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英语语言学精品考研10套试题

Model Test 1

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.

A. particular

B. general

C. ordinary

D. generative

2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a

language.

A. Phones

B. Sounds

C. Phonemes

D. Speech sounds

3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.

A. simple

B. complete

C. complex

D. coordinate

4. ( ) What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a __________ system of

grammatical knowledge.

A. phrase

B. sentence

C. rule

D. symbol

5. ( ) “I like this shirt very much.”has __________ arguments.

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. four

6. ( ) If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it

becomes __________.

A. a sentence

B. an act

C. a unit

D. an utterance

7. ( ) ___________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.

A. Apocope

B. Epenthesis

C. Metathesis

D. Assimilation

8. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use

among a variety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.

A. psycholinguistics

B. sociolinguistics

C. historical linguistics

D. general linguistics

9. ( ) For__________, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual

speech to the point where they were no longer visible.

A. Watson

B. Plato

C. Aristotle

D. Bloomfield

10. ( ) The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative

__________.

A. content

B. context

C. response

D. answer

I. 1-5 BADCB 6-10 DCBDB

II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. Language is a system consisting of two s__________ of structures, or two levels.

12. English is an i__________ language.

13. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.

14. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c__________.

15. P__________ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form

sentences, and so on.

16. P__________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect

successful communication.

17. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c__________ implicatures.

18. Many languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according

to their degree of f__________.

19. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h_________, one on the right

and one on the left.

20. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via W__________ area.

II. 11. sets 12. intonation 13. prefixes 14. categories 15. Phrase

16. Pragmatics 17. conversational 18. formality 19. hemispheres 20. Wernicke's

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. ( ) In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical

complementation.

22. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.

23. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.

24. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.

25. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct

object usually precedes the verb.

26. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.

27. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the

change in its vocabulary.

28. ( ) A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language

in some speech community.

29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul's discourse with itself.

30 .( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.

Ⅲ. 21-25 TFFFF 26-30 TTTFT

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. design features

32. free morpheme

33. synonymy

34. predication

35. slang

36. Move α

37. semantic shift

38. speech community

39. cerebral cortex

40. overt thought

31. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. For example, arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission.

32. Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. For example, help, table, able, etc.

33. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. The relations between lorry and truck, room and chamber are examples of synonymy.

34. Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. For example, the predication of the sentence “Tom smokes.”can be said to consist of the argument “TOM”and the predicate “SMOKE”and the predication can be written as TOM (SMOKE).

35. Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. The central characteristic of a slang comes from the motive for its use: a desire for novelty, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people whose “community argot”may be incomprehensible to an outsider, or for being up with the times or a little ahead. For example, grass—a criminal slang for informer, broke—having no money, chicks—young women.

36. Move αrefers to the general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. αis a Greek symbol used here to represent any constituent, and what Move αsays is “move any constituent to any place”. Obviously, this rule is simply too powerful and it will generate ungrammatical sentences. To solve this problem grammar should include some conditions to restrain the movement power of Move αrule and to stimulate that only “certain constituents” can move to only “certain positions”.

37. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. For example, the word “silly” meant “happy” in Old English, and “naive” in Middle English, but “foolish” in Modern English. “Fond” used to mean “foolish”, but in Modern English it means “like very much”.

38. In sociolinguistic studies, the social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community. A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. An example of the speech community is the American Black Community.

39. Cerebral cortex, the outside surface of the brain, is the most important part of the brain. The cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.

40. Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought

as “subvocal speech”, and speech as “overt thought”.

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. Why is productivity unique to language?

42. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinstion

between competence and performance?

41. The productivity of language is the property which enables its users to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including the novel utterances that they have never said nor heard before. This feature is unique to human language because most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, a gibbon call system lacks productivity, for gibbons draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible; and bee dancing is used only to indicate nectar sources, which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing.

42. According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. From these definitions we find that both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.

Model Test 2

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining

the highest position.

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

2. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.

A.［i:］

B.［?:］

C.［ɑ:］

D.［u:］

3. ( ) An embedded clause functions as a __________ unit in its matrix clause.

A. structural

B. grammatical

C. lexical

D. linear

4. ( ) Phrase structure rules have __________ properties.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. double

D. many

5. ( ) Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different __________ dialects.

A. personal

B. regional

C. social

D. professional

6. ( ) __________ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that

of semantics.

A. Pragmatics

B. Pragmatism

C. Phonology

D. Practicalism

7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.

A. regular but not systematic

B. irregular and systematic

C. regular and systematic

D. irregular but systematic

8. ( ) To date, about __________ language families have been documented in historical

linguistic literature.

A. thirty

B. forty

C. fifty

D. sixty

9. ( ) Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-

finding difficulties and problems with syntax.

A. Wernicke's

B. Broca's

C. Gage's

D. Genie's

10. ( ) The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of __________ rules rather

than the mere memorization of words and sentences.

A. morphological

B. grammatical

C. linguistic

D. syntactic

I. 1-5 CCBAB 6-10 ACABB

11. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.

12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________

features.

13. Semantically, the meaning of a c__________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total

of the meanings of its components.

14. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the l__________, generate sentences at the level of

D structure.

15. In semantic analysis, p__________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

16. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r__________ in different situations.

17. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.

18. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.

19. Research has shown that different aspects of language processing appear to be more

characteristic of the l__________ hemisphere than the other.

20. The development of a first or native language is called first language a _________.

II. 11. Alphabet 12. suprasegmental 13. compound 14. lexicon 15. prediction 16. references 17. Compounding 18. Psycholinguistcs 19. left 20. acquisition

21. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.

22. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.

23. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

24. ( ) Some languages have ways of referring to some entity, some languages don't.

25. ( ) Reference is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.

26. ( ) A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and

phonology.

27. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.

28. ( ) SAE stands for Standard American English.

29. ( ) The language system provides all specifics of one's world view.

30. ( ) A large proportion of grammatical errors in second language acquisition can be explained

by mother tongue interference.

Ⅲ. 21-25 TTFFF 26-30 TT TFF

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. narrow transcription

32. simple sentence

33. hyponymy

34. compounding

35. euphemism

36. morpheme

37. reference

38. context

39. creole

40. subvocal speech

31. Narrow transcription is one of the two ways to transcribe speech sound with letter-symbols together with the diacritics which can help to make finer distinctions of speech sounds than the letters alone make possible. For example,［it]. Narrow transcription is required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.

32. A simple sentence consists of a simple clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, We study linguistics.

33. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word, such as the relation between animal and tiger, lion, wolf, leopard.

34. Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. For example, moonwalk, pickpocket, weather beaten, diving board.

35. A euphemism is a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression. For example, pass away—die, in the family way—pregnant, advanced in age—old.

36. The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The

meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-es”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.

37. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “The dog is barking.” We must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; t he word “dog” refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog” in this particular situation.

38. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language since it contributes so much to the interpretation of an utterance. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39. A creole is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole. For example, Melanesian Pidgin is now an official, standard language, a creole in New Guinea.

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?

42. Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules?

Ⅴ.

41. The major branches of linguistics include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and applied linguistics.

Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced and classified.

Phonology studies how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning.

Morphology studies how morphemes are combined to form words.

Syntax studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences.

Semantics studies meaning (in abstraction).

Pragmatics studies meaning in context of use.

Sociolinguistics studies language with reference to society.

Psycholinguistics studies language with reference to the workings of the mind.

Applied linguistics studies the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.

42. As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. If, on the other hand, a sentence violates a rule according to which words are organized, then native speakers will judge it to be an impossible sentence of that language. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic

knowledge of a language speaker. For any natural language, it is the set of rules that makes it possible for the speakers to produce, comprehend and memorize the vast number of sentences of their native language.

Model Test 3

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.

A. symbolic

B. systemic

C. systematic

D. system

2. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.

A. vowels

B. fricative

C. glides

D. nasals

3. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.

A. English

B. Chinese

C. French

D. American English

4. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in

the mind of native speakers.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

5. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new

members are allowed for.

A. large

B. small

C. limitless

D. fixed

6. ( ) In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, ie,

__________.

A. things and referent

B. thought and reference

C. views and ideas

D. words, phrases

7. ( ) All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their

__________ form.

A. syntactic

B. semantic

C. grammatical

D. pragmatic

8. ( ) There is a gradation of __________ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of

very formal and very informal.

A. dialect

B. register

C. variation

D. slang

9. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit

instruction.

A. with

B. without

C. within

D. through

10. ( ) In their first language acquisition, children developed into the __________stage after the

two word stage.

A. third

B. fourth

C. fifth

D. multiword

I. 1-5 CCBCD 6-10 DABBD

11. Human capacity for language has a g__________ basis, but the details of language have to be

taught and learned.

12. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be

d__________.

13. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.

14. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by

themselves.

15. In a tree diagram, the points at which the tree branches at various levels are called b_________

nodes.

16. According to the n__________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be

labels of the objects they stand for.

17. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

18. The deletion of a word-final vowel segment is called a__________.

19. A tragedy occurred to Phineas G__________ about one hundred and fifty years ago.

20. Children's language development starts from the p__________ cooing and babbling stage.

II. 11. genetic 12. descriptive 13. Phonology 14. Free 15. branching

16. naming 17. Blending 18. apocope 19. Gage 20. prelinguistic

21. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.

22. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.

23. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.

24. ( ) It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate

sentences at the level of S-structure.

25. ( ) Complete synonyms are rare in language.

26. ( ) There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle.

27. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the

middle of a word.

28. ( ) When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for

different purposes, diglossia and bilingualism emerge.

29. ( ) Wernicke's work strengthened Broca's claim that left hemispheric structures are essential

for speech.

30. ( ) Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans.

Ⅲ. 21-25 TFFFT 26-30 TTTTT

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. broad transcription

32. bound morpheme

33. perlocutionary act

34. clipping

35. fossilization

36. duality

37. sense

38. back-formation

39. language planning

40. acquisition

Ⅳ.

31. Broad transcription is one of the two ways to transcribe speech sounds with letter symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. For example: field [fi:ld], put [put], stop [st ].

32. Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, such as “tele-”in telephone, “semi-”in semifinal.

33. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. In the example “You have left the door wide open.”, if the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to ask someone to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.

34. Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases. For example, e-mail (electronic mail), hi-fi (high fidelity).

35. Fossilization refers to the process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent or a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.

36. Duality refers to the property of a language with two levels of structure, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At one level, the sounds, which are meaningless in isolation, can be grouped and regrouped into units of meaning. In English, for example, sounds such as f, g, d, o mean nothing separately. They take on meaning only when they are combined together in various ways, as in fog, dog, god. At the other level, these units of meaning can be grouped and regrouped into an infinite number of sentences. This duality feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.

37. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. For example, the word “dog” is given the definition “a domestic canine mammal, occurring in many breeds that show a

great variety in size and form”. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word “dog”.

38. Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. For example, typewrite (typewriter) and edit (editor).

39. Language planning means that certain authorities, such as the government, or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries. An example of language planning is the common speech of the Chinese language. Language planning, also called language standardization, is a way to solve the problem of communication dilemma caused by regional dialects.

40. According to Krashen, an American SLA scholar, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. It is recognized that children acquire their native language without explicit learning.

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammer?

42. What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme? And how are they different from each

other?

Ⅴ.

41.Traditional grammar is based on “high”(religious, literary) written language. It is prescriptive. It sets models for language users to follow. It tells the learner what he should say, or what is supposed to be correct usage. On the other hand, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, be it "correct" or not. Its investigations and analysis are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data.

42.Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, such as help, table, able, etc. Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, such as “-en”in “enlarge”, “dis-”in “disable”, “im-”in “impossible”.

Model Test 4

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by

all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. language

2. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds

which a speaker issues.

A. oral

B. mental

C. physical

D. recorded

3. ( ) Natural languages are viewed to vary according to __________ set on UG principles to

particular values.

A. principles

B. rules

C. parameters

D. theories

4 .( ) In the following four choices, __________ is a pair of homophone.

A. sight and site

B. lead (n.) and lead (v.)

C. wind (n.) and wind (v.)

D. blue and blown

5. ( ) Sense and reference are two related __________ different aspects of meaning.

A. but

B. and

C. or

D. as well as

6. ( ) The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness,

fear, emotion”is __________.

A. fear

B. anger

C. love

D. emotion

7. ( ) “I beg you not to say anything like that to Mary.”is a __________.

A. representative

B. directive

C. commissive

D. declaration

8. ( ) Semantic __________ is a process in which a word loses its former meaning and requires a

new, sometimes related, meaning.

A. broadening

B. shift

C. narrowing

D. change

9. ( ) A __________ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among

groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

A. lingua franca

B. pidgin

C. creole

D. national language

10. ( ) Linguistic __________ is the brain's neurological specialization for language.

A. determinism

B. relativism

C. competence

D. lateralization

I. 1-5 CCCAA 6-10 DBBAD

11. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not

mutually intelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.

12. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in

different phonetic environments.

13. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.

14. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.

15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into

meaning components called s__________ features.

16. The various meanings of a p__________ word are related to some degree.

17. M__________ English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in

1066.

18. C__________ may take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the

other speaker answers in a different language.

19. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires

little conscious i__________ on the part of adults.

20. The preschool years are a c__________ period for first language acquisition.

II. 11. cultural 12. Complementary 13. derivational 14. subordinating 15. semantic 16.polysemic 17. Middle 18. Code-switching 19. instruction 20. crucial

21. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.

22. ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with

all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.

23. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:

word stress and sentence stress.

24. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to

interrogative.

25. ( ) The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms.

26. ( ) Semantic shift is the same as semantic change.

27. ( ) From a sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of

a language.

28. ( ) Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.

29. ( ) According to the Behaviorist learning theory, a child's verbal behavior was conditioned

through association between a stimulus and the following response.

30. ( ) Language acquisition and language learning are believed to refer to the same process. Ⅲ. 21-25 TFTTT 26-30 FTTTF

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. phoneme

32. homonymy

33. antonymy

34. blending

35. taboo

36. phonology

37. tone

38. speech variety

39. diglossia

40. negative transfer

Ⅳ.

31. A phoneme is the basic unit in phonology; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Such as / p / and / b / .

32. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,

i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. For example, night / knight, piece / peace, fast adj. / fast v. , tear v. / tear n.

33. The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.

34. Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.

35. Taboo, or rather linguistic taboo, refers to an obscene, profane, or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society. For example, fuck, breast, shit, etc.

36. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called phonology. For example, the study of phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, suprasegmental phonemes, etc.

37. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages. English is not a tone language. But Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones, i.e., the level, the rise, the fall-rise, and the fall. Tone is especially important in Chinese because it distinguishes meaning at the word level. For example: mā(妈), má(麻) mǎ(马) mà(骂).

38. Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features. Speech varieties include regional dialects, social dialects, registers and so on.

39. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Usually, one is a more standard variety called the high variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters. And the other is a non-prestige variety called low variety, which is used in colloquial and other informal situations. For example, much of Western European history witnessed a diglossia situation in which a foreign language such as Latin enjoyed a position as the high variety and the native languages such as French and English as the low variety.

40. In learning a second language, learners subconsciously use their native language knowledge. This is known as language transfer. Transfer can be positive or negative. Negative transfer occurs when the first language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. Negative transfer is commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning. For example, Chinese students, due to the interference of their mother tongue, often make mistakes like “ Although… but…”, “He come tomorrow.” and “I not want go.”

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What do langue and parole mean respectively?

42. Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English?

Ⅴ.

41. According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.

42.The word order in Modern English is more rigid than that in Old English. This is because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. Therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order.

Model Test 5

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.

A. Phonology

B. Phonetics

C. Morphology

D. Phonemics

2. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians

in their study of speech sounds.

A. Broad

B. Detailed

C. Wide

D. Narrow

3. ( ) A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _________

that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.

A. speeches

B. utterances

C. events

D. sentences

4. ( ) Semantics can be defined as the study of __________.

A. naming

B. meaning

C. communication

D. context

5. ( ) __________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.

A. Speaking

B. Speech

C. Sound

D. Spoken

6. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.

A. clipping

B. blending

C. acronym

D. coinage

7. ( ) __________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.

A. Apocope

B. Epenthesis

C. Metathesis

D. Assimilation

8. ( ) There is a gradation of __________ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of

very formal and very informal.

A. dialect

B. register

C. variation

D. slang

9. ( ) In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the __________ half of the child's second

year.

A. early

B. late

C. first

D. second

10.( )At the __________ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative

meaning.

A. prelinguistic

B. multiword

C. two word

D. one word

I. 1-5 BDBBB 6-10 BCBDD

11. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.

12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________

features.

13. A r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.

14. P__________ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form

sentences, and so on.

15. C__________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into

meaning components.

16. The meaning of an u__________ is concrete and context dependent.

17. The I__________ Language family is the first and most widely investigated language family of

the world.

18. A e__________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the

speaker or writer fears more direct, or offensive wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.

19. S__________ is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary,

typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.

20. There are occasions when one can think without l__________, just as one may speak without

thinking.

II. 11.spoken 12.suprasegmental 13.root 14.Phrase https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,ponential

16.utterance 17.Indo-European 18.euphemism 19.Slang https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,nguage

21. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.

22. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have

word stress, and monosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.

23. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.

24. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct

object usually precedes the verb.

25. ( ) The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a

pragmatic sense.

26. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.

27. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.

28. ( ) British English and American English are the two geographical varieties of the English

language.

29. ( ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single

area of the left hemisphere.

30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.

Ⅲ. 21-25 FTFFT 26-30 FFTFF

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. allophone

32. finite clause

33. coordinate sentence

34. derivation

35. interference

36. arbitrariness

37. apocope

38. hapology

39. brain lateralization

40. instrumental motivation

Ⅳ.

31. Allophones refer to the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment. For example,［］and［ｌ］are the actual realization of the phoneme［ｌ］, and ［］and［］are the actual realization of the phoneme［p］.

32. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause. For example, John reads extensively.” and “ We are students.”

33. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neither is subordinate to the other. For example,John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. You'd better hurry or you'll be late.

34. Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. For example, modern—modernize, child—childhood.

35. In second language learning the use of one's first language rule which lead to an error or

inappropriate form in the target language is known as interference. For example, Chinese learners' frequent production of incorrect sequences like “Although...but...”is an instance of mother tongue interference.

36. The arbitrariness of language lies in the fact that there is no logical connection between the linguistic form and its corresponding linguistic meaning. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. For example: 书in Chinese, book in English, livre in French and Buch in German. Although not every symbol is arbitrary, non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number of words used in a language.

37. Apocope refers to the phenomenon of the deletion of a word-final vowel segment. It is a kind of sound loss. For example, “name” and “love” were pronounced respectively as /na:ma:/ and /luf u/ in Old English, and /na:m / and /luv / in Middle English, but as /neim/ and /l v/ in Modern English.

38. Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla-land” (the land of An gles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la-la” sounds

39. Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, in most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills as well as the perception of non-linguistic sounds and musical melodies; the left hemisphere controls reading and writing while the right hemisphere controls recognition of patterns.

40. Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner’s overall goal or orientation. Some learners learn a second language in order to use it functionally, i.e., to use it as an instrument for the purpose of, for instance, securing a desirable job or passing an important examination. Thus instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive

definition of language?

42. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English

function in conveying meaning?

Ⅴ.

41. a. Language is a rule-governed system.

b. Language is basically vocal.

c. Language is arbitrary.

d. Language is used for human communication.

42. The phonological features that occur above the sound segmental level are called suprasegmental features. The major suprasegmental features of English include word stress, sentence stress and intonation. The suprasegmental features distinguish meaning.

Model Test 6

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×

10=20%)

1. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what

they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.

A. productive

B. arbitrary

C. prescriptive

D. creative

2. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second

element receives secondary stress.

A. Orthographically

B. Phonetically

C. Semantically

D. Syntactically

3. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Lexicology

D. Coordination

4. ( ) In Austin's speech act theory, a(n) __________ act is the act performed by or resulting

from saying something, in other words, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. speech

B. illocutionary

C. perlocutionary

D. locutionary

5. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.

A. Abbreviation

B. Acronym

C. Clipping

D. Blending

6. ( ) Language disorder resulting from a damage to __________ in the brain reveals word

finding difficulties and problems with syntax.

A. Benton's area

B. Wernicke's area

C. the angular gyrus

D. Broca's area

7. ( ) In contrast with learning, __________ refers to the gradual and subconscious

development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

A. interference

B. instruction

C. acquisition

D. correction

8. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are

__________.

A. stems

B. affixes

C. suffixes

D. prefixes.

9. ( ) If the meaning of sentence X is included in that of sentence Y, we say sentence X

__________ sentence Y.

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

10. ( ) Where the target language functions as a foreign language as learned in such a limited

environment as in school, the learner is likely to benefit from an __________motivation.

A. instrumental

B. functional

C. social

D. integrative

I. 1-5 CBBCC 6-10 DCCCD

II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and

you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. Language is p__________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new

signals by its users.

12. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.

13. S__________ is a phenomenon in semantics, referring to the sameness or close similarity of

meaning.

14. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the

processes involved in language change.

15. P__________ is the study of language in relation to the mind.

16. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.

17. One way out of the communication dilemma is language s__________ known as language

planning.

18. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present,

real or imagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.

19. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is

l__________.

20. The m__________ rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.

II. 11. productive 12. Prefixes 13. Synonymy 14. development

15. Psycholinguistics 16. scientific 17. standardization 18. Displacement

19. linear 20. morphosyntactic

21. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.

22. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.

23. ( ) The semantic triangle theory avoids all of the problems the naming theory has

encountered, and therefore is the best approach to the study of meaning.

24. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.

25. ( ) The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both

linguistic and non-linguistic, than the left ear.

26. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about

a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.

27. ( ) The maxim of relation requires that what the speaker says should be relevant with the

current topic of the exchange.

28. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person

to another or as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.

29. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.

30. ( ) Phrase structure rules are rewrite rules.

Ⅲ. 21-25 FTFTF 26-30 FTFFT

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,petence

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

英语专业语言学考试试题

英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8410137108.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

2021复旦大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验

复旦大学英语语言文学考研经验

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