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1995.12 国内考试真题Section One: Listening Comprehension

1.(A) She doesn’t like roller skating.

(B) She writing a story about roller skating.

(D) The man shouldn’t be going roller skating.

2.(A) He already bought a car.

(B) He didn’t mean to bother the woman.

(D) He forgot to call the woman.

3.(A) Admission to the movie is free.

(B) She’ll lend the man some money.

(D) She paid for the movie the last time.

4.(A) He was surprised the woman didn’t like the concert.

(B) He enjoyed the concert more that the woman did.

(D) He didn’t like the choice of music.

5.(A) The man and woman live on Elm Street.

(B) The directions the woman got were wrong.

(D) The woman already called for directions.

6.(A) She’s usually in a good mood.

(B) She doesn’t feel as cheerful as she looks.

(D) She’s happy because of the weather.

7.(A) He’ll miss Professor Lawrence.

(B) He’s surprised to hear the woman’s news.

(D) Professor Lawrence has found a new job.

8.(A) He’s not planning to move.

(B) He has found a new apartment.

(D) He’s also having trouble with his apartment.

9.(A) He should do more.

(B) She’d be glad to help him.

(D) He’s done a lot.

10.(A) She’d rather go later.

(B) She’d rather sew for an hour.

(D) The library closed an hour ago.

11.(A) Sit down to eat.

(B) Take the woman’s order.

(D) Remove the woman’s unfinished salad.

12.(A) The woman should wait to buy new clothes.

(B) The cold weather will probably continue.

(D) He already has a warm coat.

13.(A) She’s happy that the student center is getting more computers.

(B) She’ll let the man use her computer.

(D) She’d like to buy a computer.

14.(A) Reschedule the meeting.

(B) Cancel his membership.

(D) Talk to the committee.

15.(A) Larry usually gets good grades.

(B) He helped Larry write the report.

(D) It’s strange that Larry and Mark are lab partners.

16.(A) She didn’t go skiing last year.

(B) She’s just learning to ski.

(D) She enjoyed her vacation very much.

17.(A) The man was excited about winning.

(B) The man is very lucky.

(D) The man felt bad about losing.

18.(A) He doesn’t have time to do his laundry.

(B) He’d like the woman to buy some detergent.

(D) He’s going to buy some detergent.

19.(A) He enjoys the history class.

(B) He has plenty of time to study.

(D) He has too many tests.

20.(A) It’s harmful for him to use his voice.

(B) He needs to see a doctor.

(D) It’s difficult to understand him when he whispers.

21.(A) The woman is wrong about when his birthday is.

(B) He expects to hear from his brother.

(D) His brother is coming to visit him.

22.(A) They’re going to France for a vacation.

(B) The woman doesn’t need to study now.

(D) The woman isn’t worrying isn’t worrying about her vacation.

23. (A) They’re indifferent to its reviews.

(B) They’re convinced that it will be good.

(D) They’re glad they saw it together.

24.(A) He feels energetic too.

(B) He jogs because he doesn’t like aerobics.

(D) He realizes he needs more exercise.

25.(A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.

(B) She doesn’t care about the weather.

(D) She expects it to rain for four more days.

26.(A) He had a doctor examine his injuries.

(B) He was supposed to meet the woman yesterday.

(D) He asked the woman to take him to the clinic.

27.(A) Public speaking makes him nervous.

(B) His final examination is this afternoon.

(D) He’s going to miss his afternoon classes.

28.(A) She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.

(B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.

(D) She’ll leave home at 6:30.

29.(A) She has probably had a lot of free time this week.

(B) She’s probably not planning to come on Sunday.

(D) She has probably tried to call.

30.(A) He bought it at a well-known store.

(B) It was very expensive.

(D) Someone gave it to him.

31.(A) His lecture notes weren’t very good.

(B) He didn’t understand the lecture.

(D) His research was on the same topic as the lecture.

32.(A) Survival strategies for extreme Antarctic cold.

(B) Why inactive volcanoes become active.

(D) The effects of volcanoes on the Antarctic ice sheet.

33.(A) That a snow cover can cause ice to melt.

(B) How heat can prevent ice from melting.

(D) Why volcanoes have a slippery surface.

34.(A) Melting ice.

(B) Snowfall

(D) Variations in temperature in Antarctica.

35.(A) How to increase one’s speed in a bicycle race.

(B) Major Canadian bicycle races.

(D) An annual cycling event.

36.(A) The length of the course.

(B) The route the cyclists take.

(D) The month in which the tour is held.

37.(A) They are not competing with each other.

(B) They have to pay a high fee.

(D) Most of them fail to finish the route.

38.

(A) Chocolates.

(B) Water

(D) Bicycle repair services.

39.

(A) Reasons for increased productivity.

(B) How wristwatches are manufactured.

(D) The development of individual timepieces.

40.

(A) They were common in the United States, but not in Europe.

(B) Only a few people had them.

(D) They were not very accurate.

41.(A) They were a sign of wealth.

(B) It was important to be on time.

(D) They were inexpensive.

42.(A) Watches were of higher quality than ever before.

(B) More clocks were manufactured than watches.

(D) Watches became less important because factories had clocks.

43.(A) The difficulty of breeding electric fish.

(B) The medical importance of electric fish.

(D) How fish navigate.

44.(A) To destroy tree roots.

(B) To digest its food.

(D) To find its way.

45.(A) To hear a translation of her talk.

(B) To hear signals produced by electric fish.

(D) To hear a tape about electric fish.

46.(A) Improved understanding of diseases of the nervous system.

(B) Improved understanding of a type of malnutrition.

(D) improved understanding of disease of the internal organs.

47.

(A) The origins and characteristics of modern dance.

(B) The influence of modern dance on ballet.

(D) The training of modern dance choreographers.

48.(A) They were created in Europe.

(B) They were conventional.

(D) The tickets were overpriced.

49.(A) Lightness of movement.

(B) Elaborate scenery.

(D) Rigid choreography.

50.(A) They performed mainly in Europe.

(B) They imitated the techniques of ballet.

(D) They weren’t formally trained.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1.The fertile catkins of the willow tree are the green, caterpillar-like ones, commonly____in length.

(A) or an inch more

(B) or an inch as

(D) an inch or more

2.____a short-handled, long-bladed weapon, similar to a dagger but larger.

(A) Like a sword

(B) A sword is

(D) Before a sword

3.In 1948 the United States Secretary of States Dean Acheron ____ the Marshall Plan to aid the economic recovery of Europe after the Second World War.

(A) begin to carry out

(B) began carrying out

(D) to have begun carrying out

4.The protection of technologies and technological information has become______of many nations.

(A) the importance of a concern

(B) a concern of important

(D) an important concern

5.____ Several years for bamboo seeds to grow into plants that can be used for commercial purposes.

(A) To be taken

(B) It takes

(D) Although taking

6.Arthur Miller’s Play Death of a Salesman is the tragic story of a man destroyed by his own hollow values and those of the society_____ .

(A) he lives in which

(B) in which he lives

(D) lives he which in

7.During courtship,____ displays his greenand-gold upper tail feathers before the peahen.

(A) in which the crested peacock

(B) which the crested peacock

(D) the crested peacock

8._____ Theories approximate the truth is the day-to-day business of science.

(A) Determining how closely

(B) How closely to determine

(D) One is close to determining

9.The earthworm is a worm_____ in moist, warm soil in many geographical areas.

(A) where is it found

(B) is found

(D) found

10._____ Advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is never at rest.

(A) Not only when the tides do

(B) As the tides not only do

(D) Do the tides not only

11.The monarch butterfly’s migration of 1,800 miles or more makes______ among insects.

(A) uniquely

(B) is uniquely

(D) it is unique

12.A reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way______ with other chemicals.

(A) when mixed

(B) when is mixed

(D) mixed is

13.By the 1950’s, Mahalia Jackson’s powerful, joyous gospel music style had gained her_____ .

(A) and she had an international reputation

(B) with an international reputation

(D) an international reputation

14.Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual_____ travel over land water on a layer of air.

(A) they

(B) in they

(D) in that they

15.In the United States, a primary election is a method_____ voters select the nominees for public office

(A) that

(B) is that

(D) by those

16. Allan Pinkerton, founder of the famous detective agency that bears him name,

A B C

directed a Civil War espionage system behind Confederate lines.

17. Until the 1910 formation of the National Hockey Association in eastern Canada,

professional and amateur teams were allowed to playfully together.

B C D

18. Contralto Marian Anderson became a member permanent of the Metropolitan Opera

A B C

Company in 1955.

19. Widely acknowledged as a great and important playwright, Eugene O’Neill brought

to the United States stage it was probably its first really serious drama.

B C D

20. Because some critics considered it decadent, subversive, and incomprehensibly,

A B

abstract art encountered much opposition in its early years.

C D

21. To survive, most birds must eat at least half their own weigh in food every day.

A B C D

22. The glass tube in a fluorescent lamp contains mercury vapor under small pressure.

A B C D

23. In 1977, Marilyn Yadlowski, a undergraduate at Cornell University, found that pigeons

had excellent low-frequency hearing, far surpassing that of humans.

B C D

24. The General Accounting Office reviews the accounting systems used by federal

agencies to determination whether expenditures conform to laws, and it also settles claims.

B C D

25. Australian koalas are furry, gray animal that live in trees and feed on leaves.

A B C D

26. Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establish

A B

its own economic and financial system.

C D

27. The first known radio program among the United States was broadcast on Christmas

A B C

Eve, 1906, by Reginald Fessenden from his experimental station at Brant Rock, Massachusetts.

28. A typical feature-length film costs millions of dollars to make and requires

A B C

the skillful of hundreds of workers.

29. After his trips to the West between 1869 and 1872, Ralph Albert Blakelock would

A B

often painted American Indian encampments on brown-and-yellow-toned canvases.

C D

30. Artist Helen Frankenthaler returned home from college in 1949 to her native New York,

A B

the city producing the most art revolutionary of the day.

C D

31. The giraffe’s long neck and legs are the most obvious features that make different

A B C

from all other animals.

32. Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds and keeping the soil in the best

A B C

condition to help crop grow until it is ready for harvesting.

33. The city of Boston was settled in 1630 on a hilly, wooded peninsula where the Charles

A B C

River flows into a natural harbors.

34. Critical thinkers are able to identify main issues, recognize underlying assumptions,

A B C

and evaluating evidence.

35. Because of its maneuverability and ability to land and take off in small areas the

A B C

helicopter is used in wide range of services.

36. Melting glaciers may account the rise in sea level that has taken place during

A B C D

this century.

37. Farce is a dramatic form that derives much of its humorous from improbable characters

A B C D

and situations.

38. Anthropologist Jane Goodall has contributed a wealth information concerning primate

A B

behavior through her studies of chimpanzees.

C D

39. The discovery of gold in 1848 transformed San Francisco suddenly from a quiet port

A B C

into one of the world’s richest and most famous city.

40. The outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere is very hot that its gases continually

A B C D

expand away from the Sun.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-10

Another early Native American tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the United States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructing

multistory pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually a

stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word (5) for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. At

least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in

northwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thick

and adjoining apartments to accommodate dozens, even hundreds, of families. The

largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced (10) stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000

or more.

Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas-circular underground chambers faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where the

elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart (15) tribal lore to the younger generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so at

pueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonial

objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of

tribal ancestors.

Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only

(20) stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders

quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks,

hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.

Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests

many kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the (25) surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone

staircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than

80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.

1.The paragraph preceding the passage most

(A) how pueblos were built

(B) another Native American tribe

(D) Pueblo village in New Mexico

2.What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The Anasazi pueblos

(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico

(D) The use of Anasazi sanctuaries

3.The word "supreme" in lien 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) most common

(B) most outstanding

(D) most convenient

4.The word "They" in line 7 refers to

(A) houses

(B) bluffs

(D) families

5.The author mentions that Pueblos bonito had more than 800 rooms as an example of which of the following?

(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be

(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained

(D) How big a pueblo could be

6.The word "settle" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) sink

(B) decide

(D) locate

7.It can be inferred from the passage that building a pueblo probably

(A) required many workers

(B) cost a lot of money

(D) relied on sophisticated technology

8.The word "ascending" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) arriving at

(B) carving

(D) climbing

9.It can be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled at building which of following?

(A) Roads

(B) Barns

(D) Water systems

10.The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they were

(A) very large

(B) located in forests

(D) connected in a systematic way

Questions 11-21

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning,

music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were

shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they (5) were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played

bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.

Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn

film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their

pieces to the mood of the film.

(10) As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,

would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small

orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film

program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and

very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste (15) so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the

conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if,

indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement

was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.

To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of (20) publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison

Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant', "sad",

"lively". The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet

containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise

directions to show where one piece led into the next.

(25) Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these

early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of

a Nation, which was released in 1915.

11.The passage mainly discusses music that was

(A) performed before the showing of a film

(B) played during silent films

(D) recorded during film exhibitions

12.What can be inferred that the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

(A) They were truly "silent".

(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.

13.The word "solemn" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) simple

(B) serious

(D) silent

14.It can be inferred that orchestra conductors who worked in movie theaters needed to

(A) be able to play many instruments

(B) have pleasant voices

(D) be able to compose original music

15.The word "them" in line 17 refers to

(A) years

(B) hands

(D) films

16.According to the passage, what kind of business was the Edison Company?

(A) It produced electricity.

(B) It distributed films.

(D) It made musical instruments.

17.It may be inferred from the passage that the first musical cue sheets appeared around

(A) 1896

(B) 1909

(D) 1927

18.Which of the following notations is most likely to have been included on a musical cue sheet of the early 1900's?

(A) "Calm, peaceful"

(B) "Piano, violin"

(D) "Directed by D. W. Griffith"

19.The word "composed" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) selected

(B) combined

(D) created

20.The word "scores" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) totals

(B) successes

(D) groups of musicians

21.The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) famous composers of the early twentieth century

(B) other films directed by D. W. Griffith

(D) the music in Birth of a Nation

Questions 22-31

The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin,, solid-surface crust.

There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter

continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks (5) of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million

years old, while those of the ocean flow are less than 200 million years old. The crusts

and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness,

at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These

plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical (10) features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to

the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.

There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move

apart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform

contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or (15) more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust,

for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreading

contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and

become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and

Afro-European plates move in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of (20) converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the

mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continents

collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and

therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.

22.The word "comprises" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) adapts to

(B) benefits from

(D) focuses on

23.According to the passage, on approximately what percent of the Earth's surface is the continental crust found?

(A) 15

(B) 40

(D) 100

24.The word "which" in line 8 refers to

(A) crusts

(B) kilometers

(D) continents

25.The word "intense" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) surface

(B) sudden

(D) extreme

26.What does the second paragraph of the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The major mountain chains of the Earth

(B) Processes that create the Earth's surface features

(D) The rates at which continents move

27.Which of the folliwng drawings best represents a transform contact (line 13-14)?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

28.The word "margins" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) edges

(B) peaks

(D) distances

29.The word "support" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) separate

(B) create

(D) hold

30.According to the passage, mountain range are formed when

(A) the crust is remelted

(B) two plates separate

(D) continental plates collide

31.Where in the passage does the author describe how oceans are formed?

(A) Lines 3-4

(B) Lines 6-8

(D) Lines 19-21

Questions 32-40

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of

species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the (5) exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has

been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are

comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominants, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes (10) gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to

realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-

thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean,

the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than

that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the (15) ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the

bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree

from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their (20) genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with

750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are

given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of

life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some

representation there.

(25) To appreciated fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think

small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000

bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of

organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

32.What is the main point of the passage?

(A) Humans are destroying thousands of species.

(B) There are thousands of insect species.

(D) Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.

33.The word "appreciation" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) ignorance

(B) recognition

(D) forgiveness

34.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 4-7)?

(A) They are approximately the same size.

(B) They share many similar species.

(D) Both have different forms of life

35.The word "bias" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) concern

(B) disadvantage

(D) prejudice

36.The passage suggests that most rain forest

species are

(A) insects

(B) bacteria

(D) birds

37.The word "there" in line 24 refers to

(A) the sea

(B) the rain forests

(D) the Earth's surface

38.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because

(A) more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea

(B) there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions

(D) marine life-forms reproduce at a faster rate

39.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of microscopic sea life?

(A) Sponges

(B) Coral

(D) Shrimp

40.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?

(A) Ocean life is highly adaptive.

(B) More attentions needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.

(D) The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.

Questions 41-50

What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great

Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east

by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great (5) Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it

crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carriers is

precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which

reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or

snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is, (10) therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare

watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland

ranges, pinon pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.

But the Great Basin has not always been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were (15) once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great

Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all that

remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.

There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were (20) undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered

much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic

changes during the Ice ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude

deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great

Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture.

41.What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range Province and the Great Basin?

(A) The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province.

(B) The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province.

(D) The Great Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert.

42.According to the passage, what does the great Basin lack?

(A) Snow

(B) Dry air

(D) Access to the ocean

43.The word "prevailing" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) most frequent

(B) occasional

(D) most dangerous

44.It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because

(A) the weather patterns are so turbulent

(B) the altitude prevents precipitation

(D) precipitation falls in the nearby mountains

45.The word "it" in line 5 refers to

(A) Pacific Ocean

(B) air

(D) the Great Basin

46.Why does the author mention cottonwoods and willows in line 11?

(A) To demonstrate that certain trees require a lot of water

(B) To give examples of trees that are able to survive in a difficult environment

(D) To assert that there are more living organisms in the Great Basin than there used to be

47.Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley in the second paragraph?

(A) To explain their geographical formation

(B) To give examples of depressions that once contained water

(D) To explain what the Great Basin is like today

48.The words "the former" in line 17 refer to

(A) Lake Bonneville

(B) Lake Lahontan

(D) Pyramid Lake

49.The word "accumulated" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) dried

(B) flooded

(D) evaporated

50.According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about

(A) desert formation

(B) warmer climates

(D) wetter weather

防霉涂料施工技术交底

2、当做分项工程施工技术交底时，应填写“分项工程名称”栏，其他技术交底可不填写。

技术交底记录表C2-1 编号工程名称 XXXX 交底日期 **** 年** 月** 日施工单位 XXXX 分项工程名称涂料交底提要**** 涂料做法 1 、工艺流程基层处理一刮腻子一涂刷封闭底漆一面层涂刷（1）基层处理车库顶棚模板接缝处留下的接茬用抛光机清理干净，以保证表面平整，洁净、无尘。（2）刮腻子在混凝土基层（顶棚、梁底、梁绑、需刷涂料的墙面）表面满刮一层腻子（必须采用耐水防霉腻子）作为找平修补。（3）涂刷封闭底漆用机械搅拌的方法将材料按包装桶的比例及要求进行搅拌均匀，熟化约20-30 分钟即可涂装。涂料试用期为 4 小时。按工作量配置用量，必须在试用期内用完，以免浪费。在基面找平自然干燥48小时后，刷涂封闭底漆（用量约250g加）。墙面下挂750mm。（4）面层涂刷待封闭底漆涂层12小时候，开始涂刷面涂层（用量约130g/tf）o与第一遍喷涂方向垂直，并全部遮盖底漆。 2、成品保护（1）涂料面层未干时，室内不得清刷地面，以免粉尘沾贴在面层上，干燥后不得靠近墙面泼水，以免泥水污染面层。（2）涂料面完成后要妥善保护，不得磕碰损坏。（3）涂刷顶棚时，不得污染地面、灯具、风口等已完成品。 3、质量标准（ 1 ）材料品种、颜色应符合设计和选定样品的要求。（2）透底、流坠应做到大小面无。（3）滚涂表面均匀一至。（4）表面平整光洁，颜色一致，无明显纹道。（5）阴角、阳角要横平竖直。 1、本表由施工单位填写，交底单位与接受交底单位各保存一份。 2、当做分项工程施工技术交底时，应填写“分项工程名称”栏，其他技术交底可不填写。审核人交底人接受交底人

抗菌防霉涂料

抗菌防霉涂料的研制和应用李泽国朱月侠李毕忠（北京崇高纳米科技有限公司100084）摘要：本文介绍了有害微生物对涂料及其涂饰制品的危害和原因，涂料配方设计所应用的抗菌防霉剂的品种、作用机理、选用原则等，以及抗菌防霉性涂料抗菌防霉效果的评价方法，同时，还重点介绍了我公司研制的新型纳米抗菌防霉剂及其在不同涂料中的一些具体应用。关键词：抗菌防霉涂料纳米技术 0.引言乳胶漆、水性涂料和油性树脂面漆等涂料中的有机物成分为微生物滋生、繁殖提供了丰富的物质基础。微生物利用这些营养物质经过生物降解、生化合成，体内新陈代谢，获得能量，转化成自身的各种生命物质。这一复杂的生命过程可同时产生酶和有机酸，而这些代谢物可使涂料中的有机物和成膜后的物质不断受到破坏。随着微生物的不断繁殖，涂料的破坏程度不断加速，其粘度下降、破乳、分层、沉降、腐败、发臭，失去使用价值。漆膜受到微生物的侵袭后，成膜物质被溶解，基材受到腐蚀失去对环境的抵抗能力，直致变色、起泡、粉化、脱落，使被保护材料失去保护层。特别是在通风不良的潮湿环境场所，以及环境中富含营养物的场所，微生物对涂料的破坏作用表现就更加突出。因此，涂料在生产时都必须加入合适的抗菌、防霉剂，制成可抵御微生物侵害的抗菌防霉涂料，保证涂料产品在生产期、贮存期和使用后不受微生物侵害，长期保持涂饰效果。

随着现代经济的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对生活和工作环境中的卫生要求也在迅速提高。于是，近些年来，涂料产业开始向着绿色环保、无毒、健康卫生的方向发展。特别是随着纳米技术迅速发展，涂料的综合性能得到了长足的改善。大量实验结果表明，如果将纳米抗菌防霉剂在涂料中能很好地分散，那么其抗菌和防霉的效果可以大大提高。我公司正是在这一背景下，结合纳米技术，几年来连续研究开发出了一批可应用于不同种涂料的抗菌防霉剂，分散性优异，使用方便，涂膜制品抗菌率可达到99%，而防霉效果可达到0级。 ? 1.涂料中抗菌防霉剂作用机理目前，对于有关抗菌防霉剂的抗菌防霉机理研究还不够深入，但公认的主要有以下几方面的作用机理： ①使细菌或霉菌细胞内的各种代谢酶失活，从而杀死细菌或霉菌；②与细胞内的蛋白质发生化学反应，破坏其机能；③阻断DNA 的合成，抑制孢子生成，抑制细菌生长；④明显地加快磷酸氧化还原体系的反应，打乱细胞正常生长体系；⑤破坏细胞内的能量释放体系； ⑥阻碍电子转移系统及氨基酸转酯的生成；⑦通过静电场的吸附作用，使细菌或霉菌的细胞壁破坏而杀死细胞；⑧通过光催化作用，在无机抗菌防霉剂表面产生的活性氧来杀灭微生物，分解有机营养物，有效的抑制细菌或霉菌的繁殖。 ? 2.抗菌防霉涂料的配方设计抗菌防霉涂料由抗菌防霉剂、黏结剂、颜料和填料、助剂等组成。

0.华为AP3010DN-AGN升级到FAT AP及Web网管配置操作指南V1.0

华为AP3010DN-AGN升级到FAT AP 和Web网管配置操作指南二〇一五年四月

文档修订记录

目录 1 FAT AP升级操作 (1) 1.1 升级前准备 (1) 1.2 搭建升级环境 (1) 1.2.1 通过Uboot方式升级的环境 (1) 1.3 检查设备运行状态 (2) 1.4 备份重要数据 (2) 1.5 FIT AP切换到FAT AP指导 (3) 1.5.1 V200R003 FIT AP切换到V200R003 FAT AP方法 (3) 1.6 版本回退 (5) 1.7 操作截图及描述 (5) 2 华为无线接入点Web网管配置指南 (6) 2.1 登录web网管 (6) 2.1.1 前提条件 (6) 2.1.2 登录 (7) 2.2 配置WLAN向导 (7) 2.2.1 配置以太网接口 (7) 2.2.2 配置虚拟接口 (7) 2.2.3 配置DHCP (8) 2.2.4 配置AP (8) 2.2.5 配置射频 (8) 2.2.6 配置无线业务 (8) 2.2.7 配置确认 (9) 2.2.8 结果 (9) 2.3 WLAN业务 (9) 2.3.1 新建服务集 (9)

2.3.2 新建无线网络 (9) 3 附件 (9) 3.1 组网应用 (9) 3.2 使用终端遇到的问题 (10) 3.3 查看华为AP地址 (11)

1FAT AP升级操作 1.1升级前准备 1.2搭建升级环境 1.2.1通过Uboot方式升级的环境注：本文档将使用些方式升级在uboot视图下，只能通过TFTP协议下载系统软件。升级环境的基本组网图如图1-1所示。搭建通过Uboot方式升级的环境时，基本要求如下：

华为手机升级卡刷

华为手机升级卡刷升级指南 1升级注意事项 1.1注意事项一 l 请保证升级前使用的是华为原始版本，没有进行其他网上非官方版本的升级，否则有升级不成功的风险并可能引入未知问题。 l 请不要尝试其他定制版本，否则有升级不成功的风险并可能引入未知问题。l 如果使用其他手机型号的软件升级，可能造成不能开机的后果。对于用户由于违反以上注意事项导致的手机故障，由用户自行承担相应责任，华为公司概不负责。 1.2注意事项二 l 升级过程可能会删除用户数据，如果有重要内容，建议在升级前将内容备份到microSD卡或电脑上。 l 升级过程中，保证电池电量要大于15%或者连接充电器进行供电。

2使用场景场景一： 1、手机收到系统新版本的通知，提示升级。 2、手机两个卡槽都被装了SIM卡而且内存也占满了大小不同的音乐、视频等，没有存储卡也没有U盘，要升级到最新版本怎么办？ 3、手机装了很多应用而且有很多资料，不希望因为升级导致应用清除，要升级怎么办？您可以通过WLAN或移动数据下载软件升级包在线升级。移动数据在线升级将产生一定的流量费用，建议在有WLAN的环境下升级。场景二： 1、未知问题导致在线升级一直不成功。 2、手机体验了非官方的系统，发现不好用，想刷回官方版本。 3、手机用了较长时间后，发现运行速度越来越慢，而且安装卸载应用程序反复了很多次，想彻底更新下系统。 4、手机没收到在线升级的推送通知，怎么升级到新版本？别急，您可以选择本地升级，一样可以升级新版本。场景三：手机在使用过程中，由于病毒、软件异常、不规范操作、磕碰、刷机等原因，导致手机不能正常工作。不想去维修点，该怎么办？

卫生标准操作规程(SSOP)

目录表目录页-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 文件批准页-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.目的------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 2.范围------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 3.职责------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 4.程序------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 4.1加工用水的安全-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 4.2食品接触面卫生控制-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 4.3防止交叉污染--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 4.4卫生设施的维护-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 4.5防止掺杂物污染-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4.6有毒化合物的标记、储存及使用--------------------------------------------------------------------5 4.7加工人员健康状况的控制-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4.8虫害的去除-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

G华为单模CPEBs电子说明书和操作指南

G华为单模C P E B s电子说明书和操作指南集团企业公司编码：（LL3698-KKI1269-TM2483-LUI12689-ITT289-

华为单模C P E-B593s操作指南一：面板介绍：正常情况下： CPE终端面板上电源指示灯、WIFI信号指示灯、TD-LTE信号指示灯均长亮，且显示为蓝灯。故障判断：电源指示灯不亮：请检查电源插头是否插好，CPE终端开关是否开启；WIFI指示灯不亮：请检查WIFI开关是否开启； TD-LTE信号指示灯不亮：请重新开关CPE终端后是否恢复； TD-LTE信号指示灯显示白灯：为该CPE终端仍在搜网中，请耐心等待；TD-LTE信号指示灯显示红灯：为该CPE终端搜索不到网络，请将该CPE 终端更换摆放位置试用。二：CPE终端USIM卡槽和电源开关位置：三：CPE终端WIFI开关和RESET键位置（RESET键：可恢复出厂设置）：四、背面样式： CPE终端相当于一台路由器，可通过无线搜索终端发出的WIFI信号，也可直接通过网线直连CPE终端体验4G高速上网。在机身背面有CPE终端WIFI的SSID、WIFI登陆密码。五、修改密码： 1、网线直连电脑后，输入password：admin

2、选中WLAN（黄框选中部分），在操作界面中可修改SSID（红框选中部分）和登入密码（蓝框选中部分）六、用户流量查询：业务受理平台—MOD免费资源查询附：网速测试（中国移动导航网站：）一、在中国移动导航网站：中可以进行网速测试：二、登入网速测试界面后，点击“开始”即可进行测速：三、测试完成后，即可得出测试结果：（目前TD-LTE速率一般在10M左右可视为正常网速，若用户对此不满，请做好用户解释工作。）

地下室防霉涂料施工合同

地下室防霉涂料施工合同 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

防霉涂料承包合同发包方: (下称甲方) 承包方: (下称乙方) 身份证号：甲乙双方根据《中华人民共和国合同法》和《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》等法律法规的有关规定，遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚信的原则，结合本工程的具体情况, 在乙方已踏勘现场并充分理解施工图和甲方编制的施工组织设计的前提下，经甲、乙双方友好协商同意，为了确保工程顺利完成，明确双方职责，就本工程地下室防霉涂料包工包料事宜，制定如下协议，以资共同遵守。一、工程概况 1、工程名称： 2、工程地点： 3、工程工期：乙方必须无条件的满足业主计划要求。严格按照按照项目部进度计划要求保质保量完成，如不完成，按每拖延一天罚款500元整/天，从当月工程款扣除。二、承包方式采取包工包料、包工具、包质量、包工期、包安全文明施工、包检测验收合格。三、承包内容：地下室防霉涂料分项工程。四、工程结算办法· 1）.承包单价：地下室防霉涂料综合包干单价：元/㎡。最终工程量以实际施工面积为准。综合包干单价包含本工程的人工费、辅材费、机械费、措施费、管理费、利润、各种人工工资和物价上涨风险、窝工费、不可预见费、税金等完成本工程所需要的所有一切费用。 2、乙方按施工图进行施工并按实际施工面积计算工程量，以合同约定综合包干单价进行合同结算。 3、进场施工前乙方必须与项目部施工人员沟通，明确施工任务和工作范围。若乙方盲目施工造成的自身损失由乙方自行承担，并对造成的甲方损失进行赔偿和修复。 4、双方约定从合同价款中列出 10 %作为工期（2%）、质量（2%）、安全（2%）、文明（2%）、配合（2%）等考核费用。如果乙方在质量、工期、安全、文明、配合达不到合同要求，则扣除相关费用，扣减本考核费用并不影响在乙方发生工期延期、质量事故和安全事故时应承担的违约责任和赔偿责任。

(完整版)洁净厂房设计规范

洁净厂房设计规范第一章总则第1．0．1条洁净厂房设计必须贯彻执行国家的有关方针政策，做到技术先进、经济合理、安全适用、确保质量、符合节约能源和环境保护的要求。第1．0．2条本规范适用于新建和改建、扩建的洁净厂房设计，但不适用于以细菌为控制对象的生物洁净室。本规范有关防火和疏散、消防设施章节的规定，不适用于建筑高度超过24米的高层洁净厂房和地下洁净厂房的设计。第1．0．3条在利用原有建筑进行洁净技术改造时，洁净厂房设计必须根据生产工艺要求，因地制宜、区别对待，充分利用已有的技术设施。第1．0．4条洁净厂房设计应为施工安装、维护管理、检修测试和安全运行创造必要的条件。第1．0．5条洁净厂房设计除应按本规范执行外，尚应符合现行的国家标准、规范的有关要求。第二章空气洁净度等级第2．0．1条空气洁净度应按表2．0．1规定划分为四个等级。空气洁净度表2．0．1 注: 对于空气洁净度为100级的洁净室内大于等于5微米尘粒的计数，应进行多次采样，当其多次出现时，方可认为该测试数值是可靠的．

第2．0．2条洁净室空气洁净度等级的检验，应以动态条件下测试的尘粒数为依据。洁净室空气洁净度的测试，应符合附录二规定。第三章总体设计第一节洁净厂房位置选择和总平面布置第3．1．1条洁净厂房位置的选择，应根据下列要求并经技术经济方案比较后确定：一、应在大气含尘浓度较低，自然环境较好的区域；二、应远离铁路、码头、飞机场、交通要道以及散发大量粉尘和有害气体的工厂、贮仓、堆场等有严重空气污染、振动或噪声干扰的区域，如不能远离严重空气污染源时，则应位于其最大频率风向上风侧，或全年最小频率风向下风侧；三、应布置在厂区内环境清洁、人流货流不穿越或少穿越的地区。第3．1．2条对于兼有微振控制要求的洁净厂房的位置选择，应实际测定周围现有振源的振动影响，并应与精密设备、精密仪器仪表允许环境振动值进行分析比较。第3．1．3条洁净厂房最大频率风向上风侧有烟囱时，洁净厂房与烟囱之间的水平距离不宜小于烟囱高度的12倍。第3．1．4条洁净厂房与交通干道之间的距离不宜小于50米。第3．1．5条洁净厂房周围宜设置环形消防车道（可利用交通道路）。如有困难时，可沿厂房的两个长边设置消防车道。第3．1．6条洁净厂房周围的道路面层，应选用整体性好、发尘少的材新。第3．1．7条洁净厂房周围应进行绿化。可铺植草坪、种植对大气含尘浓度不产生有害影响的树木，并形成绿化小区，但不得防碍消防操作。第二节工艺布置和设计综合协调

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通过Console 口登录应用环境用户需要通过Console 口登录到S-switch，如图1-1 所示。图1-1 通过Console 口登录到S-switch 说明如果S-switch 是第一次上电，并且用户需要管理和配置S-switch，则用户只能通过Console 口登录到S-switch。背景信息在通过Console 口搭建本地配置环境时，用户可以通过Windows 系统中的“超级终端” 与S-switch 建立连接。操作步骤步骤1 启动超级终端选择“开始>所有程序>附件>通讯>超级终端”菜单项，Windows XP 系统启动超级终端。步骤2 新建连接如图1-2 所示。在“名称”文本框中输入新建连接的名称；选择图标。然后单击“确定”按钮。图1-2 新建连接

步骤3 设置连接端口进入如图1-3 所示的[连接到]窗口后，请根据PC（或配置终端）实际使用的端口在“连接时使用”下拉列表框中进行选择。然后单击“确定”按钮。图1-3 连接端口设置步骤4 设置通信参数进入如图1-4 所示的[端口属性]窗口后，请按表1-1 中的描述进行通信参数的设置。说明在其它的Windows 操作系统中，“每秒位数”可能被描述为“波特率”；“数据流控制”可能被描述为“流量控制”。图1-4 端口通信参数设置

步骤5 启动超级终端后，选择“文件>属性”菜单项，进入如图1-5 所示的[连接属性]窗口。选择“设置”页签，在“终端仿真”下拉列表框中选择“VT100”。单击“确定”按钮结束设置。图1-5 终端类型选择 ----结束注意：VLANIF接口是网络层接口，可以配置IP地址。系统如果没有划分VLAN默认的都是VLAN 1

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防潮防霉涂料涂饰工程施工工艺

防潮防霉涂料涂饰工程施工工艺适用范围 1) 车站站厅、站台、通道及出入口原建筑顶面及墙面吊顶线以上部分； 2) 车站轨行区顶面及墙面； 3) 吊顶上部综合管线（包括风管等）。 2、作业条件 1) 基层混凝土面或管线表面均经过全面检查验收，质量验收合格。 2) 搭好操作脚手架，满足施工安全的要求和操作要求。 3) 提前做好涂刷乳胶漆的样板，并经设计、建设单位等有关部门检查鉴定，达到设计及规范要求，方可组织施工。 4) 材料有出厂合格证，符合环保要求，物资报验资料齐全。 5) 施工现场的环境温度不低于10℃。 3、材料规格及技术要求 1) 规格要求：①混凝土基层：防潮防霉涂料颜色为深色，哑光面处理；②管线基层：防潮防霉涂料颜色为深色，哑光面处理； 2) 技术要求：①涂料采用合成树脂外墙涂料，防潮防霉性能好；②表面采用大拉毛处理，样板经验收后方可进行大面积施工；③具备一定弹性，防止墙体轻微开裂，增强防水性能；④具备一定阻燃及隔燃效果，且材料燃烧应低烟、无毒。 4、施工流程清理墙面→涂刷底料→涂刷第一遍乳胶漆→涂刷第二遍乳胶漆 5、操作工艺 1) 清理墙面将基层清除干净，用水泥砂浆补抹，残留灰渣铲干净。 2) 涂刷底料辊涂底料一遍，辊涂应均匀，并覆盖基层，适当加水稀释，防止头遍漆刷不开。干燥后复补腻子，再干燥后用砂纸磨光，清扫干净。 3) 刷第一遍乳胶漆涂刷顺序是先刷顶板后刷墙面，墙面是先上后下。先将墙面清扫干净，用布将墙面粉尘擦掉。乳胶漆用排笔涂刷，使用新排笔时，将排笔上的浮毛和不牢固的毛理掉。乳胶漆使用前应搅拌均匀，适当加水稀释，防止头遍漆刷不开。干燥后复补腻子，再干燥后用砂纸磨光，清扫干净，表干时间为1h

扩初说明标准版

xxxxxxxxx 扩初设计 xxxxxxx设计(集团)有限公司二〇〇六年九月

总目录 ●说明部分一．设计依据二．工程概况三．设计思想四．技术经济指标与建筑主要特征五．建筑设计六．结构设计七．给排水设计八．电气设计九．暖通空调设计十．动力与煤气设计十一．弱电设计十二．设计专篇 1．交通设计 2．消防设计 3．卫生防疫 4．绿化环境 5．环保设计 6．环卫设计 7．劳动保护 8．安全保卫 9．节能措施 10．无障碍设计 11．民防 ●各专业扩初图纸

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华为手机升级指南

华为手机升级指南 1升级注意事项 1.1 注意事项一 l 请保证升级前使用的是华为原始版本，没有进行其他网上非官方版本的升级，否则有升级不成功的风险并可能引入未知问题。 l 请不要尝试其他定制版本，否则有升级不成功的风险并可能引入未知问题。 l 如果使用其他手机型号的软件升级，可能造成不能开机的后果。对于用户由于违反以上注意事项导致的手机故障，由用户自行承担相应责任，华为公司概不负责。 1.2 注意事项二 l 升级过程可能会删除用户数据，如果有重要内容，建议在升级前将内容备份到microSD卡或电脑上。 l 升级过程中，保证电池电量要大于15%或者连接充电器进行供电。 2使用场景场景一： 1、手机收到系统新版本的通知，提示升级。 2、手机两个卡槽都被装了SIM卡而且内存也占满了大小不同的音乐、视频等，没有存储卡也没有U盘，要升级到最新版本怎么办？ 3、手机装了很多应用而且有很多资料，不希望因为升级导致应用清除，要升级怎么办？您可以通过WLAN或移动数据下载软件升级包在线升级。移动数据在线升级将产生一定的流量费用，建议在有WLAN的环境下升级。场景二： 1、未知问题导致在线升级一直不成功。 2、手机体验了非官方的系统，发现不好用，想刷回官方版本。 3、手机用了较长时间后，发现运行速度越来越慢，而且安装卸载应用程序反复了很多次，想彻底更新下系统。 4、手机没收到在线升级的推送通知，怎么升级到新版本？别急，您可以选择本地升级，一样可以升级新版本。场景三：手机在使用过程中，由于病毒、软件异常、不规范操作、磕碰、刷机等原因，导致手机不能正常工作。不想去维修点，该怎么办？您可以自己通过强制升级来使手机恢复到正常工作了，免去您到维修点奔波以及手机维修期间无法使用手机的不必要等待。注意：不是所有的手机异常都能使用强制升级进行修复的，例如某些硬件损坏类故障，就只能依靠到维修点更换器件或者新机的方式来解决了。场景四：手机没收到在线升级的推送通知，又没有microSD卡不能本地升级。怎么办？您可以利用华为手机助手来升级软件版本。

防霉涂料

论文题目：防霉涂料研究进展

防霉涂料研究进展文正凯（大连工业大学化工与材料学院，辽宁大连 116034）摘要：防霉涂料是其涂膜能够抑制霉菌繁殖、生长的功能型涂料，主要用于通风不良的潮湿场所，以及环境中富含营养物的工厂建筑物墙面涂饰，起美化和保护作用。本文主要从防霉涂料的发展现状、组成及应用和未来的发展趋势来做出介绍。关键词：杀菌防霉防霉涂料研究现状应用发展趋势 Research progress of mouldproof coating WEN Zhengkai (School of Chemistry Engineering ＆Material, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China) Abstract: Mouldproof coating is its coating can inhibit mould breeding growth of functional coatings, mainly for the poor ventilation of wet places, and environmental rich in nutrients factory buildings, finishing up beautification and metope of protective effect. This article mainly from mouldproof coatings development present situation, composition and application and future development trend to make introduction. Keyword：Sterilization mouldproof Mouldproof coating Research status Application Development tendency 1.引言霉菌的发生，不仅使受侵蚀的涂层表面十分难看，在深层长出的霉菌还会冲破漆膜造成开裂和剥落，霉菌散发着特有的恶臭，生活在这种环境中的人们，身心无法愉快，健康受到威胁；在这种环境中生产的产品，容易受到污染，仪器装备也易损坏，这样的环境与文明生产格格不入。因此，长期以来人们一直在想方设法与霉菌展开斗争。 2.发展现状从前，人们用石灰水来粉刷墙壁，取得了杀菌和装饰的二大效果，这正是现代防霉涂料的雏型。随着科学的发展，特别是防霉、杀菌剂生产和技术的迅速发展，防霉涂料获得了迅速的发展，今天的防霉涂料在环境十分恶劣的卷烟厂、酿造厂和制药厂等车间内墙涂饰，涂层耐霉寿命达2 a 以上，而且涂膜美观，装饰性强，毒性低。世界各国，尤其美、日、欧洲对防霉涂料和防霉杀菌剂的研究十分活跃，每年都有数百篇专利和文献发表，我国防霉涂料近十年来发展很快，至今，全国各地有数10家工厂开发了各种档次的防霉涂料，其中杰出的代表是上海振华造漆厂承担的“七五”国家科技攻关项目，于1989年研制成功的防霉乳胶漆。据报道，该漆性能优良，已能与国际先进水平产品相媲美。在制药工厂生产车间的涂层耐霉寿命超过2 a，而且涂料符合国际卫生组织GMP要求和通过F．D．A检查。 2.防霉涂料的生产及应用（1）配方设计防霉涂料由防霉杀菌剂、黏结剂、颜料和填料、助剂等组成。配方设计的任务，就是将防霉涂料调配得既具有合格的防霉抗藻性能，又具有优良的装饰性能，当然，还必须有足够的贮存稳定性和施工性，以及生产的可操作性等。如今，优良的防霉涂料应该具有常规建筑涂料所具有的

防霉涂料的技术标准

防霉涂料的技术标准 1范围本标准规定了防霉涂料的技术要求、分类、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、贮存、运输等。 2规范性引用标准下列文件中的条款通过本标准的试用而成为本标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修定版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本标准达到协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的试用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。 GB/T 1724 涂料细度测定法 GB/T 1728 漆膜、腻子干燥时间测定法 GB/T 1729 漆膜颜色及外观测定法 GB/T 1731 漆膜柔韧性测定法 GB/T 1732 漆膜抗冲击性测定法 GB/T 1740 漆膜耐湿热测定法 GB/T 1741 漆膜耐霉菌性测定法 GB/T 1763 漆膜耐化学试剂性测定法 GB/T 6739 漆膜硬度铅笔测定法 GB/T 9266 建筑涂料涂层耐洗刷性的测定 GB/T 9286 色漆和清漆漆膜的划格试验 GB/T 9750 涂料产品包装标志 GB/T 13491 涂料产品包装通则 3分类按产品性质不同分为：防霉底漆和防霉面漆两种。 4要求应符合表1的技术要求。表1 项目指标防霉底漆防霉面漆漆膜外观及颜色各色，平整光滑细度，um ≤40 干燥时间，h ≤表干: 4 ; 实干: 24 附着力（划格间距1mm），级≤ 1 铅笔硬度≥4H 抗冲击性，cm ≥50 固体含量，％≥60 32 防霉性（混合菌种120天），级——0

耐洗刷性(湿布上压200g砝码)，次≥——1500 耐液体介质[饱和Ca(0H)2, 5%H2SO4]，24h ——不起泡、不脱落，允许轻微变色耐湿热（47±1℃，湿度95±5%），7天—— 试验方法 4.1漆膜颜色及外观按GB/T1729的规定进行。 4.2细度按GB/T1724规定进行。 4.3附着力按GB/T9286规定进行。 4.4干燥时间按GB/T1728规定进行 4.5铅笔硬度按GB/T6739规定进行。 4.6抗冲击性按GB/T1732 规定进行。 4.7固体含量按GB/T6757 规定进行。 4.8耐霉菌性按GB/T1741规定进行。 4.9耐洗刷性按GB9266 规定进行。 4.10耐湿热按GB/T1740 规定进行。 4.11耐液体介质（B类）按GB/T9274 规定进行。 5验收规则 5.1按HG/2458中第3章规定进行。 5.2本标准所列全部技术项目为型式检验项目，其中第3章中2-5项应逐批进行检验，其余为出厂保证项目。在正常情况下，每年至少进行一次型式检验。 6标志、包装、贮存和运输在包装、运输、贮存时，经常检查漏桶及桶盖的完整。 6.1标志按GB/ T 9750的规定进行。 6.2包装按GB/T13491的规定进行。 6.3运输和贮存按HG/T2458中第4章规定进行，该产品自生产之日起有效处存期为一年（贮存期内如粘度增稠，允许用X - 7专用稀释剂稀释至标准规定的粘度）。中国新型涂料网

涂料、胶粘剂执行标准

涂料、胶粘剂执行标准一、建筑涂料 2.外墙乳胶漆GB/T9755-2001 4.外墙无机建筑涂料JG/T26-2002 6.复层建筑涂料GB/T9779-2005 8.弹性建筑涂料JG/T172-2005 10.热熔型氟树脂（PVDF）涂料HG/T3793—2005 12.合成树脂幕墙JG/T205-2007 14.建筑用水性氟涂料HG/T4104-2009 1.建筑反射隔热涂料JG/T235-2008 3.抗菌涂料HG/T3950-2007 5.防涂鸦抗粘贴涂料报批三、防腐涂料 1.海港工程混凝土结构防腐蚀技术规程JTJ275-2000 3.火力发电厂烟囱（烟道）内衬防腐材料DL/T901-2004 5.水电水利工程金属结构设备防腐蚀技术规程DL/L5358-2006 1.建筑用钢结构防腐涂料JG/T224-2007

3.钢结构桥梁漆HG/T3656-1999 5.富锌底漆HG/T3668-2009 7.交通钢结构聚苯胺防腐涂料JT/T695-2006 石油防腐 2.钢制储罐液体环氧涂料内防腐层技术标准SY/T0319-1998 4.管道无溶剂聚氨酯涂料内外防腐层技术规范SY/T4106-2005 1.船底防锈通用技术条件GB13351-1992 3.船壳漆GB/T6745-2008 5.船用车间底漆GB/T6747-2008 7.船舶压载舱漆GB/T6823-2008 铁路客运 2.客运专线铁路CRTSII型板式无砟轨道水泥乳化沥青砂浆暂行技术条件 4.铁路钢桥保护涂装TB/T1527-2004 6.公路桥梁钢结构防腐涂装技术条件JT/T722-2008 1.环氧涂层钢筋JG/T3042-1997 3.各色醇酸调合漆HG/T2455-1993

华为荣耀刷机教程说明手册(终审稿)

华为荣耀刷机教程说明手册文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-

华为荣耀3 Outdoor是华为旗下最新出的一款手机，今天就和大家分享的是华为荣耀3刷机教程，教大家如何升级最新版本的系统固件，供机友们参考。华为荣耀3更新官方包目前有2种升级模式，即正常升级和强制升级，接下来将为大家一一讲解。一、刷机前准备工作： 1、检查Micro SD卡是否可以读写，SD卡的剩余空间须大于软件包，建议使用Sandisk、Kingstone、或Kingmax。 2、检查升级软件包，主要是升级的方法要掌握。二、升级操作开始：注意： 1、升级操作会擦除用户数据，升级前请将重要数据和应用做好备份。 2、在升级过程中，保证电池电量要大于15%。【强制升级】步骤一：准备一张1G以上容量的SD卡，建议使用Sandisk、Kingstone、或Kingmax。步骤二：格式化SD卡(可选)。步骤三：拷贝软件主升级包到“dload”文件夹(如没有需创建)到SD 卡根目录，确认一下dload目录中存在UPDATE.APP文件。步骤四：同时按住音量上、下键，按开机键，音量上下键持续按10秒以上，此时手机应该自动触发SD卡升级操作。

【正常升级】步骤一：准备一张1G以上容量的SD卡，建议使用Sandisk, Kingstone, 或Kingmax。步骤二：格式化SD卡(可选)。步骤三：拷贝软件主升级包到“dload”文件夹(如没有需创建)到SD 卡根目录，确认一下dload目录中存在UPDATE.APP文件。步骤四：将SD卡插入手机开机，进入“设置”菜单，选择“存储”->“软件升级”->“SD卡升级”。根据对话选择是否备份数据，最后选择“升级”按钮，开始升级。三、升级验证及问题处理：版本检查--开机后进入设置-〉关于手机-〉版本号，查看版本号正确，倒数第二项--Build number为：U9508 V100R001CHNC00B024。以上就是华为荣耀3刷官方固件的具体方法，相信大家都清楚了华为荣耀3更新系统的教程步骤了，希望本教程对大家能够有所帮助。另附手机root的方法，刚入手并且想要获取权限的朋友可以来参考一下。我使用的是格诺工具箱一键Root工具，怕找不到软件的机友可以去我下载的地方下载，我是在绿茶软件园下载的，下的是v2.0绿色版本，干净好用。下面就是我root的步骤： 1、首先下载格诺工具箱 2、接下来将手机的ADB调试打开，连接手机助手安装完驱动后，用数据线连接电脑并选择MTP模式;

华为交换机的操作指南

华为交换机的操作指南系统信息：该页面主要用于显示和配置交换机的一些系统参数。软件版本交换机当前使用软件的版本号。 MAC地址交换机的MAC地址。 IP地址交换机的IP地址，用户可以通过Web浏览器登录该IP地址，进行设备管理。子网掩码交换机的子网掩码，缺省为255.255.255.0 。网关交换机所在网段的网关地址，通过它可以对交换机远程管理。如果用户不确定网关地址，请询问网络管理员或保留缺省配置。老化时间交换机动态MAC地址的老化时间。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 恢复/保存配置：交换机内部有EEPROM，用来保存交换机的配置信息。恢复缺省配置恢复交换机出厂的缺省配置，并保存到EEPROM中。用户需要注意用户名、密码、IP地址等信息都会恢复成出厂配置，以免无法登录。保存当前配置交换机配置后，必须将当前配置写入EEPROM，才能在重新启动交换机后，配置还有效。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 重启动：该页面允许用户远程重启交换机，如果用户重启交换机后需要保持当前的配置，应在重启交换机之前保存配置。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 软件升级：升级交换机的软件需要进入维护模式。期间最好不要中断升级过程，否则会导致升级失败。如果在维护模式中不进行软件升级的操作，则需要手工重新启动交换机。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 端口状态显示：显示交换机的端口状态。端口名对应端口的名称，点击端口号可以配置端口属性。工作速率显示端口的实际速率，如果端口未连接，则显示为--。双工模式全双工、半双工，如果端口未连接，则显示为--。链接状态显示端口是否已连接，如未连接显示为--。流控状态显示端口流控功能是否被打开。开启/关闭显示端口转发数据状态，如果某端口显示关闭，则不可以转发数据。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 配置端口属性：配置交换机的端口属性。