新东方GRE较易混的单词
本人在复习过程中记录的较易混的单词
下面是本人在复习过程中记录的一些较容易混的单词，前小部分主要是在做题中产生的，后部分是在快速过一遍太傻单词一月版中产生的，因本月底就上战场了，时间紧，有一些重复的而且格式不统一，主要方便自己啦，希望能对大家有点帮助。
hypocritical [hIpE5krItIk] adj. 伪善的
hypercritical [haIpE5krItIk(E)l] a．苛求的，吹毛求疵的
resin [5rezIn] n.树脂，松脂
raisin [5reIz(E)n] n. 葡萄干
fresco [5freskEJ] n.壁画
fiasco a complete failure
apophasis [E5pCfEsIs] n. 『修』故抑其词,以求婉达,表面否认要说或正说的话
apothecary [E5pBWEkerI] n.<古><英方>药剂师,药商,药房
preposterous adj.荒谬的
apocalyptic<>inconsequential 天启的<>不重要的
apoplectic<>calm 易怒的<>冷静的
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence 表示省略的撇号:词=省略号:句子(符号及其表示意义)
conscientious<>careless 负责的<>粗心的
conscious<>unwitting 有意识的<>不知情的
veracious [vE5reIFEs] adj．诚实的，说真话的
voracious [vE5reIFEs] adj. 狼吞虎咽的,贪婪的(把O当嘴，有嘴很贪的哦) vivacious [vI5veIFEs] adj. 活泼的，快活的
vitality [vaI5tAlItI] n. 活力,生命力
slight [slaIt] adj.细长的；轻微的
slight [slaIt] n.&v. 轻蔑,怠慢
congenial性格相似的,适意的
congenital 天生的
execrate:denunciate=?? 痛骂:指责=??
execrable<>commendable/laudable 极坏的<>赞扬的
Exorcise vt.驱邪, 除怪
Exonerate vt. 证明无罪; 使...免罪; 开释; 昭雪
免除(义务等), 解除(责任等)(from)
inexorable<>relenting 冷酷的<>怜惜的
excorticate vt.剥去…的外皮(或硬壳)
excruciate [Ik5skrU:FIeIt] vt.施酷刑，拷问，折磨
derivate adj引出的, 系出的
deprivation n.剥夺
derive 起源
derisive 嘲笑的
deft Quick and skillful; adroit.
Daft Mad; crazy；Foolish; stupid.
headlong<>deliberate 轻率的<>深思熟虑的
hangdog<>sprightly 沮丧的<>轻快的
emancipate 解放
emaciated adj.瘦弱的, 衰弱的
emanative 发散的,发射性的
peripatetic<>sedentary 巡游的<>不迁徙的
peripheral<>in essence 外围的<>核心【注:选项有STASIS 不要把提干和peripatetic搞混】
vicarious<>firsthand 代理的<>直接的
virtuosity<>mediocrity 大师<>平庸
virulent<>salubrious/wholesome 有毒的<>有益健康的
vitriolic<>soothing 讽刺的<>抚慰的
jeopardy n.危险, 危险
pejorative [pi:v] adj．带有轻蔑意义的，贬低的
conviction n.深信, 确信；定罪, 宣告有罪
convince vt.使确信, 使信服
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible 贬值:价值=僵化:灵活(行为及其作用消除对象) despicable:value=mulish:flexible 卑劣的:价值=顽固的:灵活的(人物个性及其缺乏对象)
volatile [5vRlEtaIl] adj. 反复无常的，挥发性的characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change
volition [vE5lIF(E)n] n. 自决，自主
an act of making a choice or decision; also :a choice or decision made
persecute:injure=haunt:remember 残害:损伤=萦绕心头:回忆(动词程度比较)
perspicuity [9p\:spI`kjU:EtI] n. 明晰,明了,简明
plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation perspicacious [p\:spI5keIFEs] adj. 独具慧眼的, 敏锐的
of acute mental vision or discernment:KEEN
clot [klRt] n. 凝块,群v.(使)凝结
a coagulated mass produced by clotting of blood
clog [klR^] n. 障碍,重物v.障碍,阻塞
something that shackles or impedes:ENCUMBRANCE
complaisance [kEm5pleIzEns] n. 彬彬有礼,殷勤,柔顺
disposition to please or comply:AFFABILITY
compliant [kEm5plaIEnt] adj. 顺从的,适应的
ready or disposed to comply:SUBMISSIVE
compliment [5kRmplIment] vt. 称赞,褒扬,恭维
expressing or containing a compliment
damper<>ameliorate 抑制因素<>改进【注；词性不符】
dapper<>frowsy 干净的<>肮脏的
deficiency [dI5fIFEnsI] n. 缺乏,不足
an amount that is lacking or inadequate:SHORTAGE
definitive [dI5fInItIv] adj.最后的, 确定的, 权威性的
serving to provide a final solution or to end a situation
dire [5daIE(r)] adj. 可怕的,悲惨的,阴惨的,极端的DISMAL, OPPRESSIVE
dirge [d\:dV] n. 哀歌、凄凉之曲调
a song or hymn of grief or lamentation; especially :one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites
discretion [dI5skreF(E)n] n. 慎重,辨别力,考虑,处理权
the quality of being discreet:CIRCUMSPECTION; especially :cautious reserve in speech frivolous
discretionary [dIs`kreFEnErI] adj.随意的,自由裁量的
left to discretion:exercised at one's own discretion
eccentric [Ik5sentrIk] adj. 古怪的,反常的,不同圆心的n. 怪人,偏心圆
deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct especially in odd or whimsical ways eclectic [I5klektIk] n. 折衷主义者,折衷派的人adj. 选择的,折衷的
selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles
Synonyms: discriminating, select, selective
ellipsis [I5lIpsIs] n 省略
the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete
elliptical [I5lIptIk(E)l] adj.椭圆的；省略的, 朦胧的,含糊的
of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style)
equable [5ekwEb(E)l] adj. 稳定的，（脾气）温和的marked by lack of noticeable, unpleasant, or extreme variation or inequality
equipoise [5ekwIpCIz] n. 平衡,均衡
a state of equilibrium
equity [5ekwItI] n.公平, 公正, 公平的事物, 资产净值, [律]平衡法
justice according to natural law or right; specifically :freedom from bias or favoritism equivocal [I5kwIvEk(E)l] adj. 意义含糊的，不直率的
subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse
expedite [5ekspIdaIt] vt. 加快,促进,派出adj. 畅通的,无阻碍的,迅速的,方便的
to accelerate the process or progress of:speed up
expedition [ekspI5dIF(E)n] n. 远征,探险队,迅速
efficient promptness:SPEED
ignominy [5I^nEmInI] n. 羞耻，屈辱
deep personal humiliation and disgrace
ignorant [5I^nErEnt] adj. 无知识的,不知道的,幼稚的
destitute of knowledge or education also lacking knowledge or comprehension of the thing specified
ignore [I^5nC:(r)] v.不理睬，忽略
to reject (a bill of indictment) as ungrounded
impeccable [Im5pekEb(E)l] a．无瑕疵的
impecunious [ImpI5kju:nIEs] adj. 不名一文的，贫困的
having very little or no money usually habitually:PENNILESS
improvident [Im5prRvIdEnt] adj. 无远见的,浪费的
not provident:not foreseeing and providing for the future improvised [5ImprEvaIz] adj. 即席而作的,即兴的
to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
imprudent [Im`prU:dEnt] adj. 轻率的,鲁莽的
not prudent:lacking discretion
impudent [5ImpjJdEnt] adj. 放肆无礼的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others:INSOLENT
inculcate [5InkQlkeIt] vt. 教授,谆谆教诲,教育
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions
inculpate [5InkQlpeIt] vt. 使负罪,控告,使连累
INCRIMINATE
ingrained [In5^reInd] adj. 根深蒂固的
to work indelibly into the natural texture or mental or moral constitution
ingratiating [In`^reIFIeItIN] adj. 逢迎的,迷人的
capable of winning favor:PLEASING
inimical [I5nImIk(E)l] adj．为敌的，不友善的
a:having the disposition of an enemy:HOSTILE
b:reflecting or indicating hostility:UNFRIENDL Y
amiable adj.亲切的, 和蔼可亲的
innocent [5InEsEnt] n. 天真的人,笨蛋
free from guilt or sin especially through lack of knowledge of evil:BLAMELESS
innocuous [I5nRkjJEs] adj．（行为，言论等）无害的
invective [In5vektIv] n.痛骂；恶意抨击
of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse
inveigh [In5veI] vi. 痛骂,漫骂,臭骂
to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently:RAIL
inveigle [In5veI^(E)l] v. 诱骗，诱使
to win over by wiles:ENTICE
palpable [5pAlpEb(E)l] adj. 明显的，易觉察的
easily perceived by the senses; audible, recognizable, perceptible, noticeable, etc.
palatable [5pAlEtEb(E)l] adj．美味的，愉快的
agreeable to the palate or taste
parable [5pArEb(E)l] n. 寓言，比喻
EXAMPLE; specifically:a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
paradigm [5pArEdaIm] n. 典范; 范例; 示例
EXAMPLE, PATTERN; especially :an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype paradise [5pArEdaIs] n.天堂, 极乐，致福,一种愉悦的状态
a place or state of bliss, felicity, or delight
peripatetic [perIpE5tetIk] adj. 巡游的, 徒步的,逍遥学派的
moving or traveling from place to place:ITINERANT
peripheral [pE5rIfEr(E)l] adj.边缘的，周边的
of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part
prophetic [prE5fetIk] adj. 预言的,先知的,预示的
foretelling events:PREDICTIVE
pertinacious [p\:tI5neIFEs] adj. 顽固的
stubbornly unyielding or tenacious
pertinent [5p\:tInEnt] adj. 相关的,中肯的,切题的
having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand
precipitate<>retard/dilatory 使提前发生; 仓促行进的，匆促的<>减速,阻碍/拖拉的precipitous<>level 陡峭的<>平坦的
prescription [prI5skrIpF(E)n] n. 处方,命令,指示
a written direction for a therapeutic or corrective agent; specifically:one for the preparation and use of a medicine
proscribe [prEJ5skraIb] v. (当作危险物而) 禁止<习惯等>,排斥
to condemn or forbid as harmful or unlawful:PROHIBIT
prosecution [prRsI5kju:F(E)n] n. 实行,经营,起诉
the act or process of prosecuting; specifically:the institution and continuance of a criminal suit involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment
presentiment [prI5zentImEnt] n. 预感,预觉
a feeling that something will or is about to happen:PREMONITION
prophetic [prE5fetIk] adj. 预言的,先知的,预示的
foretelling events:PREDICTIVE
propitiate [prE5pIFIeIt] vt. 慰抚,安抚,和解
to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of:APPEASE, CONCILIATE
propitious [prE5pIFEs] adj. 顺利的,适合的,吉祥的,慈悲的favorably disposed:BENEVOLENT
protest [5prEtest] vt.vi. 反对,抗议,拒付,主张,断言
to execute or have executed a formal protest against (as a bill or note)
protect vt.保护
provident [5prRvIdEnt] adj. 深谋远虑的，节俭的
FRUGAL, SAVING
providential [prRvI5denF(E)l] adj.幸运的
Happening as if through divine intervention; opportune
provincial [prE5vInF(E)l] adj. 省的,地方的,偏狭的
limited in outlook:NARROW
provisional [prE5vIVEn(E)l] adj. 暂时的,暂定的,临时的
serving for the time being:TEMPORARY
provisory [prEJ`vaIzErI] adj. 有附文的,有附带条件的,暂时的
containing or subject to a proviso:CONDITIONAL
prudent [5pru:dEnt] adj. 审慎的,三思而后行的,精明的,节俭的
marked by circumspection:DISCREET
prudish [`prU:dIF] adj. 装淑女样子的,装规矩的,过分规矩的
marked by prudery:PRIGGISH
pucker [5pQkE(r)] v.折叠, 噘嘴
to contract into folds or wrinkles
puckish [5pQkIF] adj. 爱恶作剧的精灵似的; 爱恶作剧的,淘气的,顽皮的
IMPISH, WHIMSICAL
quaff [kwAf] vt.vi. 一口气喝干,大口地喝
to drink (a beverage) deeply
quail [kweIl] vi. 胆怯,畏缩
to recoil in dread or terror:COWER
quaint [kweInt] adj. 古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的
unusual or different in character or appearance:ODD
quash [5kwC:rI] v. 取消，拒绝接受，撤销; 镇定，镇压
to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely
quell [kwel] vt. 压制,平息,减轻
to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity
quench [kwentF] vt. 熄灭,结束,冷浸,淬火
to cool (as heated metal) suddenly by immersion (as in oil or water)
regime [reI5Vi:m] n.政体, 政权, 政权制度
a government in power
regimen [reI5Vi:m]n. 养生法，生活规则
a systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient
recessive [rI5sesIv] adj. 退行的,逆行的,后退的,隐性的
producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele
regress [rI`^res] v.复原, 逆行,使倒退
reign [reIn] n. 执政,君主统治,统治,支配
royal authority:SOVEREIGNTY
rein [reIn] n.缰绳vi.驾驭，控制
to check or stop by or as if by a pull at the reins
relapse [rI5lAps] vi. 故态复萌,再陷邪道,再度堕落
to slip or fall back into a former worse state
release [rI5li:s] vt. 释放,解放,放松,豁免,免除
to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
appeal n.请求, 呼吁, 上诉, 吸引力, 要求
vi.求助, 诉请, 要求
vt.控诉
repeal [rI5pi:l] v. 废除（法律）
to rescind or annul by authoritative act; especially :to revoke or abrogate by legislative enactment
repel [rI5pel] vt. 逐退,抵制,使厌恶,抗据
to drive back:REPULSE
resurgence [rI5s\:dVEns] n. 再起,复活,再现
a rising again into life, activity, or prominence:RENASCENCE
resuscitate [rI5sQsIteIt] v．使复活，使苏醒
to revive from apparent death or from unconsciousness; also :REVITALIZE
revise [rI5vaIz] vt. 校订,修正,校正
to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of
revive [rI5vaIv] vi. 苏醒,复活,复兴,恢复精神
to return to consciousness or life:become active or flourishing again
rife [raIf] adj. 流行的,盛传的,非常多的
copiously supplied:ABOUNDING
rift [rIft] n．裂缝，隙缝,不和
BREACH, ESTRANGEMENT
faultfinding:criticize=rift:breach
rile [raIl] vt. 搅浑浊,惹怒,使焦急
to make agitated and angry:UPSET
roil [rRIl] v.搅浑，激怒
to stir up:DISTURB, DISORDER
rite [raIt] n.宗教仪式,典礼
a prescribed form or manner governing the words or actions for a ceremony
roister [5rCIstE(r)] v.摆架子, 喝酒喧嚣
to engage in noisy revelry:CAROUSE
roster [5rRstE(r)] n．值勤表，花名册
a roll or list of personnel
ruffian [5rQfIEn] n. 恶棍，歹徒. adj. 残暴的
a brutal person:BULL Y
ruffle [rQf(E)l] n. 皱褶,波纹,生气,轻擂
a strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge
ruse [rU:seI] n.诡计
a crafty stratagem; a subterfuge.
rue [ru:] n．后悔，遗憾．
to feel penitence, remorse, or regret for
rustic [5rQstIk] adj. 乡村的,纯朴的,手工粗糙的
of, relating to, or suitable for the country:RURAL
rustle [5rQs(E)l]v. (美口语)偷牛【马】
to steal (as livestock) especially from a farm or ranch
sacrifice [5sAkrIfaIs] n. 牺牲,供俸,祭品
an act of offering to a deity something precious; especially :the killing of a victim on an altar sacrilege [5sAkrIlIdV] n. 亵渎圣物,冒渎,悖理逆天的行为
a technical and not necessarily intrinsically outrageous violation (as improper reception of a sacrament) of what is sacred because consecrated to God
salve [`sB:lweI] n. 药膏，v. 减轻，缓和
an unctuous adhesive substance for application to wounds or sores
salvo [`sAlvEJ] n. 齐射火器的同时发射
a simultaneous discharge of two or more guns in military action or as a salute
saturated [`sAtFEreItId] adj. 饱和的,渗透的,深颜色的
full of moisture:made thoroughly wet
saturnine [5sAtEnaIn] adj. 忧郁的,沉默寡言的,阴沉的,感染铅毒的
of a gloomy or surly disposition
scarce [skeEs] adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 稀有的, 不充足的
deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand : not plentiful or abundant
scare [skeE(r)] n. v. 惊吓, 受惊, 威吓
to frighten especially suddenly:ALARM
scowl [skaJl] vi. 皱眉头,做出不高兴的脸
to contract the brow in an expression of displeasure
scrawl [skrC:l] vt.乱涂, 潦草地写
to write or draw awkwardly, hastily, or carelessly
scrupulous [5skru:pjJlEs] adj. 小心谨慎的,细心的
having moral integrity:acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper
scrutable [`skrU:tEbl] adj. 通过细看和细查可以理解的
capable of being deciphered:COMPREHENSIBLE
shun [FQn] vt.避开, 避免
to avoid deliberately and especially habitually shunt [FQnt] v. 使（火车）转到另一轨道，转移方向 to switch (as a train) from one track to another
sluggard [5slQ^Ed] n.偷懒者, 懒鬼, 游手好闲的人
an habitually lazy person
sluggish [5slQ^IF] adj.行动迟缓的，缓慢的，迟缓的表现出很少的活动或活力的
averse to activity or exertion:INDOLENT; also :TORPID
snare [sneE(r)] v.诱捕n.陷井
to capture by or as if by use of a snare
snarl [snB:l] vi. 缠结, 混乱, 吠, 咆哮, 怒骂
to cause to become knotted and intertwined:TANGLE
To growl viciously while baring the teeth
stature [5stAtjE(r)] n. 身高, 身材, (精神、道德等的)高度
natural height (as of a person) in an upright position
status [5steItEs] n.身份, 地位, 情形, 状况
relative rank in a hierarchy of prestige; especially :high prestige
statuary n.雕象
statute n.法令, 条例
stiff [stIf] adj.生硬的；严厉的；呆板的；僵直的lacking in suppleness or responsiveness
stifle [5staIf(E)l] vt.使不能呼吸,窒息,抑制
to withhold from circulation or expression:REPRESS
stipulate [5stIpjJleIt] v. 规定作为合约的条件规定:按合同要求
To lay down as a condition of an agreement; require by contract.
Stimulate v.刺激, 激励
striate [5straIIt] vt. 加条纹
to mark with striations or striae
stride [straId] vi.vt. 迈大步走,跨过,跨
to move with or as if with long steps
strike [straIk] v.冲制(奖牌)
To form by stamping, printing, or punching:
stricture [5strIktFE(r)] n. 狭窄,苛评,束缚
an adverse criticism:CENSURE
structure n.结构, 构造, 建筑物
vt.建筑, 构成, 组织
strident [5straIdEnt] adj. 刺耳的,高声喧哗的
characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound
stringent [5strIndVEnt] adj. 迫切的,严厉的,束紧的，银根紧的marked by rigor, strictness, or severity especially with regard to rule or standard
stun [stQn] vt. 使晕倒,使惊吓,打晕
to make senseless, groggy, or dizzy by or as if by a blow:DAZE
stunt [stQnt] v.阻碍n. 特技,绝技,花招,矮小物,发育迟缓,手腕
to hinder the normal growth, development, or progress of
supercilious [9sjU:pE`sIlIEs] adj．目中无人的，傲慢的
coolly and patronizingly haughty
superficial [su:pE5fIF(E)l] adj.表面的；肤浅的
of or relating to a surface
support vt.支撑, 扶持, 支持, 支援, 拥护, 维持, 赡养, 忍受
n.支撑, 支持, 支援, 维持, 赡养, 支持者, 支柱
supple [5sQp(E)l] adj. 柔软的,逢迎的,顺从的
easy and fluent without stiffness or awkwardness
synergic [sI`n\:dVIk] adj. 协作的，合作的
working together:COOPERA TING
synopsis [sI`nCpsIs] n. 摘要，概要
a condensed statement or outline (as of a narrative or treatise):ABSTRACT
synthesis [5sInWIsIs] n.综合，合成
the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole
taunt [tC:nt] v. 嘲笑，讥笑
to reproach or challenge in a mocking or insulting manner:jeer at
taut [tC:t] adj.(绳子)拉紧的, 整洁的, 紧张的
having no give or slack:tightly drawn
tatty [5tAtI] adj.不整洁的，简陋的
rather worn, frayed, or dilapidated:SHABBY
tasty [5teIstI] adj. 十分吸引人的
strikingly attractive or interesting
testy [5testI] adj. 性急的，暴躁的
easily annoyed:irritable
torpid adj. 麻痹的，迟缓的，迟钝的，蛰伏的
sluggish in functioning or acting
torpor [5tC:pId] n. 麻木，无感觉，不活泼
a state of mental and motor inactivity with partial or total insensibility:extreme sluggishness or stagnation of function
torrid [5tRrId] adj. 酷热的
giving off intense heat:scorching
unexceptionable [QnIk5sepFEnEb(E)l] adj. 无懈可击的,极好的,完全的
not open to objection or criticism:beyond reproach: UNIMPEACHABLE
unexceptional [QnIk5sepFEn(E)l] adj. 非例外的,普通的,平凡的
not out of the ordinary:COMMONPLACE
vaccinate [5vAksIneIt] vt.vi. 预防接种
to inoculate (a person) with cowpox virus in order to produce immunity to smallpox
vacillate [`vAsIleIt] adj. 摇动的; 摇摆的; 犹豫不决的
to sway through lack of equilibrium:FLUCTUATE, OSCILLATE
vault [vR:lt] n. 窖,地下室,撑竿跳,圆顶
a room or compartment for the safekeeping of valuables
vaunt [vC:nt] vt.vi. 自夸
to make a vain display of one's own worth or attainments:BRAG
venal [5vi:n(E)l] adj. 唯利是图的，贪脏枉法的capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration:PURCHASABLE; especially :open to corrupt influence and especially
vernal adj.春天的, 春天发生的, 和煦的, 青春的
venial [5vi:nIEl] adj. （错误等）轻微的，可原谅的
of a kind that can be remitted:FORGIV ABLE, PARDONABLE; also :meriting no particular censure or notice:EXCUSABLE
versed [ vE:st ] adj.精通的, 对…有很深造诣的acquainted through study or experience; knowledgeable or skilled
verve [veEv] n.气魄, 神韵, 活力, 热情
the spirit and enthusiasm animating artistic composition or performance:VIVACITY
vindicate [5vIndIkeIt] n. 为…平反，证明…正确
to free from allegation or blame
vindictive [vIn5dIktIv] adj．报复性的
disposed to seek revenge:VENGEFUL
virtuous [5v\:tjJEs] adj. 有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的morally excellent:RIGHTEOUS
virulent [5vIrJlEnt] adj. 剧毒的,致命的,刻毒的,恶毒的,充满敌意的
marked by a rapid, severe, and malignant course
vitality [vaI5tAlItI] n. 活力,生命力
capacity to live and develop; also :physical or mental vigor especially when highly developed vitiate [5vIFIeIt] v.使腐败，败坏
to make faulty or defective:IMPAIR
wan [wRn] adj.苍白的, 无血色的, 病态的, 暗淡的, 无力的
suggestive of poor health:SICKL Y, PALLID
wane [weIn] vi.变小, 亏缺, 衰落, 退潮, 消逝, 呈下弦
to fall gradually from power, prosperity, or influence