华慧上海交通大学2012年考博英语真题阅读理解第三篇试题及参考答案

上海交通大学2012年考博英语真题

阅读理解试题及参考答案

(Three)

Passage Three

School buildings themselves can reflect liberal or conservative views about what should go on in a classroom. The earliest schools built to accommodate large numbers of children had separate classrooms for graded groups. The rooms were laid out formally, with pupils’ desks bolted to the floor in straight rows facing the teacher’s desk. Clearly, the school itself reflected a teacher’ and subject-centered view of education. Schools of the next generation, built after1940, were lighter and airier and had more open space, and most had movable desks. They also often provided special rooms or areas for science, art, music, and physical education. There were still separate rooms for different grade levels, however, and the desks still were likely to be formally arranged in straight, rows. That is, the schoolroom was still largely designed to implement the old school program, which involved grade levels, uniform time blocks, uniformity of instruction, and absorption of subject matter. Newer subjects, not newer teaching methods, accounted for most of what was new in school design.

The first school buildings specifically to facilitate liberal teaching methods began to appear in the mid-1950s. Folding interior walls-or no walls at all-permitted the flexible use of space to encourage large-group, small-group, or individual instruction. Some provided carrels for individual study, areas designed for team teaching, centers for programmed instruction and a language laboratory.

In the newest buildings-called open schools-the use of space is even more flexible. Since so much of the space is undifferentiated, areas within the buildings can be readily expanded, converted to accommodate program changes, and used for many kinds of functions. As a reflection of a conservative or liberal attitude toward education, the physical layout of a school can either facilitate or hinder conservative or liberal teaching practices. But it cannot determine what those practices will be. It may be difficult for a conservative teacher to operate in a physically open classroom or for liberal teacher to operate in formal classroom. But it is not impossible. What determines whether the classroom is liberal or conservative, in terms of the education the students receive, is the spirit and attitude of the teacher.

51. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. The physical layout of school buildings can reflect liberal or

conservative views about education.

B. The physical layout of a school can either facilitate or hinder

conservative or liberal teaching practices.

C. The spirit and attitude of the teachers determines whether the

classroom is liberal or conservative.

D. The development of school buildings reflects the improvement in education quality.

52. What’s the greatest difference between the earliest and the second generation schools?

A. The former had separate classrooms for different grades while the latter not.

B. Classrooms were laid out formally in the former while informally in the latter.

C. Teaching methods are newer in the latter as compared with the former.

D. Subjects are newer in the latter as compared with the former.

53. The word “carrel” in paragraph 3 most probably refers to ________.

A.a small room with a desk

B.a bookshelf with reference materials

C.a self-study aiding tool

D.a computer with teaching courseware

54. According to the passage, we may infer that the newest school buildings reflect______.

A.a teacher-centered view of education

B.a student-centered view of education

C.a subject-centered view of education

D.a practice-centered view of education

55. The author holds a (n) _______ view towards the open schools in terms of how they affect teaching practices.

A.positive

B. objective

C. doubtful

D. indifferent

参考答案解析

Passage Three

【文章大意】

本文主要讲述了不同的学校建筑格局反映了传统或开明的教学理念。早期的学校按年级分教室。学生的座位面向讲台，有序排列。19 40年后，教师空间更为开阔，有可移动课桌。教室还是按年级分，课桌还是按序排列，但是，产生了新的学科。最先促进开放的教学方法的学校建筑出现在20世纪50年代。那时，空间可以灵活使用，有的还设置了卡座。后来，开放式教学对空间的运用也更为灵活。建筑格局促进或阻碍教学实践的发展，但学生接受的教育是教师的精神和态度的体现。

【答案与解析】

51.A

【解析】大意推测题。文中提到，学校的建筑结构能反应传统

或开放的教学观念，并举例论证。选项B和C说法正确，但不

是全文的重点所在。选项D，说法错误。学校建筑的发展反

映的是教学实践的发展而不是教育质量的发展。因而，选选

项A。

52.D

【解析】细节判断题。定位于第2段，文中提到前者是以教师

为主体的教学，后者产生了多种学科，人不是教学方法不同

，可直接选出选项D。

53.A

【解析】词意推测题。定位于第3段。文中提到对空间的灵活

运用，并举例说明。可知carrel应该是空间运用的一种，四个

选项中只有选项A，提到了空间运用。因而，选选项A。54.D

【解析】细节判断题。可定位于最后1段。文中提到学校的结构促

进或阻碍传统或开放的教学实践。但无论是传统还是开放，学生

接受的教育是老师的精神和态度。可知选D。

55. B

【解析】观点判断题。综合全文，作者是对开放式学校对教学

实践的影响进行阐释，论述，并没有过多的感情色彩。全文

是从客观的角度论述事实。因而，选B。

【长句难句剖析】

1. That is, the schoolroom was still largely designed to implement the old school program, which involved grade levels, uniform time blocks, uniformity of instruction, and absorption of subject matter.

【参考译文】那就是说，教室在很大程度上仍然是用来实现老旧的学校计划，包括等级水平，统一的时间，单一的指导，和学科的合并。

【分析】句子的框架是：the schoolroom was designed to implement the old school program。That

is做插入语，没有实际意义。Which引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句中是各个短语做成的并列句。uniformity of instruction “单一的指导”。absorption of subject matter “学科的合并”。

2. Since so much of the space is undifferentiated, areas within the buildings can be readily expanded, converted to accommodate program changes, and used for many kinds of functions.

【参考译文】因为众多的空间是没有差别的，在这些建筑中就可以很容易地扩展，以适应转换程序的变化并用于多种功能。

【分析】句子的框架是：areas can be expanded converted to accommodate program changes, and used for many kinds of functions。Since引导原因状语从句。within the

buildings修饰areas。Undifferentiated “未分化的，无差别的，一致的”。

3. What determines whether the classroom is liberal or conservative, in terms of the education the students receive, is the spirit and attitude of the teacher.

【参考译文】就学生接受的教育而言，决定教室是自由还开放的，是教师的精神和态度。

【分析】句子的框架是：the spirit and attitude of teacher determines…句子的主语部分是一个主语从句。主语从句中又是wheth er引导的名词性从句。in terms of “就……而言”。

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考博心得之考博英语阅读理解 阅读理解在大家看来，是英语考试中最关键的部分，因为这部分所占的分数最多，在试卷中的地位举足轻重。有很多方面的书籍，介绍大家如何来提高阅读理解水平，却很少提到不同类别的英语考试试卷中，都有自己的出题特点。其结果是，大凡英语考试，大家都采用几乎一样的思考模式，这在相当程度上影响了具体类别考试复习时的针对性。 首先，介绍如何提高阅读理解的基本功 很多参考书中（推荐一本考博英语阅读理解精练220篇(上下册)）。都提到在阅读时，不能读出声来，要快速的阅读。要达到这个水平需要相当的训练，可惜的是大部分考生由于各种原因，没有这样的条件。根据个人的体会，阅读中，碰到的最大问题往往不是理解不了其中内容，经常让人头痛的是阅读过程中，会在一些关键地方碰到自己不认识的单词，大大影响了自己对文章的领悟。所以第一个基本功还是词汇部分，我们不需要把大纲中所有的词汇（考博英语10000词汇详解）都会拼写，因为除了写作之外，会认某个词与会写某个词没区别，即使是写作，用到的词也都是常见的。 学会用自己的呼吸来控制自己的阅读，进而提高阅读速度。这点可能不少朋友没有听说过吧，对，这是我自己体会后总结出来的。针对一个句子，大家要学着在吸气的过程中，看明白前半部分的意思，而在呼气的过程中，看明白后一半的内容。开始训练时，大部分人达不到这个要求，没关系，重新吸气，呼气，直到这个句子看懂。选择的文章不要太难，但也不能过于简单，仔细体会这个过程。 我比较推荐的一个方法是：充分利用选择填空题目，在要填空的位置上，先写上正确的答案，然后尝试着在一个呼吸过程中看懂它所表述的意思。这不仅将来能提高选择填空的阅读速度，也提高了语感。当训练的差不多后，可以转入阅读文章了，把呼吸和大脑的思维连贯性统一起来。 其次，阅读理解过程中，需要从头读到尾吗？ 这个问题，我也曾经问了自己很多次。经过尝试后，我总结的经验是没必要。说起来大家可能不相信，我觉得阅读理解，如其说是阅读，不如说是把文章的内容结构搞懂：这篇阅读理解分了几个段落？每个段落中最重要的那个主旨句要表达的是什么意思？文章作者是以什么口气、什么态度来看待自己文章所描述的内容的？实际就是从宏观上把握作者的意图 全面阅读有什么不？第一个就是浪费时间，考试中的时间是最宝贵的，如果费了不少时间读懂了文章的某些内容（即使是比较重要的），可偏巧这在后边的题目中又没有体现出来，不就是浪费时间和精力吗？第二就是使得人容易忘记其他部分的内容，当我们看第一段的时候，看明白它的内容了，可当你把最后一段也看懂之，第一段的内容你还能记得多少呢？这个问题在阅读理解进行到第三篇，第四篇的时候尤其突出，以至于头晕脑胀。相信很多人有这个感觉，英语考试过程中，觉得自己脑力不够用，或者考试结束后有朦胧的倦意。这对后边题目的完成绝对是个巨大威胁。第三就是缺乏对整个文章的理解，由于在全面阅读过程中，人的精力集中在具体句子的理解上，冲淡了整体的认识，而几乎每个阅读理解后的题目中，总少不了1个或2个关于文章整体概括性的题目，稍有偏差，就会出错。