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D.want to show their existence by creating a culture of their own

12. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they .

A. have already been accepted into the adult world

B. feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults

C. are not likely to win over the adults

D. have a desire to be independent

TEXT D

If Sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human management is not traditionally seen as a central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill Acquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment.

The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer. By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.

While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees. And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do., the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

13. Which of the following applies to the human resource management of American companies?

A．They hire people with the least possible money regardless of their skills. B．They see skill gaining as their employees' own business.

C．They prefer to hire self-trained workers.

D．They only hire skilled workers because of keen employment competition. 14. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?

A. He is one of the most important executives in the firm.

B. His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.

C. He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.

D. He is directly under the chief financial exective.

15. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .

A. technological and managerial staff

B. workers who can operate new equipment

C. workers who lack basic background skills

D. top executives

16. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm"s competitive advantage is .

A. the introduction of new technologies

B. the improvement of workers" basic skills

C. the rational composition of professional and managerial employees

D. the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees

17. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.

B. Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.

C. The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.

D. The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm"s hierarchy.

TEXT E

Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a

leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the stastistics.

Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that reengineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

Two other explanatory are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much

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Ⅰ.主旨大意题题目类型： 1．概括文章大意 2．选出最佳题目（标题） 3．概括人物特点 4．识辨作者语气、态度等 5．推断文章出处 6．推断文章或作者意图 7．推断文章的结局或结论、下文内容等等 Ⅱ.常见提问方式： 1. Both the doctor and the lawyer in this passage are very ________. （2000秋季上海卷64题） 2. What would most probably happen next? (2001秋季上海卷74题) 3.What might be the best title for this passage? (2001秋季上海卷81题) 4.In writing the passage, the author intends to ________. (2002秋季上海卷77题) 5.It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a (an) __________.（2002秋季上 海卷78题） 6.The purpose of this article is to _________. （2003秋季上海卷85题） 7.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（2003秋季上 海卷89题） 8.In advertisement 2, the Traveller enables us to learn _________. (2004秋季上海卷79题) 9.The passage mainly focuses on ______. （2004秋季上海卷85题） 10.What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph? (2004秋季上海卷89题) Ⅲ.主要答题步骤： 1. 先看问题, 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。 2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文 章主旨。 3. 以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。 Ⅳ.分析典型例文，掌握答题技巧： （1）主题句在开头或结尾： (A) ①It was assumed generally that behavior was “caused” and that the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered. Sick societies and sick individuals were the causes of crime. The traditional criminal justice system could be described as a band-aid and an ineffective “home remedy) “. The new, scientific approach, however, would cure the underlying causes of crime rather than concentrate on the symptom: criminal behavior. ②But does poverty cause crime?(Q1) It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. Furthermore, we must agree with Judge Bazelon that persons of low socioeconomic status probably find it easier than others to true to violent street crime for money, excitement, or release. also true that the majority of poor people are not violent criminals. Judge Bazelon is simply wrong

tem4练习

练习（1） 1. There was a large crowd of demonstrators ____ against the war. A) protecting B) preserving C) protesting D) prosecuting 2. I’m afraid I will have to ____her invitation to the party.A) refuse B) refute C) ignore D) decline 3. The coat I bought yesterday is not expensive at all. As a matter of fact, I would gladly have paid ____ for it. A) as much twice B) much as twice C) as twice much D) twice as much 4. He can’t start the car because the battery has ____.A) run up B) run down C) run over D) run off 5. W ithout facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion, for we need to have factual knowledge ____ our thinking.A) upon which to base B) which to base upon C) which to be based on D) to base on which 6. This design is ____ that one. A) more superior to B) far superior than C) more superior than D) far superior to 7. I wondered what her ____ to the news would be.A) impression B) reaction C) comment D) opinion 8. She shouldn’t have stood in a queue; she ____ her underground ticket from the machine. A) has got B) must have got C) could have got D) got 9. Don’t worry. ____ that you will be treated equally. A) I’ll look forward to it B) I’ll try my utmost C) I’ll be on the alert D) I’ll see to it 10. The workers agreed to ____ the strike if the company would satisfy their demand. A) call off B) call out C) call to D) call on 11. I’d rather you ____ so rudely to her.A) don’t speak B) won’t speak C) should not speak D) didn’t speak 12. Today many kinds of electrical ____ are available, which has made housework much easier than before. A) facilities B) appliances C) instruments D) equipment 13. The author is going to ____ his play for television.A) add B) adopt C) adapt D)adjust 14. ____ for your help, I’d never have been able to achieve such a success. A) If I had not been B) Had it not been C) If it were not D) Had it not 15. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its ____. A) boundaries B) limitations C) confinements D) restraints 16. I’m afraid I can’t ____ you ____; you’ll have to go to a hotel. A) put ...up B) pick ... up C) pull ... up D) wake ... up 17. The guests said that they wouldn’t mind ____. A) to have a little light music B) having a little light music C) have a little light music D) if they have a little light music 18. Although this area is very poor just now, its ____ wealth is great. A) previous B) profound C) potential D) primary 19. He ran quickly to the classroom, two books ____ under his arm. A) to be hold B) held C) were held D) holding 20. We must try our best to lower the cost of our products. Otherwise the high cost will ____ our profit. A) cut off B) cut in C) cut short D) cut into 21. Tom is not very clever, but he is the most ____ pupil in the class. A) industrious B) indulgent C) industrial D) indifferent 22. No sooner had he arrived home ____ he was asked to start another journey. A) when B) than C) then D) until 23. Young children easily ____ words that their parents frequently use. A) put up B) turn up C) bring up D) pick up 24. Only when you have obtained all the information about it ____ come to a sound judgment. A) you can B) you will C) would you D) can you 25. A merican women were ____ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle. A) ignored B) neglected C) denied D) refused 26. All ____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A) what is needed B) the thing needed C) which is needed D) that is needed 27. The factory has ____several workers because of the drop in sales. A) laid off B) laid outC) laid aside D) laid down 28. There were no tickets ____ for Friday’s performance. A) applicable B) approachable C) attainable D) available 29. There was a traffic jam; otherwise I ____ here on time. A) would be B) had been C) should be D) would have been