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高考英语语法归纳

高考英语语法归纳
高考英语语法归纳

高中英语语法归纳总结

一、名词

【知识精讲】

名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。

专有

名词

表示某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等

普通名词

可数

名词

个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun

集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family

不可数

名词

物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air

抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work

一、名词的数

在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点:

1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词),如:

physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States

2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人/ 物”。

如:The meeting is a success.

(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.

(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.

3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:

machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence

4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:

chicken鸡肉/ chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉/ fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水/ waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间

5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:

glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:

people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人)

7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:

belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks,

congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops

8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public

●The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.

●My family are going with me.

9. 单复数同形的名词,如:

fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等

●How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:

sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives

11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:

woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,

foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,

12 .专有名词的“数”,如:

史密斯一家人the Smiths 两个玛丽two Marys

13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:

缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成

three a’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)

●Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟

●You mightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.

14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:

advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.

二、名词所有格

英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,1. 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如:

the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。

2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加's, 如:

her brother-in-law's bike, someone else's keys a day or two's rest

4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。

John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)

5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名

词,如:在诊所at the doctor’s 在我姐家at my sister's

6. 双重所有格,of +名词's 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my father's ,

works of Lu Xun's

注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同

●This is a picture of my friend's. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画

●This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片

三. 名词作定语

1. 一般用单数形式,如:

a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop

2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如:sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室a goods train 货车talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关

3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:

a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials

4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:

two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

二、冠词

【知识精讲】

一、不定冠词(a/an)

1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。

A square has four sides.

2. 用于某些物质名词前。

a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念

3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。

a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚

4. 用于某些固定结构中。

once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,

all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , It’s a pity that… .

5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。

He is so good a teacher that all of us like him.

6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。

It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.

7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。

Take this medicine three times a day.

8. 用于同源宾语中:

die a …death ; dream a …dream ; fight a …fight ; sleep a …sleep; live/lead a …life;

smile a …smile

二、定冠词(the)

1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如:

Is this the book you are looking for?

2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如:

the stars,the moon,the sun,the universe等。

3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。

We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy.

4. 用于表示方位的名词前。

the east, the left, the south

5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。

the tallestboy

He is the taller of the two brothers.

6. in + the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s

7. the + 比较级+ …, the + 比较级+ …:; 越…; 就越…。如:

The harder you study English, the more progress you will make.

8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家

9. the + adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者; the sick 病人;

the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西

10.by the + 单位名词。如by the hour,按小时计

11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如:

A stone hit John on the head.

12.play + the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano.弹钢琴.

13.用在惯用语中。例如:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

三、零冠词:

1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。

2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指;

如:Horses are useful animals.

(思考:A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal)

3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词;

●We made him president of USA.

●Who’s this, Mother?

4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词; 如:Have you had supper?

5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day 表节日的名词前不用冠词;

如:March, Christmas, Women ’s Day … (但是:the Spring Festival ……) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词; 如:his book; that cat; any people ……

7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:

by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, English literature 8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。

● husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ……

● to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table …… ● Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.

● At last, she turned doctor. (但是:She became a doctor.)

三、代词

代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节。 一人称代词

人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。 单数

复数

主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称

you you you

you

第三人称

he she it

him her it

they

them

(1).人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:

①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。

●—Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me.

●What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!

②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

数 格 人

●The thief was thought to be he.(the thief 是主格,故用he 代替)

●They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me 是宾格,故用her 替代) ③在比较级的句子中than 、as 后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

●I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

●I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too. (2).两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则为:

①在并列主语中,“I ”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me 也一样。 ●You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. ②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。 ●He and she still don ’t agree to the plan. (3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。 ①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。 ②she 可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 ●The “Titanic ”was the largest, wasn ’t she? 二.物主代词

表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性 形容词性物主代词

名词性物主代词

单数

第一人称 my mine 第二人称

your yours 第三人称 his his her hers its its 复数

第一人称

our ours 第二人称 your yours 第三人称

their

theirs

⑴.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:用作主语、宾语和表

语。

● Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)

● I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语) 三.反身代词

⑴反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语。 ⑵反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to

别 人 称 数

⑶反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地

by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质。

四.相互代词(each other, one another)

相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。

一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。

五.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等。

⑴.指示代词this和that的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

●This is my desk and that is yours.

●In those days they could not go to school.

②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。

●I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.

●He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

③this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。

●You have changed that much.

⑵.such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语或定语。

●Such was the story.

●We have never seen such a tall building.

②same指“同样的”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语.

●The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)

●Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.

他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)

六.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose)

⑴.疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

who was her husband? (主语)

What do you want? (作宾语)

⑵.which与who、what

which 表示在一定范围内,而who 、what 则无此限制。 ● I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? ⑶.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。

七 .不定代词

不定代词主要有:all 、each 、every 、both 、either 、neither 、one 、none 、little 、few 、many 、much 、other 、another 、some 、any 、no 等。还有由some 、any 、no 和every 构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every 、no 只能作定语。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。 ⑴.some 与any

一般用法:some 、any 可与可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词连用。some 一般用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句。 ● He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

● Some like sports,while others like music.(主语) ● Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) ● I don ’t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法:

①any 用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。 ● Any child can do that.(定语) ● You may take any of them.(宾语) ②some 用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。 ● Smith went to some place in England.(定语)

③在期待对方回答yes 时,some 用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 ● Would you like some bananas?(邀请) ● Mum,could you give me some money?(请求) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

● I don ’t know some of the students.(宾语)

some 和any 在句中还可作状语,作副词。some 意为“大约”相当于“about ”,而any 可修饰比较级,常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如: ● There are some 300 workers on strike. ● Do you feel any better today?

Population … ? 人口是多少? Distance …? 距离是多少? Price …? 价格是多少? Address …? 住在哪里? Attitude …? 态度怎样?

What ’s the

⑵.one,both,all

①one作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself.

●One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)

●This is not the one I want.(表语)

②both用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。

●This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)

●Both of the boys are here.(主语)

●We both are students.(同位语)

注意:

a.both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

●Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

b.both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.

Both the /these boys are tall.

③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与名词复数连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。

●All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

●I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

●That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

●They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:

●Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

●None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

⑶.none和nothing,no one

no one单独使用,只指人,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答who的提问;Nothing单独使用,用于指物,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答what的提问;

None强调数量,既可以指人又可以指物,有限定的范围,能与of连用,常用来回答how much、how many的提问。当上下文中含有“many,much,some,any”等表数量概念的词时常用none。

●None of us will belive in such a person.我们没有人会相信这样一个人。

●He has many friends,but none can really help him when he is in trouble.他有很多朋友,但是当他处于困境中的时候,没有一个朋友能真正帮助他。

●---Who told you the news?谁告诉你这消息的?

---No one.I read it on the newspaper.没有人告诉我。我在报纸上读的。

⑷.each和every

each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。另外,every可用于[ every other (或every +数词) + 名词]的结构中,表示"每隔……"之意思:every other day 每隔一天every three years 每隔三年

every third year 每隔三年every other line 每隔一行

every ten miles每隔十哩

●Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)

●Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)

●Each of them has been there.(主语)

●The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)

●We each got a ticket.(同位语)

⑸.either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:●Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)

●Neither boy knows French.(定语)

●The little girl can write with either hand. 小姑娘哪只手写字都行。(作定语)●——Would you prefer tea or coffee,sir? 先生,你喝茶还是咖啡?

●——Oh,I don’t mind. Either will do. 噢,无所谓。随便哪一种都行。(作主语)

●You can come on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK for me. 你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。对我来说哪一天都可以。(作定语)

注意:

①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.

②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese.

③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I.

④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.

⑹.other和another, the others 和others

the other单独使用,表示“两者中的另一个”;也可用于“the other + 复数可数名词”的结构中,表特指,意为“其余(他)的……”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others 及other + 复数名词”表泛指,意为“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:

●He got two books; one is a textbook, the other is a novel.

●Five of the pencils are red, and the others(the other pens)are yellow.

●Some are singing, while others are dancing.

another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。

●This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)

●Please give me another book.(定语)

注意:

another可跟基数词+复数名词,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one …another(a second)…a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上单数的排列。

some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。

替代词的用法

代词it与替代词one,ones,the ones,that,those的用法区别:

⑴.it指代前面提到过的同一事物。

⑵.one替代单数名词,表示同类异物,泛指;其复数形式为ones。

⑶.the one替代前面的单数名词,表示特指,等于不定冠词+名词。其后往往带定语;the ones为其复数形式。

⑷.that既可以替代单数可数名词,也可以替代不可数名词,也指代同类异物,但表特指,等于限定词+名词。若替代单数可数名词时,相当于the one,其后往往带后置定语。⑸.those替代复数名词,相当于the ones。

●Your story is interesting ,but I don’t like it.

●I haven’t got a computer. I want to buy one next year.

●The population in China is much larger than that in Japan.

●The conditions are like those in the real spaceship.

●There is only one watch of this type in the shop. so I want to buy it for her.

it用法

一、it 作人称代词的用法

⑴. 指事物

作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:

●I dropped my watch and it broke.

●It’s hard work, but I enjoy it.

●“Where is the dog?”“It’s in the bedroom.. ”

⑵. 指人

it 指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:

●Is it a boy or a girl?

●There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.

【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说It’s me。

⑶. 代替某些代词

代词it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等。如:

●“What’s this?”“It’s a new machine. ”

●Nothing is wrong, is it?

二、it 作非人称代词的用法

⑴. 基本用法

it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:

●It’s too late to go there now.

●It rained all day yesterday.

●It can get very hot here.

⑵. 用于某些句型

●It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。

●It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。

●It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。

●It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)

●It was (about / high) time + that-从句.(从句谓语动词用过去完成式)

●It’s the first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时) ●It was the first (second) time + that-从句.(从句谓语用现在完成时)

It’s + 时间段+ since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。

It’s + 时间段+ before-从句. 过多长的时间才……

三、it用作形式主语

⑴. 基本用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:

●It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。

●It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。

●It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。

⑵. 用作形式主语的的重要句型

①It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……

●It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。

●It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢了。

【说明】介词of 与for 的区别是:of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等,介词for表示对象,意为“对……来说”

②.It takes sb + 时间段+ to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间

●It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。

【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。

③.It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事

④.it looks(seems, appears, happens, occurs) that [as if]…似乎……

⑤.If it were not for…/ If it hadn’t been for…若不是因为……

●If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助,这些困难我们不克服不了的。

四、it用作形式宾语

⑴.基本用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。这类动词如:Find ,think ,feel, imagine, believe, consider如:

●I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。

⑵. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构

①.动词+ it + that-从句。如:

●You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。

●Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有have, take, put, like 等。

②.动词+ it + when (if)-从句。如:

●I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。

●We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。

●I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。

③.动词+ prep + it + that-从句。如:

●See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。

④.动词+ it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如:

●I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。

●I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。

四、数词

3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

1、英语的序数词基本变法:

(1) 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记

特殊词。

2、序数词如下:

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10t h

11t h 12t h ※first

second

※third

fourth

fifth

sixth

sevent

h

eighth

ninth

tenth

eleven

th

twelfth

13t

h

14t

h

15t

h

16t

h

17t

h

18t

h

19t

h

thirteent

h

fourteen

th

fifteenth

sixteent

h

seventee

nth

eighteen

th

nineteen

th

20th

30th

40th

50th

60th

70th

80th

90th

100th

twentiet

h

thirtieth

fortieth

fiftieth

sixtieth

seventiet

h

eightieth

ninetieth

one

undredth

21st

22nd

23rd

35th

101st

twenty-first

twenty-second

twenty-third

thirty-fifth

one hundred and

first

1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th→one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,

第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.

3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,

(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.

(3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→two

thirds ; 4/7→four sevenths ; 1/2→a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→

three quarters ; 50%→fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).

4、数词的用法:

1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.

2、表示日期:12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov.

8th, 2002.

3、表示时刻:5:15→five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→eight thirty

或half past eight ; 10:45→ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.

4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;

P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number

seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine

5、小数的读法:5.7→five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.

6、“半”的表达:1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours

或one hour and a half.

7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson

is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)

五、冠词

1、冠词分类及读法:

英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读[T i:],在句子中常发[T i ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);

不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读[ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发[[]/[[n]。2、不定冠词a / an的用法:

不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。

不定冠词的基本用法:

(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the

ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)

(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than

a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)

(2)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教

师。)

(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that

dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)

(5)几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a

kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒),

make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。

3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。

定冠词的基本用法:

(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿

着一朵花的男人是杰克)

(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)

(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is

called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)

(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳

旋转。)

(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the

Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)

(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去?)

/ Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳

离地球最近)

(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五

岁时他开始拉小提琴)

(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya

Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)

(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of

America.(他来自美利坚合众国)

(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next

month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)

(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)

(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the

end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。

4、一些不用冠词的情况:

(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very

large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和

水)

(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more

expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)

(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February

18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on

the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)

(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than

monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)

(5)三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们

在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)

(6)节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents

from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)

(7)球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩

子们星期六下午踢足球)

(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s

Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)

(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵

in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷after / at/ from / out of / to work;⑸at / to sea;⑹in / from / down / to town;⑺at / from home;⑻at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼at night/noon/midnight;⑽on foot;⑾go to school/bed; ⑿on top of;

⒀in front of;⒁on show/display/duty/watch;⒂in / out of hospital;

⒃at all; ⒄on/in time;⒅at first/last/once;⒆in Chinese/English,etc.;⒇take care of

六、形容词、副词

1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。

1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。

2、形容词在句子中的位置:

⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow

wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)

⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听

起来算是合理)

⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:We must try our best to keep our

environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)

⑷后置的情况:

①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened

to him.(他发生了严重的事故)

②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He’s 1.8

metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away

from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)

3、有关形容词的用法辨析:

⑴whole与all:记住两个词序:①the whole + 名词;②all (of) the + 名词。

如:He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)

⑵tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。如:He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)

⑶real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗?是的,我亲耳所听)

⑷interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣)

⑸such用法:such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。如:I have never seen such

a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)

⑹good与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”时用well.如:Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好吗?我很好。)

⑺nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气!) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错)

⑻too much与much too:too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too 表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)

⑼quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)

⑽lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,

但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)

⑾other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如:The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上)/ Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗?

⑿special与especial的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如:She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子)

⒀gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?)/ For more detailed information(详情)of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)

⒁living、alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。living读[‘liviN]有三个意思:①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;

live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;

alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面;

lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思:①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。

例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as

a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the

football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)

⒂sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the

pets ’ owners like them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)

⒃ the poor (穷人们) / the rich (富人们)等用法:“the +形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living .(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)

2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程

度的词叫做副词。 1、副词的分类:(见下表)

时 间 副 词

频度副词

地点/方位副

程度副词

方式副词

疑问/连接副

其他副词

today, tomorrow, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also, yesterday, now, twice,

home, below,

enough, hard,

where,

nor, so, then, early, late, always, anywhere,

rather,

quite, alone, when,

as, on,off, once, soon, just,

usually,

above,

outside,

how, so, fast,

why, either, tonight, long, often, in, inside, out, much,

just, togethe r, whether

yes, no, already, yet, before, someti mes,

back,

up, down,

nearly,

only sudden ly, however,

etc.

not, neither ago,

later, ever since never,

away,

off, far, almost,

hardly, -ly 结尾

关系副词

maybe, after, whenever (seldo m), near, nearby, as long as

等,

的副词 where,

perhaps, first, someday, ever, wherever

even, all, why, how certainly, sometime, last,

everywhere , a little, a

bit

when,

2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:

⑴作状语:

① 时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early 、late 、before 、later 、yet 等一

般放在句尾,already 、just 一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great

Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home .(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)

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