英国文学史及选读复习5 The Age of Chaucer 1350

The Age of Chaucer 1350—1400

1.history of the period

Two great movements may be noted in the complex life of England during the fourteenth century. The first is political, and culminates in the reign of Edward III. It shows the growth of the English national spirit following the victories of Edward and the Black Prince on French soil, during the hundred years’ war. In the rush of this great national movement, separating England from the political ties of France and, to a less degree, from ecclesiastical bondage to Rome, the mutual distrust and jealousy which had divided nobles and commons were momentarily swept aside by a wave of patriotic enthusiasm. The French language lost its official prestige, and English became the speech not only of the common people but of courts and Parliament as well.

The second movement is social; it falls largely within the reign of Edward’s successor, Richard II, and marks the growing discontent with the contrast between luxury and poverty, between the idle wealthy classes and the overtaxed peasants.

Aside from these two movements, the age was one of unusual stir and progress. Chivalry was in its Indian summer. Trade and its resultant wealth and luxury were increasing enormously. Following trade, the English began to be a conquering and colonizing people.

In 1347, the Black Death (bubonic plague) ravaged Europe and England, leaving one third of the population dead.

2.five writers of the age

a.W. Langland Piers the Plowman voicing the social discontent, preaching the equality of men and dignity of labor.

b. Wyclif

c. 1328-1384, greatest of English religious reformers, giving the Gospel to the people in their own tongue. He brought about Wyclif Bible, the first English translation of the Latin Bible.

c. Gower 1330?-1408, English poet, a friend of Chaucer, criticizing this vigorous life. His Confessio Amantis(The Lover’s Confession) is a 33,000-line Middle English poem, a collection of stories illustrating the Seven Deadly sins.

d. Mandeville the traveler, romancing about the wonders to be seen abroad. ( These stories fascinated Western Europeans, as did the more reliable stories of Marco Polo. One way of understanding Western interest in the rest of the world is to see the process by which interest became research, research became knowledge, and knowledge became power. By the time Europe was able to expand in the 16th century and later, it was far better equipped to understand, and if necessary undermine, other cultures than other cultures were to understand Europ

e.)(This is taken from the internet)

e. Chaucer, scholar, traveler, business man, courtier, sharing in all the stirring life of his times, and reflecting it in literature as no other but Shakespeare has ever done. Outside of England the greatest literary influence of the age was that of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, whose works, then at the summit of their influence in Italy, profoundly affected the literature of all Europe.

3.life of Chaucer and his career (ca. 1343-1400)

He was son of wealthy wine merchant in London. While young he served as a page in the royal household. At 19, he served with the English army in France, where he was taken prisoner and later ransomed by the king. His marriage to Philippa related him to Prince John of Gaunt, who later became his patron. In 1367, he entered the service of king Edward III and was sent as the king’s emissary to France and Italy, which brought him into direct contact with French and Italian writers. He also held various positions in the home government: controller of customs, justice of the peace, member of Parliament, clerk of the king’s works, and deputy forester for a royal forest. He died while still at work on his poetry and was buried in Westminster Abbey in London.

his poetry is generally divided into three periods: the French, the Italian and mature (English).

First period: His early poetry was in the artificial manner of the great French poets; dream visions and allegories. His earliest work, Romaunt of the Rose is a free translation of a 13th-century French poem, The Roman de la Rose. The Book of the Duchess is an elegy for John of Gaunt’s first wife, Blanche, who died in 1369. In a dream the poet encounters a grieving knight in black (Gaunt) who movingly recounts his love and loss of “good fair White” (Blanch). The theme (praising the deceased and consoling the bereaved) and the form (dream and allegory) are conventional.

Second period: His journey to Italy in 1372 exerted a profound influence on his literary development. During this period, he mainly wrote three longer poems. The House of Fame , which gives a humorous account of the poet’s frustrating journey in the claws of a giant golden eagle to the palace of the goddess Fame, may be read as a light-hearted imitation of Dante’s Divine Comedy . Troilus and Criseyde was adapted from Boccacio’s The Love-Stricken . Later, Henryson, Shakespeare and Dryden also took the subject and rewrote it. It was also Boccaccio who provided the source for his lovely, cryptic love vision, The Parliament of Fowls , in which he witnesses an inconclusive debate about love among the different classes of birds. The Legend of Good Women , another love vision about faithful women who died for love.

Third period: His masterpiece, the Canterbury Tales , one of the most famous works in all literature, fills the third or English period of his life. The plan of the work is magnificent: to represent the wide sweep of English life by gathering a motley company together and letting each class of society tell its own favorite stories. Though the great work was never finished, he succeeded in his purpose so well that in the Canterbury Tales, he has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living, such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled.

4. plan of Canterbury Tales

Opposite old London, at the southern end of London Bridge, once stood the Tabard Inn of Southwark. This Southwark was the point of departure of all travel to the south of England, especially of those pilgrims to the shrine of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. A group of pilgrims set out together with the “Jolly innkeeper”, Harry Baily, who becomes their “governor” and proposes that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The pilgrims being 32 in all, the total number of tales, according to Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but the author failed to carry out his plan and only 24 tales were written.

5.form of Chaucer’s poetry

There are three principal meters to be found in Chaucer’s verse.

a.In Canterbury Tales he uses heroic couplets. Lines of ten syllables and five

accents each, and the lines run in couplets:

His eyen twinkled in his heed aright

As doon the sterres in the frosty night.

b.In Troilus and Criseyde he uses rime royal, which is a stanza of seven lines of

iambic pentameter riming ababbcc.

c.In the Boke of the Duchesse he uses the eight-syllable line with four accents, the

lines riming in couplets.

6.his contribution to English literature.

His claim upon English gratitude is twofold:

First, for discovering the music that is in English speech.

Second, for his influence in fixing the Midland dialect as the literary language of England.

Study questions

1.What season of the year is it as the actual story begins?

2.What is the most unusual thing about the green knight who rides into the hall?

3.What is the Green Knight carrying in his hands?

4.What challenge does the Green Knight make?

5.What initial response does he get?

6.Why is the court struck silent by the knight’s challenge?

7.Why does Arthur take up the challenge?

8.In what spirit and for what motives does Gawain offer to take on the challenge?

9.What happens when Gawain cuts off the Green Knight’s head?

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2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

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