既判力与第19条【外文翻译】

外文翻译

原文：

RES JUDICATA AND RULE 19

Of：William J Katt

From：Northwestern University Law Review Vol, 103, No

1. His legal interests are protected; therefore he will be bound by res judicata.

2. He will be bound by res judicata; therefore his legal interests are not protected. Of course, either his interests are protected or they are not—but not both.

The heart of the problem lies in the interaction between Rule; 19 and res judicata. Rule 19 requires an absent person to be joined if that person's ability to protect his interests is impaired by not being a party. Some courts have held that the binding effect of res judicata on an absent; person satisfies this impairment requirement, thus requiring the absent person to be joined. A basic principle of res judicata, however, is that an absent person will only be bound if he is in privity with a party.' Privity exists between a party and an absent person if that party adequately represents, and therefore protects, the absent person's interests. Thus, by definition, being bound by res judicata means an absent person's interests were protected and his ability to protect his interests was not impaired. It is illogical foi- courts to require a person's joinder by saying that he will be bound by res judicata because the relevant portion of Rule 19 only requires joinder when an absent person's ability to protect his interests is impaired. Despite the clear logical inconsistency in using res judicata as ?a basis for joinder, the circuit courts are split on the issue.

A second justification for the use of res judicata as a basis for joinder might be that the expanding breadth of res judicata' has made courts wary of a future court invoking the doctrine against the absent person in question. Under this justification, the court will deem an absent person necessary if there is a chance a later court will bind him to the judgment in the ?present case. Although this justification carries more weight than the first, it is still problematic. The problem boils down to the old adage, two wrongs don't make a right. If courts are concerned about the expansion of res

judicata a judge-made issue distorting Rule 19 is not the proper way to ?address that concern. Instead, courts should attempt to rein in the application of res judicata itself indeed, shortly before the publication of this Comnient; the Supreme Court issued its first comprehensive guidance on nonparty res judicata, which may ultimately produce this limiting effect.

Attacking courts' use of res judicata in joinder analysis is not simply an academic point about logical reasoning, but rather a problem that has serious practical effects. Rule requires that a suit be dismissed for failure to join a person required by Rule 19. Such failure often arises, for example, when the joinder of such a person would destroy the diversity that supports federal jurisdiction. When Rule 19 is interpreted with faulty logic, courts dismiss otherwise potentially meritorious cases for improper reasons. In this situation, even if the plaintiff has a state court alternative, a simple logical error undermines the plaintiffs’ choice of forum. The; court's flawed reasoning also improperly adds the time and expense associated with filing a new case, in opposition to the stated intent of the ?Federal Rules.

Part I of this Comment introduces the concept of compulsory ?joinder.

Part II reviews the historical progression of joinder, noting that even in its traditional forms, courts and commentators did not view the potentially binding effect of a judgment on an absent person as a proper consideration for joinder. Instead, early joinder doctrine was based on the idea that a person should be joined in order to obtain a binding effect because she could not be bound in her absence. The current formulation of the rule contemplates "practical" prejudice to the absent person but not the poten-tially binding effect of a judgment. From the inception of joinder to its modem application, at no time was the binding affect of res judicata contemplated as part of the joinder analysis.

Part III presents the logical argument summarized above and fleshes out the concepts behind Rule 19, res judicata, privity, and adequate representation, as well as how these concepts relate to one another. Part III also shows how these components interact with related legal concepts such as the class action, intervention, and stare decisis. This Part ultimately concludes that res judicata should not be considered in

the Rule 19 calculus and courts should instead focus on practical effects that may prejudice the absent person.Finally, Part IV sets out a hypothetical demonstrating how a court's improper use of res judicata as a basis for joinder can lead to results antithetical to the purpose of Rule 19, namely, protection of the absent person.

The example in this Part illustrates why a court's use of res judicata as a basis for joinder is misguided. The Comment concludes with a call for the abandonment of res judicata's use as a basis for joinder and for future interpretation of Rule 19 in conformity with the Rule's language and history. torical progression of compulsory joinder and its underlying justifications at various relevant stages—as the Supreme Court famously advised, a page of history is worth a volume of logic."" From its origins in the English Chancery to its modem codification in Rule 19, the idea that an absent person should be joined because he will be bound in his absence under res judicata has never been an underlying justification for compulsory joinder.

To the contrary, traditional formulations required his joinder in order to bind him, a notion in line with the traditional concepts of res judicata and due process. Section A below describes the necessary party rule of seventeenth century.

English Chancery, when joinder was used to achieve complete justice.

Joining all interested persons was desirable, not because they niight be bound by a judgment, but because they could not be bound unless they were joined. Section B describes a shift in the late eighteenth century tip the indispensable party doctrine, which required that unless all interested parties could be brought before the court the case could not proceed. Section turns to the rise of the modem two-step compulsory joinder analysis and the use of the necessary and indispensable framework, which came to; prominence beginning with the case of Shields v. Barrow. Finally, section D describes the original Rule 19 and its 1966 amendment into its modem form.

The Rule now stresses a pragmatic approach to joinder and, more specifically, focuses on practical prejudice affecting absent persons, a consideration not present in the earlier version of the Rule. Although attempting to bring all interested persons together in a single suit makes sense, judicial efficiency should not require dismissal of a suit merely because it lacks an interested person.'

Indeed, it would seem quite inefficient for a system charged with resolving controversies to refuse to resolve any controversy that cannot be adjudicated in a single suit. This, however, was exactly what the indispensable party doctrine required and why the two-tiered operation of joinder was later adopted."C Shields V. Barrow. The Predecessor of Rule 19 the Supreme Court articulated the modem two-step concept of compulsory joinder in its influential 1854 decision Shields v. Barrow. In that case, the Court incorporated both the necessary and the indispensable party designations. The Court denned necessary parties as:

Persons having an interest in the controversy, and who ought to be made parties, in order that the court may act on that rule which requires it to decide on, and finally determine the entire controversy, and do complete justice, by adjusting all the rights involved in it, if their interests are separable from those of the parties before the court, so that the court can proceed to a decree, and do complete and final justice, without affecting other persons not before the court, the latter are not indispensable parties.

It then defined indispensable parties as:

Persons who not only have an interest in the controversy, but an interest of such a nature that a final decree cannot be made without either affecting that interest, or leaving the controversy in such a condition that its final termination may be wholly inconsistent with equity and good conscience.

Courts relied on these defamations in numerous fixture decisions, which subsequently formed the basis for the original Federal Rule of Civil Procedure limiting or destroying his recovery. While this effect on the absent party is indirect because it will not be felt unless he later decides to pursue his legal right, as a practical matter the prior judgment impairs his ability to protect that right.

The second situation where a person may suffer practical prejudice—broadly termed a "relational effect"—arises when an injunction or declaratory judgment against a present party directly affects the absent person because of her relationship with the parties. For example, the success of a group of employees suing for advanced seniority would adversely affect the seniority status of all employees outside the group. This effect arises because of the relationship between the group members and

the non-group members and the status of their relative positions in the company. Those outside of the group suffer a relative deprivation from a judgment favoring the group. A similar situation occurs if^ a judgment concerning the title of property in one action affects an absent person's claim of title. Although the absent person is not bound by any judgment in the action, as a practical matter her relative ability to assert ownership of the property is altered.

翻译

既判力与第19条

作者：William J Katt'

美国西北大学法律评论卷，第103号

1、他的合法权益得到保护，因此他将受到既判力的约束。

2、他没受到既判力的约束，因此他的合法权益得不到保护。

当然，无论自己的利益是否受到保护，问题的核心在于规则之间的相互作用; 19和既判力。第19条规定缺席的人要加入，该人有能力来保护他的利益不被另一方损害。有些法院认为，既判力上缺少了约束力;人满足这个减值的要求，因此要求缺席的人要加入。既判力的一个基本原则，但是，是一个没有人会受到约束，如果他只有在与当事人相互关系的。'之间存在相互关系党和缺席的人，如果该当事人充分代表，因此保护，缺席的人的利益。因此，按照定义，被既判力约束是指没有人的利益得到保护，他有能力保护自己的利益没有受损。这是不合逻辑的信息公开，要求法院说，他将被既判力约束，因为第19条的有关部分合并审理时，只需要一个缺席的人的能力保护自己的利益受损一人的合并审理。尽管明确作为一个有争论的基础既判力的逻辑不一致，巡回法庭在这个问题上存在分歧。

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