2020高考英语语法填空10篇附解析 Day 6

2020高考英语语法填空10篇附解析Day 6

Passage 1

Olympic and Paralympic medals for the Tokyo 2020 Games will be made from recycled mobile phones donated by the public.

Olympic host cities have ____1____ (tradition) obtained the metal from mining firms. But Japan, ____2____ lacks its own mineral resources, is keen on taking the theme of a sustainable future a step ____3____ (far).

“A project which allows the people of Japan ____4____ (participate) in creating the medals is really good, and helps raise the environmental awareness of our citizens, ” said Tokyo 2020 sports ____5____ (direct) Koji Murofushi. “____6____ the resources of our earth are limited, we need to recycle more and avoid waste. This program is setting an example ”

Collection boxes have been placed in local offices and telecom stores and they will remain there until the metal required ____7____ (collect).

Members of the organizing committee put forward the idea____8____ government officials and companies earlier this year and won their support.

As a result, the medals hanging around Olympic winners’ necks will carry even more meaning than usual. People’s personal memories, once ____9____ (store) in their smartphones and other handheld devices, will take the round shape of an Olympic medal, one of the most precious ____10____ (prize) in sport.

Passage 2

I consider myself to be a patient person, but I find that I have trouble staying patient when ____1____ (teach) my youngest daughter how to read. She can read____2____ word "the" seven times in one book and then struggle to sound it out the next time she sees it. Though I try to ____3____ (calm) encourage her, I still can't help getting impatient at the strange contradictions that come with learning how to read.

It turns out ____4____ I'm not alone. Researchers have found that it's hard for a parent ____5____(sit) patiently by and listen to a kid struggle to read, and this is why dogs are needed. Experts assume that reading to dogs helps kids overcome the fear of being judged when they read. This is because reading to dogs gives kids a non-judgmental, comforting companion to listen to them ____6____ the pressure of perfection.

So far, the assumption that reading to dogs is beneficial to kids ____7____ (confirm) by researchers from the University of British Columbia Okanagan School of Education. They watched 17 children in grades I through 3 read, and found that children spent significantly more time reading and showed more ____8____ (patient) when a dog was in the room. What's more, the children reported feeling ____9____ (interested) in reading than before. So maybe it’s time that we had family dogs help with their reading ____10____ (lesson).

Passage 3

Have you ever been too shy to express thanks towards someone? Well, a new study says you should not worry about that so much.

Recently, researchers have published a study on how people gave and____1____(receive) letters of thanks.____2____they found was that expressing and receiving appreciation increased____3____(happy) for both sides, but people's self-consciousness (自我意识) often made____4____less possible for them to express their appreciation.

In the experiments, the researchers asked____5____(hundred) of participants to write an email to someone close to them____6____(express) their appreciation and giving____7____specific example of how that person made their lives better.

The writers often underestimated (低估) the positive effect that the emails would have____8____the receivers. They thought that the receivers would feel____9____(awkward) and uncomfortable over the letters than they actually were. Contrary to the writers' belief, the receivers were thankful, warm and understanding.

So next time you feel hesitant about expressing your appreciation for others, remember that it will most____10____(probable) go a lot better than you think.

Passage 4

The London Underground is the oldest underground network in the

world. It normally ____1____(operate) between 5 am and midnight. Some lines stay open throughout the night on special____2____(occasion), like New Year’s Eve. The London Underground stations can get very ____3____(crowd) during the weekday rush hours. Over the decades the London Underground stations have been modernized. In the past few years, many ____4____(equip) with Wi-Fi access to make passengers’ journeys as comfortable as possible. ____5____ well-known symbol of the London Underground, a red circle with a blue bar, was created at the ____6____(begin) of the 20th century and has not changed much since then. Some of the London Underground stations are buildings ____7____ have special architectural values. Many original stations have been restored ____8____ they look similar to the way they did over a century ago.

With so many people ____9____(use) it every day, the London Underground faces environmental problems. Because the water level of the Thames is on the rise ____10____(constant), thousands of cubic meters of water must be pumped out of the underground stations every day.

Passage 5

Married for 60 years, a couple from Wuhan, Hubei province, recovered from COVID-19 together thanks to the care of the medics and more ____1____(important) the support from each other.

“They held hands together____2____ we took them downstairs for CT scans. They got ____3____ the tough time together. They are very much in love.” said Y u Liping, a doctor ____4____ treated the couple.

Fu Chunzhi, 79, and Li Hongsheng, 84, returned to the hospital to show their appreciation to the medics.

On Feb 4, Fu started to cough and had fever. Two days later, Li also started to show similar symptoms. On Feb 7, CT scans showed there were infections in their lungs and hospital ____5____ (admit) was needed. Soon their cases ____6____ (confirm).

“We put them into ____7____ same ward so they could encourage each other and wouldn’t feel lonely, ” Yu said. “The couple was afraid of the needles so the nurses had to be very patient ____8____ (ease) their stress.”

On Feb 24, the couple was discharged and they walked out of hospital while ____9____ (hold) hands. After a 14-day quarantine at home their life ____10____ (return) to normal now.

Passage 6

The novel coronavirus pneumonia(新型冠状病毒肺炎）outbreak in China was caused by a new coronavirus that we have never seen before. ____1____ was first found in the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, ____2____ a variety of wild animals were on sale.People who sold and

bought animals ____3____（illegal)were the first to be infected(感染）。Scientists have found that the virus probably ____4____(come)from bats and then was spread to humans from pangolins(穿山甲）。Bats can carry and spread more than 60 viruses, and other wild animals like snakes are also ____5____(host)of many viruses.

There have been calls for people ____6____(stop)eating wild animals.However, the danger also lies ____7____ touching them.Although ____8____(carry)many diseases, the wild animals shouldn't be regarded as evil.Each variety of animal ____9____（have)a role in the ecosystem and all of them are important for keeping ____10____good ecological balance.

Passage 7

On Feb 22nd, 2018, Chinese skater Wu Dajing became the first Chinese man ____1____ (win) an Olympic short track gold medal, ____2____(claim) China’s first gold medal at the Pyeongchang Games. And on Nov 11, Wu Dajing, 24, set ____3____new world record. It took him just 39.505 seconds to finish the men’s 500-meter race at the 2018 Short Track World Cup, ____4____took place in Salt Lake City, US.

Shaoang Liu, who competed against WU at the World Cup, ____5____(shake) his head in disbelief after the race. “It’s ____6____(true) lucky to have been in a world record race, ” Liu said. “The rest of us are all on a certain level but Wu is just, like, ‘up here’.” Indeed, every time Wu

skates, he leaves his ____7____(compete) behind within seconds. Wu is untouchable, not only for dominating his sport, but also for his unusual ____8____ (high) (182cm, tall for a short tracker).

Wu owes his success ____9____his self-discipline. He started to skate at the age of ____10____ He got up at 4 am every day to practice. He never ____10____(eat) meat or has carbonated drinks, even though he loves cola very much. Only once has Wu broken his self-made rule once-just after his win at the Winter Olympics.

Passage 8

Pandas are ____1____ (easy) identified due to their black-and-white fur patterns, ____2____ we've never known what purpose their colorization serves. Now, the same team of researchers that figured out why zebras have their stripes (条)are suggesting an ____3____ (explain) for pandas’ unique markings.

Bamboo turns out to be the key to at least half ____4____ mystery. This plant isn't particu?larly packed with nutrients, and that means pandas have to search for food in____5____ (difference) areas if they want to keep eating. Since they don't hibernate (冬眠)during the winter, ____6____ (find) bamboo in snowy climates means they need to mix in, thus the white fur on the face, neck, stomach and bottom. But since bamboo is ____7____ (they) primary food source, pandas often have to adventure into jungle-like

areas, ____8____ their black legs come in?to play, helping them to hide from enemies.

The markings on the panda's face—black ears and the black fur around the eyes—have nothing to do with bamboo and camouflage (伪装).The researchers suggest that the dark ears ____9____ (mean) to be frightening—"GRR! Stay away!"—while the circles around the eyes may be used ____10____ (identify) markers among pandas.

Passage 9

Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's "me" time. And ____1____ more Americans, she's not alone.

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53%) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46%) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime____2____ we eating together, 74%, according to statistics from the report.

"I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said, ____3____ (look) up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often ____4____ (work) through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on ____5____

shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted some time to myself, ” she said.

Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis ____6____ he wants to have a little interaction. “I reflect on ____7____ my day's gone and think about the rest of the week, " he said. "It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work ____8____ (refresh) and with a plan.''

That freedom ____9____ (choose) is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. "It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology, " said Laurie Demeritt, ____10____ company provided the statistics for the report.

Passage 10

“Beep!” This is one of the most maddening computer games I’ve ever played. I’ m tracking a flock of birds, and when I hit____1____right one, it explodes with a____2____(satisfy) “phut” sound. But as I get better at spotting them, the birds scatter even more____3____ (crazy) across the screen, and I hear that unforgiving “beep” sound: You missed.

Frankly, I, as a middle-aged gentleman, feel like giving up. But many players don’t dare____4____this is Hawk-Eye, a brain-training program which claims it can ____5____(sharp) people’s brain by simply getting faster at mouse-clicking. Formal tests have found that older people ____6____play enough hours of this particular kind of game have fewer car____7____(crash) and even, apparently, a ____8____(low) risk of dementia (痴呆症).

Until recently, we thought that the brain cells we were born____9____ were a lifetime quota (定量)and that brains became fixed in adulthood. But in the past decade, with the help of MRI scans and experiments on mice and monkeys, scientists____10____(confirm) that the human brain remains plastic throughout life.

参考答案

Passage 1

1. traditionally

2. which

3. further

4. to participate

5. director

6. As/Because/Since

7. is collected / has been collected

8. to

9. stored10. prizes

1. 句意：奥运会主办城市通常从矿业公司获得金属。该空修饰动词obtain，应用副词。故填traditionally。

2. 句意：缺乏自身矿产资源的日本，热衷于将可持续未来的主题向前推进一步。___2___ lacks its own mineral resources是非限制性定语从句，修饰Japan，引导词在从句中作主语，指物，应用which引导该从句。故填which。

3. 句意：缺乏自身矿产资源的日本，热衷于将可持续未来的主题向前推进一步。根据句意，该处应用far的比较级，表示“进一步”，应用further。故填further。

4. 句意：一个允许日本人民参与制作奖牌的项目是非常好的。allow sb. to do sth.是固定句式，意为“允许某人做某事”。故填to participate。

5. Koji Murofushi是2020年东京奥运会体育总监。director意为“总监”，故填director。

6. 句意：因为我们的地球资源是有限的，我们需要更多的回收和避免浪费。前后两句之间是因果关系，该空引导原因状语从句，应用because，as或since引导。故填As/Because/Since。

7. 句意：收集箱已经被放置在当地的办公室和电信商店，它们将一直在那里，直到所需的金属被收集。until引导时间状语从句，根据“主将从现”原则，主句用一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时态或现在完成时态。且the metal和collect之间

是被动关系，metal不可数，根据主谓一致原则，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is collected / has been collected。

8. 句意：今年早些时候，组委会成员向政府官员和企业提出了这一想法，并得到了他们的支持。表示“向……提出……”，应用put forward sth. to sb.，故填to。

9. 句意：人们的个人记忆一旦储存在智能手机和其他手持设备中，就会以奥运奖牌的形式出现，奥运奖牌是体育界最珍贵的奖品之一。once是连词，引导从句，从句补充完整为“once people’s personal memories are stored in their smartphones and other handheld devices”，根据“主从句主语一致，且从句中有be，可以将从句的主语和be省略”这一原则，从句省略之后为“once stored in their smartphones and other handheld devices”，故填stored。

10. prize奖品是可数名词，one of+名词复数，故填prizes。

Passage 2

1. teaching

2. the

3. calmly

4. that

5. to sit

6. without

7. has been confirmed

8. patience9. more interested10. lessons

1. 句意：我认为自己是一个有耐心的人，但我发现在教我的小女儿如何阅读时，我很难保持耐心。此处句子主语I和teach之间是主动关系，是现在分词做时间状语。故填teaching。

2. 句意：她可以在一本书里读七遍“the”这个词，然后在下次看到它的时候努力把它读出来。此处“特指”the这个单词，所以用定冠词the。故填the。

3. 句意：虽然我试着平静地鼓励她，但我还是忍不住对学习阅读所带来的奇怪的

矛盾感到不耐烦。此处encourage是动词，由副词修饰。故填calmly。

4. 句意：事实证明，我并不孤单。固定句型：It turns out that……，“结果证明”。该句中it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。故填that。

5. 句意：研究人员发现，父母很难耐心地坐在旁边，听孩子努力阅读，这就是为什么需要狗的原因。此处it是形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语。故填to sit。

6. 句意：这是因为给狗狗读书给孩子们提供了一个不带评判的、安慰的伙伴，让他们在没有完美压力的情况下倾听。固定搭配：without the pressure of“没有……的压力”。故填without。

7. 考查现在完成时态的被动语态。句意：到目前为止，英属哥伦比亚大学奥卡那根教育学院的研究人员已经证实了给狗狗读书对孩子有益的假设。此处句子主语the assumption是单数第三人称，和confirm之间是一种被动关系，再根据So far 可知，此处用现在完成时态的被动语态。故填has been confirmed。

8. 句意：他们观察了17名一年级到三年级的孩子阅读，发现当狗在房间里时，孩子们花在阅读上的时间明显更多，表现出的耐心也更多。此处动词showed后面用名词做宾语。所给词patient是形容词，其名词是patience。故填patience。

9. 句意：孩子们报告说他们对阅读比以前更感兴趣了。根据than可知此处用形容词比较级。故填more interested。

10. 句意：也许是时候让家里的狗狗来帮助他们学习阅读了。根据第10空前的their可知此处用名词复数。故填lessons。

Passage 3

1. received

2. What

3. happiness

4. it

5. hundreds

6. expressing

7. a

8. on/upon

9. more awkward10. probably

1. and连接两个并列的谓语动词gave和received，因为gave是过去式，故此处也用一般过去时。故填received。

2. 此处为主语从句，主语从句中缺少宾语，指代事情应用what。句首字母要大写。故填What。

3. increased为动词增加，故后面加名词happiness作宾语。故填happiness。

4. 根据make it impossible for sb to do sth.表示“做某事对于某人来说是不可能的”。因此此处填it作形式宾语。故填it。

5. 根据短语hundreds of...意为“数以百计的”，此处表示“数以百计的参加者”。故填hundreds。

6. 分析句子结构可知express在句中应用非谓语动词形式，且与逻辑主语participants构成主动关系，故用现在分词。故填expressing。

7. example为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且specific为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。

8. 此处为短语have the positive effect on/upon sth.表示“对……起积极作用”。故填on/upon。

9. 根据后文than they actually were可知应填形容词比较级，表示“更尴尬的”。故填more awkward。

10. 从句中主语是it，谓语是will most go，因此此处用probable的副词probably 来修饰动词go。故填probably。

Passage 4

1. operates

2. occasions

3. crowded

4. have been equipped

5. The

6. beginning

7. which / that

8. and

9. using10. constantly

1. 句意：它通常在凌晨5点到午夜之间运行。此处operate作不及物动词，表示“运转”，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为It，谓语动词用第三人称单数，故填operates。

2. 句意：在特殊情况下，比如新年前夜，一些线路会通宵营运。occasion是可数名词，此处用复数表泛指，on special occasions表示“在特殊情况下”，故填occasions。

3. 句意：在工作日的高峰时间，伦敦地铁站会非常拥挤。作系动词get的表语用形容词，根据during the weekday rush hours可知，此处表示“拥挤的”，故填crowded。

4. 句意：在过去的几年里，很多地铁（线路）都安装了Wi-Fi，让乘客的旅途尽可能的舒适。时间状语“In the past few years”表明用现在完成时，many与equip 之间是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是复数，谓语动词也随之用复数形式，故填have been equipped。

5. 句意：伦敦地铁的著名标志是一个有蓝条的红圈，设计于20世纪初，从那时起就没有什么变化。symbol是可数名词，需要用冠词修饰，根据“a red circle with

a blue bar”可知，此处用定冠词表特指，故填The。

6. 句意同上，作介词at的宾语用名词，at the beginning of表示“在……的开始”，故填beginning。

7. 句意：伦敦的一些地铁站具有特殊的建筑价值。此处为定语从句，关系词指代先行词buildings，并在从句中作主语，故填which / that。

8. 句意：许多原始的车站已经修复，它们看起来和一个多世纪以前的样子很相似。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少连词，根据句意可知前后是顺承关系，故填and。

9. 句意：由于每天都有那么多人使用它，伦敦地铁面临着环境问题。此处为“with+宾语+宾补”的复合结构，people与use之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，而且动作正在进行，用现在分词作宾语补足语，故填using。

10. 句意：由于泰晤士河的水位不断上涨，每天必须从地铁站抽出数千立方米的水。修饰介词短语on the rise用副词，故填constantly。

Passage 5

1. importantly

2. when/as/while

3. through

4. who/that

5. admission

6. were confirmed

7. the

8. to ease

9. holding10. has returned/is returning

1. 句意：湖北武汉的一对夫妇结婚60年，在医护人员的悉心照料下，更重要的是在彼此的支持下，他们一起从冠状病毒病中康复。修饰介词短语短语（thanks to ）the support from each other，表示“更重要的是”应用副词importantly。故填importantly。

2. 句意：当我们带他们下楼做CT扫描时，他们手牵着手。此处为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”应用when/as/while引导。故填when/as/while。

3. 根据短语get through表示“度过，熬过（困难时期等）”。故填through。

4. 此处为定语从句修饰先行词doctor，且先行词在从句中做主语，指人，故用关系代词who或that。故填who/that。

5. 此处做主语，表示“许可”应用名词admission，根据后文was可知应用单数形

式。故填admission。

6. 句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且事情发生在过去应用一般过去时，主语为cases，谓语动词用复数形式。故填were confirmed。

7. the same…表示“一样；同样地”same前的冠词用定冠词the。故填the。

8. 分析句子结构可知ease在句中应用非谓语动词形式，且本句中表目的应用不定式。故填to ease。

9. 考查状语从句的省略句。在while连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。从句完整为“while(they were) holding hands”。故填holding。10. 句意：经过14天的居家隔离，他们的生活已/正在恢复正常。此处可理解为过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响用现在完成时，主语为life，助动词用has；也可理解为此时此刻正在进行时的动作，用现在进行时，主语为life，谓语动词用单数。故填has returned/is returning。

Passage 6

1. It

2. where

3. illegally

4. came

5. hosts

6. to stop

7. in

8. carrying

9. has10. a

1. 句意：它最初是在武汉的华南海鲜市场发现的，那里有各种各样的野生动物在出售。此处用it指代The novel coronavirus pneumonia，故填It。

2. 句意：它最初是在武汉的华南海鲜市场发现的，那里有各种各样的野生动物在出售。此处Wuhan是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。

3. 句意：非法买卖动物的人最先受到感染。此处是副词修饰动词，故填illegally。

4. 句意：科学家发现，该病毒可能来自蝙蝠，然后通过穿山甲传播给人类。这里在讲述过去发生的一件事情，所以句子用一般过去时态，故填came。

5. 句意：蝙蝠可以携带和传播超过60种病毒，其他野生动物如蛇也是许多病毒的宿主。根据many viruses可知此处host“主人”应该用名词复数，故填hosts。

6. 句意：有人呼吁人们停止吃野生动物。此处是动词不定式作目的状语，故填to stop。

7. 句意：然而，危险也存在于与它们接触。固定搭配：lie in“在于……”。故填in。

8. 句意：虽然带有许多疾病，野生动物不应该被视为邪恶的。此处句子主语the wild animals和carry之间是主动关系，是现在分词作伴随状语。故填carrying。

9. 句意：每种动物在生态系统中都有自己的角色，它们都对保持生态平衡很重要。这里在叙述一个客观事实，所以句子用一般现在时态，且句子主语是Each variety of animal，单数第三人称形式，故填has。

10. 句意：每种动物在生态系统中都有自己的角色，它们都对保持生态平衡很重要。固定搭配：keep a balance“保持一个平衡”。故填a。

Passage 7

1. to win

2. claiming

3. a

4. which

5. shook

6. truly

7. competitors

8. height9. to10. eats

1. 句意：2018年2月22日，中国滑冰运动员武大靖成为第一位获得奥运会短道速滑金牌的中国男子，在平昌冬奥会上为中国赢得首枚金牌。当中心词被序数词修饰，常用不定式作后置定语。故填to win。

2. 句意：2018年2月22日，中国滑冰运动员武大靖成为第一位获得奥运会短道速滑金牌的中国男子，在平昌冬奥会上为中国赢得首枚金牌。claim与其逻辑主语Wu Dajing之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填claiming。

3. 句意：11月11日，24岁的武大靖创造了一项新的世界纪录。此处泛指“一项新的世界纪录”，应使用不定冠词，且new是以辅音音素开头的词，应使用a。故填a。

4. 句意：在美国盐湖城举行的2018年短道速滑世界杯上，他只花了39.5秒就完成了男子500米比赛。___4___took place in Salt Lake City, US.是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the 2018 Short Track World Cup，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。

5. 句意：在世界杯上与武大靖一较高下的刘少昂在赛后难以置信地摇了摇头。描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时。故填shook。

6. 该空修饰形容词lucky，用副词。故填truly。

7. 句意：事实上，每次武滑冰时，他都能在几秒钟内将他的对手甩在身后。该空作句子宾语，用名词，“他的对手”是复数意义，用名词复数。故填competitors。

8. 句意：武是不可撼动的，不仅因为他在这项运动上的主导地位，还因为他不寻常的身高。介词for之后，用名词。故填height。

9. 句意：武将自己的成功归功于自律。owe…to“归功于”是固定短语。故填to。

10. 句意：他从不吃肉，也不喝碳酸饮料，尽管他非常喜欢可乐。描述主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，主语He是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数。故填eats。

Passage 8

1. easily

2. but

3. explanation

4. the

5. different

6. finding/to find

7. their

8. where9. are meant10. to identify

1. 此处应用副词修饰动词identify，故填easily。

2. 句意：因为黑白相间的皮毛，熊猫很容易被识别到，但是我们从不知道它们这种色彩搭配的目的。根据句意可知，上下文的转折关系，故填but。

3. 由an判断出应填单数名词，故填explanation。

4. 结合上下文可知，此处是特指上文提到的谜，即“熊猫的皮毛为何是黑白相间的”，应用定冠词，故填the。

5. 此处应填形容词修饰名词areas，故填different。

6. 分析句子可知，此处应用动名词或不定式作为句子主语，故填finding/ to find。

7. 此处指代下文中pandas且修饰限定source，故使用其形容词性物主代词，故填their。

8. 分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词area在从句中充当地点状语，应用关系副词，故填where。

9. 此处考查固定短语be meant to do sth“应做”，又主语是复数，时态为一般现在时，故填are meant。

10. 此处考查固定短语be used to do sth.“被用来做某事”，故填to identify。

Passage 9

1. like

2. are

3. looking

4. works

5. the

6. if/when

7. how

8. refreshed

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