent in exploring markets in developing countries.

3) Demonstrating sound operation, financial status and reliable credit records.

4) For construction projects (including project design), the Chinese contractor

shall be licensed or authorized to contract overseas projects and shall have obtained from competent Chinese government authorities A-Class certificate for relevant field, with experience in overseas construction and contract performance capacity.

(完整版)人教版小学英语六年级下册课文

六年级下册 Unit One How tall are you ? I’m 21 metres tall. I’m tallest! I’m 1.6 metres tall. I’m taller than dinosaur. It’s so tall! Some dinosaurs are bigger than houses. Some are smaller than our schoolbags. How heavy is it? It’s five tons. What size are your shoes? My shoes are size 35. Look! That’s the tallest dinosaur in this hall. Yes, it is. How tall is it? Maybe 4 metres. Wow! It’s taller than both of us together. Look！There are more dinosaurs over there! They’re all so big and tall. Hey, this dinosaur isn’t tall! I’m taller than this one. Oh, yes. How tall are you? I’m 1.65 metres.

How tall are you? I’m 1.61 metres. Oh! I’m taller. You’re older than me, too. How old are you? I’m 12 years old. How tall are you? I’m 1.64 metres. Wu Yifan is taller than John, but Zhang Peng is taller than Wu Yifan. Those shoes in the window are nice! Let’s have a look. What size are your shoes, Mike? Size 7. Size 7? That’s so small. In China I wear size 40 shoes. Oh! Your feet are bigger than mine. My shoes are size 37. Really? You look taller than me. But I think you are heavier. How heavy are you? I’m 48 kilograms. Yes, you’re heavier. I’m 46 kilograms.

人教版小学六年级下册语文课文

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中国各城市的古称谓及得名由来

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吉林——吉林全称吉林乌拉，满语意思是“沿江的城市”，吉林市是中国唯一省市同名的城市佳木斯——佳木斯清代又称“嘉木寺”，在满语是“驿丞”的意思，因为佳木斯在古代地处松花江通往黑龙江江口的驿道华东：烟台——意为“狼烟升起的炮台” 青岛——因岛上“山岩耸秀，林木蓊郁”而得名，且与“琴岛”谐音威海——明代在此地设威海卫，取“威震东海”之意日照——取“日出初光先照”之意淄博——淄川与博山的合称莱芜——莱是植物名，俗称灰菜，芜指田野荒芜，古时这里是一片荒凉的地方，故名莱芜菏泽——城市名押e韵，菏山与雷泽的合称，菏泽也是中国沿用最古老的地名之一合肥——因东淝河与南淝河在此汇合而得名蚌埠——意为“盛产蚌珠的港埠”，蚌埠由此别称为珠城宿迁——春秋时为钟吾子国，后宿国迁都于此，宿迁由此得名连云港——意为“在连岛与云台山之间的港湾”，云台山是江苏省的最高峰镇江——唐代为镇海军节度使的驻地，到了宋代因地理环境的变化，此地距大海较远，故而更名为镇江，取“镇守长江”之意无锡——先秦锡山产锡，至汉朝锡尽，故名无锡上海——得名于松江（即苏州河）的一条支流上海浦，上海意为“通向大海的地方” 金华——意为“金星与婺女争华之地” 宁波——宁波古称明州，宁波得名于“海定则波宁”

古今名人名字的由来含义

古今名人名字的由来含义姓名是中华文化的脉承之一，它是人们以血脉传承为根基的社会人文标识。历史上名字起得好的名人，人也惊艳，名也惊艳。下面让我们一起品味中国的名字艺术。 1、子，神国公嘉的后代，公嘉字文。我国古人有的以祖先的“字”为姓，如公子牙字叔，他的子就叫叔得臣。子也是近这种式为姓的。故姓。为什么人们叫子为“老二”呢?原来，子的父亲叔梁纥，是国的一个将军，他原有九个女儿和一个儿子。这仅有的一个儿子是个瘸子。在当时男尊女卑的情况下，叔梁纥当然很不满意。于是，他就和妻子一起到曲阜东南的尼丘山求天神另赐一子。后来，果然又生下了子，叙梁纥以为这是在尼丘山上求来的，就给他取名为丘，字仲尼。“仲”字是排行，表示“第二”的意思，因为子是叔梁纥的第二个儿子，所以人们又叫子为“老二”。 2、白，相传白到七岁时还没有正式的名字。原因是他在“抓”时，抓了《诗经》这本书，这不但喜坏了他父亲，而且也难坏了他父亲。他想：如果儿子长大成了诗人，若没有一个叫得响的好名字岂不遗憾?于是，越往诗人的名声面想，越发对儿子取名之事慎之又慎了，故此一拖多年没有定名。这年春天，白一家在家院中游玩，他父亲想作一首春日的七绝诗，有意考考儿子的本事。他咏了两句：“春风送暖百花开，迎春绽金它先来”后就说：“后面的诗句我想不出来了，由你们母子二人续上吧。”白的母亲想了一会道：“火烧杏林红霞

落”，她的话音刚落，白就用手指树，脱白说道：“花怒放一树白。”他父亲听后，连声叫好，忽然心里一动：这句诗的头一个字不正是自家的姓吗？这最后一个“白”字不正说出了花圣洁高雅吗？于是，他当即决定儿子的名字就叫白。 3、，1896年9月，日本青年宫崎滔天、平山，经过多曲折，在日本横滨中国革命志士少白的寓所，见到了文。文谈及革命时，其慷慨激昂之情，犹如深山虎啸。他俩被文的革命热情、见识和抱负深深感动，决心帮助文，并为他的生命安全担忧，劝他暂时留驻日本。文同意后，宫崎和平山就陪同文找旅馆。他们绕过日比谷公园，路过候爵府邸，来到“对鹤馆”旅馆，并由平山替文代笔登记。当时，文处于流亡之中，不便公开姓名身份。填写什么好呢？平山执笔踌躇一番，忽然想起刚才走过候爵府时看见的那块牌匾，于是就在旅馆簿上写下了“”两字。但按日本习俗，只是个姓，还得有一个适当的名字才好，平山又踌躇起来了。正在这时，文接过登记簿，在“”两字下面添上了一个“樵”字，笑着对平山说：“我是中国的山樵。”这就是名字的由来。 4、迅，著名史学家候外庐同志在一篇文章中，对迅之所以取名迅，作了如下解释：一般人把迅字解释为“快迅”，是不确切的。迅字《尔雅?释兽》云：“牝狼，其子激，绝有力，迅。”注云：“狼子绝有力者，曰迅。”“缴”即激，从犬言兽性，从水言水性。都是激烈的意思。迅的，取自迅的母亲的姓。迅，古义的狼子。迅的字义可理解为牝狼一个有勇力的儿子。迅为什么要以狼子自居？他曾说过自己甘做封建制

中国省会和简称汇总

记忆各省简称京津沪渝直辖市蒙宁新藏桂自治一国两制台港澳东北三省黑吉辽冀鲁晋归华北苏浙皖赣在华东湘鄂豫归华中华南还有粤闽琼川滇黔归西南西北还有陕甘青记忆我国的行政区域省份名称两湖两广两河山五江云贵福吉安四西二宁青甘陕海内台北上重天香港澳门和台湾爱我祖国好河山第1句：湖南,湖北,广东,广西,河南,河北,山东,山西第2句：新疆,黑龙江,江西,浙江,江苏,云南,贵州,福建,吉林,安徽第3句：四川,西藏,宁夏,辽宁,青海,甘肃,陕西第4句：海南,内蒙古,台湾,北京,上海,重庆,天津

23个省份

中国各省简称的由来一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为

人教版六年级语文下册课文

人教版六年级语文下册课文 1、文言文两则《学弈》《两小儿辩日》电子课文学弈（yì）[1] 弈秋[2]，通国[3]之善弈者也。使弈秋诲[4]二人弈，其一人专心致志，惟（w?i）弈秋之为听[5]；一人虽听之[6]，一心以为有鸿鹄（hú）[7]将至，思援[8]弓缴（zhu ?）[9]而射之。虽与之[10]俱[11]学，弗（fú）[12]若之矣（yǐ）[13]。为[14]是其[15]智弗若与（yú）？曰：非然也。两小儿辩日[16] 孔子东游，见两小儿辩斗[17]，问其故。一儿曰：“我以[18]日始出时去[19]人近，而日中[20]时远也。” 一儿以日初出远，而日中时近也。一儿曰：“日初出大如车盖，及[21]日中则如盘盂（yú）[22]，此不为远者小而近者大乎？” 一儿曰：“日初出沧（cāng）沧凉凉[23]，及其日中如探汤[24]，此不为近者热而远者凉乎？” 孔子不能决[25]也。两小儿笑曰：“孰（shú）为汝（rǔ）[26]多知[27]乎？” 1、本文选自《孟子?告子》。孟子是我国古代的思想家、教育家。《孟子》记录了孟子的思想和言行。弈：下棋。 2、秋：人名，因他善于下棋，所以称为弈秋。 3、通国：全国。 4、诲：教导。 5、惟弈秋之为听：只听弈秋（的教导）。 6、之：指弈秋的教导。 7、鸿鹄：天鹅。 8、援：引，拉。 9、缴：古时指带有丝绳的箭。 10、之：他，指前一个人。 11、俱：一起。 12、弗：不。 13、矣：了。 14、为：因为。 15、其：他的，指后一个人。 16、本文选自《列子?汤问》。 17、辩斗：辩论，争论。 18、以：认为。 19、去：离。 20、日中：正午。 21、及：到。 22、盘盂：盛物的器皿。圆者为盘，方者为盂。

中国各省名称的由来

中国各省名称的由来我国幅员辽阔，人口众多，具有悠久的历史文化。各个省（直辖市）名称和别称的由来源远流长，各具特色，读来使人对祖国的秀丽山川倍感亲切。一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣登基后，从南京迁都于此，改称当时的“北平”为“北京”，意与南京相对之意，名称一直沿用至今。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）

上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。二、五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。 2、维吾尔自治区（新）辖区古称西域。西汉设西域都护府。东汉魏晋改都护为长史。唐代设伊、西、庭三州和安西、北庭两个都护府。17世纪中叶以后，清朝平定了准噶尔部叛乱，在天山南北设伊犁将军。清光绪10年（1884年），改为新疆省，意为“故土新归”。1955年，设新疆维吾尔自治区。取全称中的“新”字作为简称。 3、西藏自治区（藏）

我国各个城市的简称

一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。二、五个自治区

1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。 2、维吾尔自治区（新）辖区古称西域。西汉设西域都护府。东汉魏晋改都护为长史。唐代设伊、西、庭三州和安西、北庭两个都护府。17世纪中叶以后，清朝平定了准噶尔部叛乱，在天山南北设伊犁将军。清光绪10年（1884年），改为新疆省，意为“故土新归”。1955年，设新疆维吾尔自治区。取全称中的“新”字作为简称。 3、西藏自治区（藏）元时称西藏地区为“乌思藏”。“乌思”是藏语“中央”的意思，“藏”是“圣洁”的意思。明代设立两个都指挥使司。清代称西藏东部为“康”（喀木），中部为“卫”，西部日喀则一带为“藏”（包括阿里），因其在中国西部，故称西藏。1965年设立西藏自治区。取全称中的“藏”字作为简称。另一说认为简称源于故称“乌思藏”。 4、宁夏回族自治区（宁）公元5世纪处，匈奴贵族赫连勃勃自以为是夏后氏后裔，故将建立的割据政权定国号为“夏”。宋代，党项族拓拔氏首领李元昊称帝，定都兴庆府（今银川），立国号“夏”，创立文字，建西夏王朝。13世纪，元灭西夏，取“平定西夏永远安宁”之意，在这里设宁夏行省，始有宁夏之名。1958年设宁夏回族自治区。取全称中的“宁”字作为简称。 5、广西壮族自治区（桂）宋设广南西路，简称广西路，“广西”一名产生。元设广西两江道。明设广西省。1958年设广西僮族自治区，1965年改为广西壮族自治区。

中国各省份地区划分(整理)

北京（京）天津（津）上海（沪）重庆（渝）内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）维吾尔自治区（新）西藏自治区（藏）宁夏回族自治区（宁）广西壮族自治区（桂）香港特别行政区（港）澳门特别行政区（澳）黑龙江省（黑）吉林省（吉）辽宁省（辽）河北省（冀）山西省（晋）青海省（青）山东省（鲁）河南省（豫）江苏省（苏）安徽省（皖）浙江省（浙）福建省（闽）江西省（赣）湖南省（湘）湖北省（鄂）广东省（粤）台湾省（台）海南省（琼）甘肃省（甘或陇）陕西省（陕或秦）四川省（川或蜀）贵州省（贵或黔）云南省（云或滇）dian 华东：山东、江苏、江西、安徽、浙江、上海华南：湖南、广东、广西、福建华北：北京、天津、河北、内蒙、山西西南：云南、贵州、四川、重庆、西藏西北：陕西、甘肃、宁夏、新疆、青海中国各省份简称的由来四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”（ji），是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，

称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949 年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐 2 年（1404 年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949 年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292 年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949 年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190 年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997 年，重庆设为直辖市。隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）(呼和浩特市) 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206 年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。

名字的由来(作文16篇)(精美篇)

《名字的由来》名字的由来作文（一）：名字的由来350字中国的孩子习惯跟父同姓，我父亲姓滕，所以我也姓滕。我的名字是我在妈妈肚子里5个月的时候就取好了，是爸爸给我取的。远航是在2000年冬天那时正下着茫茫的大雪，我父母在温暖的小屋里看电视，他们看见广阔的大海上有一艘轮船，轮船上正飘着鲜红的中国五星红旗，站着威武的中国海军。这时爸爸突然就有了一个想法，说不管我们的孩子是男孩还是女孩，都叫远航。妈妈也觉得这个名字既好听又有好处，从此我就叫了滕远航。我的爸爸妈妈期望我驾驶大轮船向大海前进。我期望我是一名海上特站队的队长，能够保卫国家，我不会辜负父母对我的期望。不论怎样我必须会努力去大海完成父母的心愿。你此刻明白我的名字有什么秘密了吧，你们也说说你们的名字有什么秘密吧。名字的由来作文（二）：名字的由来300字我叫郑逸豪。郑是姓爸爸的姓，逸是飘逸的逸，英俊潇洒的意思。豪是英雄豪杰的豪，又勇敢又机智的意思。我的名字还有其他三个。一是小马虎，因为我做事、写字、考试等都很马虎，十分容易犯大大小小的错误，所以爸爸常常严厉地批评我是个小马虎。二是小憨憨，因为我的脸蛋胖乎乎的，说话的样貌憨憨的，做事情也懒洋洋的，所以妈妈常常摸着我的脸蛋，亲昵地叫我小憨憨。三是旺崽小毛头，这是我姐姐给我起的名字，因为我小时候头上的头发可稀少啦，姐姐就把我的头发比喻成几根毛，所以我就有了这个小毛头这个绰号。我的秘密已经告诉你们了，你们可千万别拿我的三个名字来开我的玩笑哦。名字的由来作文（三）：名字的来历350字小名字大好处每个人都有自我的名字，每个名字都代表不一样的好处，都有一个动人的故

全国各省份的简称及由来

中国分4个直辖市，5个自治区，2个特别行政区，24个省，简称如下：直辖市：北京[京] 天津[津] 上海[沪] 重庆[渝] 自治区：宁夏[宁] 西藏[藏] 广西[桂] 新疆[新] 内蒙古特别行政区：香港[港] 澳门[澳] 省份：黑龙江[黑] 云南[滇|云] 吉林[吉] 安徽[皖] 山东[鲁] 山西[晋] 广东[粤] 广西[桂] 江苏[苏] 江西[赣] 河北[冀] 河南[豫] 浙江[浙] 海南[琼] 湖北[鄂] 湖南[湘] 甘肃[甘|陇] 福建[闽] 四川[川|蜀]

贵州[黔|贵] 辽宁[辽] 陕西[陕|秦] 青海[青] 台湾[台] 各省省名的来由：江西：以江南的西部得名。唐属江南西道，后设江西观察使，为江西得名的开始；宋置江南西路，简称江西路；元设江西行省及江西湖东道；明置江西省，后改江西布政使司；清改江西省，省名至今未变。山东：以在太行山之东而得名。唐大部分属河南道；宋设京东路，后分京东东、西路；金更名山东东、西路，为山东得名的开始；元设山东东西道；明置山东省，后改山东布政使司；清改山东省，省名至今未变。山西：以在太行山之西而行名。唐大部分属河东道；宋设河东路；金分河东北、南路；元设山西河东道，为山西得名的开始；明置山西省，后改山西布政使司；清改山西省，省名至今未变。河南：以在黄河之南而得名。西汉即有河南郡，为河南得名的开始。唐大部分属都畿道和河南道；宋设京畿路和京西北路；金改南京路；元设河南江北省和河南江北道；明置河南省，后改河南布政使司；清改河南省，省名至今未变。河北：以在黄河之北而得名。唐大部分属河北道，为河北得名的开始。宋设河北路，后分河北东、西路；金分河北东路设大名府路；元设燕南赵北道；明设北平省，后废省，所有府和直隶州直属中央，称北直隶；清改直隶省；1929年民国改河北省，省名至今未变。湖南：以在洞庭湖之南而得名。唐属江南西道和黔中道，后设湖南观察使，为湖南得名的开始；宋称湖南路；元设岭北湖南道；明属湖广省，后改省为湖广布政使司；清分湖广省置湖南省，省名至今未变。湖北：以在洞庭湖之北而得名。唐属江南东道、淮南道和山南东道；宋荆湖北路，简称湖北路，为湖北得名的开始；元设江南湖北道；明属湖广省，后改为省为湖广布政使司；清分湖广省置湖北省，省名至今未变。广东：以广南东路简称得名。唐属岭南道；宋以旧广州辖地置广南东路，简称广东路，为广得名的开始；元设海北广东道；明置广东省，后改广东布政使司；清改广东省，省名至今未变。

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中国历史各朝代名称来历我国历史悠久，朝代更零星纷繁。每朝的创建者要首手办的第一件事就是确立国号（朝代名称）。国号就是一个国家的称号。《史记·五帝本纪》：“自黄帝至舜禹，皆同姓而异其国号，以章明德。” 朝代的名称是由什么决定呢？大致有五个来由：由部族、部落联盟的名称而来，来自创建者原有卦号、爵位；源于创建者原始所或政权统治的区域；源于宗族关系；寓意吉祥。具体说： w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 夏：据传禹曾受卦于夏伯，因用以称其政权为“夏”。另据历史学家范文澜先生说，禹的儿子启西迁大夏（山西南部汾浍一带）后，才称“夏”。商：相传商（今河南商丘南）的始祖契曾帮助禹治水有功而受卦于商，以后就以“商”来称其部落（或部族）。汤灭夏后，就以“商”作为国名。后盘庚迁殷（今河南安阳西北）后，又以"殷"或"殷商"并称。周：周部落到古公檀父时，迁居于周原（今陕西岐山）。武王灭殷以后，就以“周”为朝代名。周前期建都于镐（今陕西西安西南），后来平王东迁洛邑（今河南洛阳），因在镐的东方，就有“西周”和“东周”的称号。秦：据《史记》记载，本为古部落，其首领非子为周孝王羊马有成绩，被周孝王赐姓为“嬴”，并赐给了一小块土地（今甘肃天水县，另说是陇西谷名）。后来襄又救周有功被封为诸侯，秦始皇统一六国，始建秦国。汉：项羽封刘邦为汉王，以后刘邦击败项羽，统一中国，国号称“汉”。汉朝前期都长安，后期都洛阳，故从都城上有“西汉”和“东汉”，从时间上有“前汉”和“后汉”之分。魏：汉献帝曾封曹操为“魏公”、“魏王”爵位，曹丕代汉后便称“魏”以皇室姓曹，历史上又称“曹魏”。蜀：刘备以四川为活动地区，蜀指四川，其政权称“蜀”。历史上也称“蜀汉”。汉指东汉的继续。吴：孙权活动于长江下游一带，历史上曾建吴国，曹魏曾封孙权为“吴王”，故史称“孙吴”；又以地位在东，也称“东吴”。晋：司马昭逼魏帝封他为“晋公”，灭蜀后进爵为晋王。后来他的儿子司炎继承他的爵位，逼令魏帝退位，自立为皇帝，国号“晋”。隋：隋文帝杨坚之父杨忠，曾被北周封为“随国公”。隋文帝后袭用此卦爵，称为“随朝”。他认为随有走的意思，恐不祥改为“隋”。唐：唐高祖李渊的祖父李虎，佐周有功，被追卦为“唐国公”，爵位传至李渊。太原起兵后，李渊称“唐王”，后废杨广建唐朝。辽：辽原称“契丹”，改“辽”是因居于辽河上游之故。宋：后周恭帝继位后，命赵匡胤为归德节度史，归德军驻宋州（今河南商丘），赵匡胤为宋州节度使。故陈桥兵变后，发迹在宋州，国号曰“宋”。西夏：拓拔思恭占据夏州（今山西横山县），建国时以夏州得名，称“大夏”。因其在西方，宋人称“西夏”。金：金都城上京会宁（今黑龙江阿城南），位于按出虎水（今阿什河），相传其水产金，女真语“金”为“按出虎”。元：据《元史》记载：“元”的命名，是元世祖忽必烈定的。是取《易经》上“大哉乾元”句中的“元”，有大、首等意思。但也有人认为与蒙古人的风俗与图腾有关，有的认为与佛教有关。明：朱元璋是元末起义军之一，是继承郭子兴而发展起来的，郭子兴属于白莲教组织。白莲

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