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英美文学整理复习

Quiz on Benjamin Franklin

1. ―God help them that help themselves‖ is found in A ?s work.

A.Franklin

B.Freneau

C.Jefferson

D.Paine

2. Which statement about Franklin is not true? D

A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.

B. He was a scientist.

C. He was a master of diplomacy.

D. He was a Unitarian.

3. Poor Richard‘s Almanac contained A.

A. many proverbs

B. Franklin‘s autobiography

C. voyages to the new land

D. climate and crops

4. In his last years and for a generation after his death, _A__ was more often referred to as ―the father of his country‖ tha n was George Washington himself

A. Benjamin Franklin

B. Washington Irving

C. Ralph Waldo Emerson

D. Nathaniel Hawthorne

5.__A ____ is outstanding as a tradesman, citizen, scientist, statesman and political revolutionary. He aided Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of the Independence.

A. Benjamin Franklin

B. Washington Irving

C. Ralph Waldo Emerson

D. Nathaniel Hawthorne

6. Benjamin Franklin‘s best writing is found in his masterpiece A .

A. Autobiography

B. Poor Ri chard‘s Almanac

C. Common Sense

D. The Way to Wealth

7. Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called C .

A. Time

B. People

C. the General Magazine

D. Redbook

8. If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, represents the lower levels. B

A. Thomas Paine

B. Benjamin Franklin

C. Philip Freneau

D. Washington Irving

Philip Freneau: ―The Poet of American Revolution‖.

9. The ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of B .

A. Thomas Hood

B. Benjamin Franklin

C. Thomas Jefferson

D. George Washington

10. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome(representative) of the A .

A. American Enlightenment

B. Sugar Act

C. Chartist Movement

D. Romanticist

11. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the A of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.

A. Spectator Papers

B. Walden

C. Nature

D. The Sacred Wood

12. Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideal of D .

A. clarity

B. restraint

C. simplicity

D. all the above

13. Franklin‘s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his A and A .

A. Poor Richard‘s Almanac, Autobiography

B. Common Sense, American Crisis

C. The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground

D. Rights of Man, The Age of Reason

Philip Freneau（1752-1832）美国殖民时期著名诗人，美国革命战争后期最杰出的作家。生于纽约一酒商家庭。1768年进入普林斯顿大学，次年发起建立北美第一个革命学生组织。他写于内战时期的诗集《内战时期及其他》(1864)，

歌颂内战时期反蓄奴制斗争中的英雄主义精神，欢庆黑奴解放，以鼓励士气。1781年发表《英国囚船》一诗，揭露英军虐待战俘的暴行。1786年出版《弗瑞诺诗集》，被誉为―美国独立革命的诗人‖。战后，他支持杰弗逊，为美国政府做出巨大贡献

但50岁后，他在贫穷中度过余生。

主要作品

The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；

The British Prison Ship英国囚船；

To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----

The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；

The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地

14. Which statement is not true about Autobiography? D

A. It is recognized as a classic of its kind.

B. It epitomizes the spirit of Franklin.

C. It is pervaded with a pragmatic philosophy and the teaching of ethical principles.

D. It describes the whole life of Franklin.

Quiz on Ralph Waldo Emerson

1. In the early 19th century The Sketch Book had established _Washington Irving_'s reputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning of American Romanticism.

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book in 1836 _Nature_ brought American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism.

3. The American Transcendeatalists formed a club called _The Transcendental Club_.

4. _Ralph Waldo Emerson_ was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.

5. Emerson's truest disciple门徒, the man who put into practice many of Emerson's theories, was _Henry David

Thoreau___

6. THe American Scholar_was called the "Intellectual Declaration of Independence."

7. Nature_ is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.

1. Transcendentalists took their ideas from __E________.

A. the romantic literature in Europe

B. neo-Platonism

C. German idealistic philosophy

D. The revelation of oriental mysticism

E. All of the above

2. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _B_____ and Thoreau.

A. Jefferson

B. Emerson

C. Freneau

D. Oversoul

3. Philip Freneau__ was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"?

4. __B___ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.

A. Thoreau

B. Emerson

C. Hawthorne

D. Whitman

5. Transcendentalists recognized _A_____ as the "highest power of the soul".

A. intuition

B.logic

C. data of the sneses

D. thinking

6. A new __C_____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.

A. Realism

B. Critical realism

C. Romanticism

D. Naturalism

7. Which one is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson? D

A. Nature

B. Self-Reliance

C. The Oversoul

D. Walden

8. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson? A

A. Of Studies

B. Slef-Reliance

C. The American Scholar

D. The Divinity School Address

9. There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually _A______ on the Puritan soil.

A. Romanticism

B. Puritanism

C. Mysticism

D. Unitarianism

10. Following the rise of Romanticism, Transcendetalism appeared after 1830 in the works of such man of letters as ___ E___, ______ and Margaret Fuller.

A. Ralph Waldo Emerson

B. Henry Thoreau

C. Mark Twain

D. Nathaniel Hawthorne

E. Both A and B

F. Both C and D

Quiz on Nathaniel Hawthorne

1.Which statement expresses a central theme of the story, The Minister's Black Veil? C

a.) People are attracted by unsolved mysteries.

b.) People with faith can overcome any hardship.

c.) People are often unwilling to face the truth about themselves.

d .) Peopl

e who sin should not be forgiven.

2. What message about human nature is most strongly conveyed by Elizabeth's nursing of Mr. Hopper on his deathbed? A

a.) Love for someone endures despite what the person does.

b.) Curiosity leads people to do odd things

c.) Loyalty always leads to learning the truth.

d.) Hard work is seldom rewarded in this lif

3. What can you infer about the author's attitude toward his Puritain ancestors? A

a.) He considered them hypocritical.

b.) He admired their fortitude. disaprproved of their immorality.

c.) He dissaprproved of their immorality.

d.) He envied their piety.

4. Over what group does the veiled minister seem to have the most power? B

a.) his congregation

b.) souls in agony for sinning

c.) other clergymen in the area.

d) his fiancee Elizabeth

5. Hawthorne subtitled his story 'A Parable" to suggest that readers will find in it A

A. a moral lesson

B. a Gothic mystery

C. witty sayings

D. vivid imagery

6. Hawthorne portrays the veil as C

A. a punishment

B. a joke

C. a symbol

D. a whim异想天开

7. Hawthorne based "The Minister's Black Veil" on the life of D

A. Jonathan Edwards

B.Franklin Pierce

C.a Salem witch

D.a New England clergyman

8. The climax of the story occurs when C

A. Elizabeth decides not to marry Hooper

B.Reverend Clark tries to remove the veil

C.Hooper utters his dying words

D. Hooper is buried

9. Hawthorne presents Hooper's character as C

A. happy and contented

B. evil and dangerous

C. lonely and tormented

D. witty and charming

10. The best meaning for perturbation is D

A. wise

B. imitation

C. strong dislike

D. a troubled or agitated condition

11. The best meaning for vagary is A

A. an extravagant notion or act

B. showiness or pretentiousness to attract attention

C. strong dislike

D. imitation

T or F questions

1. Mr. Hooper's parishoners are amazed when he appears with a veil over his face.

2. At first, some people assume that the parson is crazy.

3. There is a movement to have Hooper dismissed from his post.

4. The church sends a delegation to the parson to inquire about the reason for the veil.

5. Hooper confides his guilty secret to Elizabeth.

6. The parson is relieved to break his engagement with Elizabeth.

7. Children flee from Hooper in fright.

8. The veil enables Hooper to become a more effective minister.

9. As Hooper lies dying, he agrees to remove the veil.

10. Only at the minister's burial is the veil finally removed.

1-5 T T F T F

6-10 F T T F F

1. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne's novel __The Scarlet Letter_______.

2. The House of Seven Gables is a famous mystery-haunted novel written by A

A. Nathaniel Hawthorne

B. Allan Poe

C. Mark Twain

D. Ernest Hemingway

3. Which is not Nathaniel Hawthorne's long novel? D

A. The Scarlet Letter

B. The Marble Faun

C. The Blithedale Romance

D. Young Goodman Brown

Quiz on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

1.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's first collection of poems entitled __V oices of the Night____ appeared in 1838.

2. The most scholarly of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's writings is his translation of Dante's __Divine Comedy_____

3. After his death, _Henry Wadsworth Longfellow______ became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

4. With the appearance of ____C___ in 1855, which is about American Indians, Longfellow's poetical reputation was established.

A. Evangeline

B. The Courtship of Miles Standish

C. Song of Hiawatha

D. Michael Angelo

5. What are the artistic achievements of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poetry?

1) Longfellow was the best known of the Fireside poets, it was with him that American poetry began its emergence from the shadow of the British parentage.

2) His poetic narrative helped create National historical myth, transforming colorful aspects of the American past into memorable romance. They include Evangeline, which concerns lovers who are separated during the French and Indian War. (1754-1763)

Song of Hiawatha derives its theme from native American folklore.

3) No Amerian poet before or since was as widely celebrated during his or her lifetime as Longfellow.

4) He became the first and only American poet to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London, England.

fire-side poets

REPRESENTATIVES:

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,

William Cullen Bryant,

John Greenleaf Whittier,

James Russell Lowell,

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of British poets, both at home and abroad.

The name "Fireside Poets" is derived from that popularity: The Fireside Poets' general adherence to poetic convention—standard forms, regular meter, and rhymed stanzas—made their body of work particularly suitable for memorization and recitation in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire.

The poets' primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of America, in which several of the poets were directly involved. The Fireside Poets wrote for the common people. They meant to have their stories told for families.

Quiz on Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman

Define the following terms

fireside poets

free verse

questions

The significance of the collection Leaves of Grass

Why did Whitman entitle the collection of poems "Leaves of Grass"?

1. _Edgar Allan Poe_is called the father of detective stories.

2. __Edgar Allan Poe_ is called "the jingle man" by Ralph Emerson.

3. _Walt Whitman_was the first man in America to use the free verse.

4. __Leaves of Grass is Whitman's masterpiece.

5. Leaves of Grass is called "the Bible of Democracy"

Quiz on Emily Dickinson

1.The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except__D_.

A. religion

B. love and marriage

C. life and death

D. war and peace

2. Emily Dickinson‘s poetic idiom is noted f or the following except__D_.

A. brevity

B. directness

C. plainest words

D. obscure

3.which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson‘s? C

A. This is my letter to the world

B. I heard a Fly buzz-when I died

C. The road not taken

D. I like to see it lap the miles

4. Emily Dickinson‘s poems ―this is my letter to the world‖ expresses the poet‘s __C_ about her communication with the outside world.

A. indignation

B. joy

C. anxiety

D. indifference

5.American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was __C____.

A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways,

Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used

imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and

punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced

greatly divergent interpretations over the years.

Quiz on Theodore Dreiser

1. _A___ is considered to be Theodore Dreiser‘s greatest work.

A. An American Tragedy

B. Sister Carrie

C. The Financier

D. The Titan

2. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American‘s _A_____.

A. naturalists

B. realists

C. modernists

D. romanticists

3. Dreiser‘s trilogy of desire includes thre e novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and __A____.

A. The Stoic

B. The Giant

C. The Tycoon

D. The Genius

4. The centre character of the novel An American tragedy is_A_____.

A. Clyde Griffiths

B. Samuel Griffiths

C. Roberta Alden

D. Sondra

5. Which of the following is NOT Theodore Dreiser‘s work? D

A. An American Tragedy

B. Free And Other Stories

C. Sister Carrie

D. The Black Riders

The Black Riders was written by Stephen Crane

6.The story in An American Tragedy happened in _B____ century.

A.19th

B. 20th

C. 18th

D. 17th

7.In Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser described a ___C__‘s fortune.

A. boy

B. male

C. female

D. old man

8.The stories both in Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt are based on the experience of Theodore Drei ser‘s __B___.

A. mother

B. sister

C. brother

D. Aunt

9. Which of the following is NOT Dreiser‘s work? D

A. Jennie Gerhardt

B. The Titan

C. The Financier

D. The Call of the Wild

10. Maggie, a Girl of the Streets is the first Naturalistic novel written by Stephen Crane.

11. Define the term Naturalism

12. Analyze the characters of Clyde?

13. Why did Dreiser call it an American tragedy?

Quiz on Robert Lee Frost

1. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms-the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse-with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of __D__ farmers with its idiosyncratic 特有的diction and syntax.

A. southern

B. western

C. New Hampshire

D. New England

2.‖Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…‖

In the above two lines of Robert Frost‘s The Road Not Taken, the poet , by implication, was referring to ___D__.

A. a travel experience

B. a marriage decision

C. a middle-age crisis

D. one‘s course of life

3. In the Thirties, poets like Archibald Macleish and __C____wrote compassionately about common people, workers and farmers.

A. Emily Dickinson

B. Ezra Pound

C. Robert Frost

D. Ezra Pound

4.When Robert Frost was eighty-seven, he read his poetry at the inauguration of President __D_____.

A. Thomas Jefferson

B. Theodore Roosevelt

C. Abraham Lincoln

D. John F. Kennedy

5.Which of the following was NOT written by Robert Frost ? A

A. ―Success‖

B. ―A Witness Tree‖

C. ―Mending Wall‖

D. ―In the Clearing‖

6. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems was NOT written by Robert Frost ? D

A. ―Birches‖

B. ―after Apple-picking‖

C. ―The Road Not Taken‖

D. ―In a Station of the Metro"

7. Which of the following is Robert Frost‘s first book of poems? A

A. A Boy‘s Will

B. North of Boston

C. In the Clearing

D. A Witness Tree

8.As a national poet, Frost won _B___ Pulitzer Prizes.

A. five

B. four

C. six

D. seven

9.In Frost‘s view, a poem ―begins in ___A__ and ends in ___A__.‖

A. delight , wisdom

B. wisdom, delight

C. wisdom, beauty

D. delight, beauty

10.The words ―Good fences make good neighbors.‖ are from___B___.

A. The Pasture

B. Mending Wall

C. The Road Not Taken

D. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

11.The famous poem ― Mending Wall‖ is from __A___.

A. North of Boston

B. A Boy‘s Will

C. Mountain Interval

D. New Hampshire

12. The famous poem ― The Road Not Taken‖ is from ___C__.

A. North of Boston

B. A Boy‘s Will

C. Mountain Interval

D. New Hampshire

13. The poem ―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖ is from __D__.

A. North of Boston

B. A Boy‘s Will

C. Mountain Interval

D. New Hampshire

Quiz on Eugene O'Neill

1. As an autobiographical play, O'Neill's ___ A__(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.

A. Long Day‘s Journey Into Night

B. The Hairy Ape

C. Desire Under the Elms

D. The Iceman Cometh

2. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature , if not the most successful in all his experiments, is ___D__.

A. Arthur Miller

B. Tennessee Williams

C. Robert Frost

D. Eugene O‘Neill

Tennessee Williams(March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983)

He was an American playwright who received many of the top theatrical awards for his works of drama.

He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire 《欲望街车》》in 1948 and for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫in 1955. In addition, The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》(1945) and The Night of the Iguana (1961) received New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards. 大蜥蜴之夜》获纽约戏剧评论奖His 1952 play The Rose Tattoo received the Tony Award for best play.《玫瑰刺青》获得东尼奖最佳戏剧的殊荣。

3. From Eugene O‘Neill‘s works, we can see he is ___B__.

A. a man of optimism

B. a man of pessimism

C. a man of apathy冷漠

D. a man of inactivity

4. ___B__ is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama in the modernistic period.

A. Sinclair Lewis

B. Eugene O‘Neill

C. Arthur Miller

D. Tennessee Williams

Sinclair Lewis(February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951)

In 1930, he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature

《大街》（Main Street，1920），《巴比特》（Babbitt，1922）对资本主义社会的辛辣讽刺。

5.Most of Eugene O‘Neill‘s plays are tragedies, dealing with ___B__.

A.class conflicts

B. human existence and predicament 困境

C. racial discrimination

D. domestic affairs

6．Yank‘s sense of belonging nowhere , hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man‘s ___C__.

A. love

B. homey relations

C. identity

D. development

7.His first long play is __A___.

A. Beyond the Horizon

B. The Hairy Ape

C. Desire Under the Elms

D. Anna Christie

8. Which of the following works is NOT rewarded Pulitzer Prize? B

A. Anna Christie

B. The Emperor Jones

C. Long Day‘s Journey Into Night

D. Strange Interlude

9. What is the tone of The Hairy Ape? A

A. sympathetic

B. negative

C. sarcastic

D. positive

10. The Hairy Ape tells about Yank, a __A___, proud , brutish coal-stoker in the engine room of a passenger ship.

A. strong

B. weak

C. healthy

D. ill

11. Confused and disappointed, Yank goes to the zoo to see the ___D___, the only creature with whom he can now feel kinship.

A .panda B. zebra

C. tiger

D. gorilla

12.What‘s the real name of Yank? A

A. Bob Smith

B. John Smith

C. Bob White

D. John White

13.How many scenes does The Hairy Ape have? C

A. six

B. five

C. eight

D. seven

O‘Neil was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He paid little attention to the division of scenes. He introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic into the American theatre.

Questions

Why did the writer call Yank "The Hairy Ape"?

Quiz on Ezra Pound

1. Which poet was a protege门生of Pound? B

A. Robert Frost

B. T.S. Eliot

C. W.B. Yeats

D. Ernest Hemingway

2. Pound identified with this movement, angering his home country: D

A. Imagism

B. Pacifism和平主义

C. Expansionism

D. Fascism

3. Imagist poems are mainly composed in the form of ___B_____.

A. blank verse

B. free verse

C. heroic couplet

D. sonnet

4. Pioneer of modern American poetry, __C____ did not only produce great poetry himself but also helped his contemporary poets including T.S. Eliot and Robert Frost with their literary careers.

A. Walt Whitman

B. Edagar Allan Poe

C. Ezra Pound

D. William Carlos Williams

5. Which of the following poets is a Nobel Prize winner? C

A. Ezra Pound

B. Robert Frost

C. T.S. Eliot

D. Allan Poe

6. The imagist poets followed three principles, they are __B___ , direct treatment and economy of expression.

A. blank verse

B. clear rhythm

C. terza rima

D. everyday speech

7. ___T.S.Eliot ____called Ezra Pound "the man who

discovered Chinese poetry for the

contemporary age."

艾略特于1948年获诺贝尔文学奖。

8. Name at least three imagist poets.

Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, William Carlos Williams

9. Literary term: Imagism

The Beat Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the

cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired.

Beat: beaten down, beatitude(great happiness)

The Beatniks rejected materialism, experimented with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and had an interest in Eastern religion.

The major works of Beat writing are Allen Ginsberg's Howl 艾伦金斯堡《嚎叫》(1956), William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch (1959) 威廉·博罗斯《裸体午餐》and Jack Kerouac's 杰克·克鲁亚克<在路上》On the Road (1957)

Literary Sources of Imagism:

The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditions—Greek, Provencal, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic and pictographic nature of Chinese language, and virile laconism and austere pregnancy which characterize ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists.

Cathay, a collection of Chinese translations, based on the manuscripts of Ernest Fennellosa

Imagism (1908-1917)

1. Time: 1908-1917

1) first began in 1908-1909 T.E. Hulme founded a Poet's Club discussed the techniques of writing poetry.

2) 1912-1914 Ezra Pound headed the movement. He and Flint laid down three Imagist principles

3)1914-1917: Amy Lowell pushed the movement into the period of "Amygism"

three Imagist Principles

1). economy of expression(exclusion of redundant words)

2). metrical freedom（free verse form and the rhythm of metrical phrase(讲究自由诗歌形式,使用音乐性短语的节奏而不按节拍器的节奏

3). produce a dominant and clear visual image or a series of related images (no symbolic meaning of images, avoidance of romantic or mystical themes)

3. Representatives

Ezra Pound,

Amy Lowell,

Hilda Doolittle,

Carlos Williams

The Lost Generation

1. Time: a term coined by Gertrude Stein after the WWI (1920s)

2. Ideas: a group of American intellects, artists and writers fled to France to reject the values of American materialism. They were disillusioned and frustrated with the war and were spiritually bitter and lead aimless life.

3. Representatives: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzegerade, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein etc.

American Puritanism

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion and grace from God. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. American puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.

Iceberg Theory

1) In his non-fiction work Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway said "the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only 1/8 of it being above water ,7/8 is under the water. " ―冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。‖

2) It is a combination of briefness in form and connotations in content.

Interior Monologue内心独白

It is a narrative technique that exhibits the thoughts, feelings, and associations passing through a character‘s mind.

Modernism

Time: the late 19th century and extended to the whole 20th century.

Ideas: characterized by such movement as Symbolism, Imagism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, existentialism, theatre of the absurd, and black humor.

Representatives

In Fiction: James Joyce Ulysses(novel), Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse technique of "stream of consciousness", D.H. Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers". William Faulkner's Sound and the Fury, Ernest Hemingway "Farewell to Arms"

In Poetry: (Ireland) William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. In the USA, Ezra Pound

Naturalism

1) Time: Later 19th and early 20th century

2) Definition: It was a term created by French novelist, Emile Zola. Naturalists accept the more negative interpretation of Darwin‘s evolutio nary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Man was a weak and incompetent animal and man himself could not master his own fate, man was no longer free. In a word, Naturalism is literary approach of French origin vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings helpless victims of heredity and environment.

3) Characteristics

1. Human beings were overwhelmed by the forces of environment and by the forces of heredity

2. more naked and wicked邪恶的than realism

3. Less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic in writing

4) Representatives

1. Stephen Crane (1871—1900)

Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893)(the first naturalist novel)

2. Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945)

An American Tragedy

Jack London(1876-1916)

The Call of the Wild

Realism

1) Time: late 19th and early-20th century

2) Ideas: It called for ―reality and truth‖ in the depiction of ordinary life. ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthf ul treatment of material.‖ (W.D. Howells)

3) Some French representatives:

Zola

Les Rougon-Macquart

Flaubert

Madame Bovary

Balzac

Comedie Humaine

American representatives:

W.D. Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham,

Henry James The Portrait of a Lady,

Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Transcendentalism

1) Time: after 1830s

2) Definition: it marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. The

term derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits. It laid emphasis on spirit, intuition individual and nature.

3) Representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature

Free verse

Definition: a kind of poetry that lacks regular meter or pattern and may not rhyme. The poem depends on natural speech rhythms.

Representatives: Walt Whitman I Sit and Look Out

Jazz Age

1) Definition: it describes the period from 1918-1929; the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Great Depression in America. Among the prominent concerns and trends of the period are the public embrace of technological development as well as new modernist trends in social behavior, the arts, and culture.

2) Representative: F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby

Fireside Poets

1) Definition: their poems are suitable for memorization and recitation in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire.

2) Characteristics: Fireside Poets insist poetic convention—standard forms, regular meter, and rhymed stanzas.

3) primary subjects: the domestic life, mythology, and politics of America.

4) Representatives:

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗

William Cullen Bryant布莱恩特

John Greenleaf Whittier惠蒂尔

James Russell Lowell洛厄尔

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

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