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Homework for English Lexicology

Homework for English Lexicology
Homework for English Lexicology

Homework for English Lexicology

Chapter 1

1. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. A word is the smallest form of a language

B. A word is a sound unity.

C. A word has a given meaning.

D. A word can be used freely in a sentence.

2. The differences between sound and form are due to

A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English.

B. stabilization of spelling by printing

C. influence of the work of scribes.

D. innovations made by linguists.

3. Of the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is

A. all national character

B. productivity

C. polysemy

D. collocability

4. Compare the following statements by supplying an appropriate term for each blank.

A. borrowed words which still sound foreign and looked foreign are ___.

B. There is no ___ relationship between sound and ___ as the connection

between them is ___ and conventional.

C. ____ are borrowings that have become naturalized or assimilated in English.

D. Archaisms are words no longer in ___ use or ____ in use.

E. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are___.

___words enjoy a ____ frequency in use than content words.

F. A word whose meaning was borrowed from another language is called ___.

Chapter 2

I. Fill in the blanks according to the text.

The language used between 450 and _______is called_______, which has a vocabulary of ______. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to _______, followed by the _______ period, subdivided as early modern English __( ) and late (1700-up to now.)

II. Decide whether the statements are true or false.

1. English is more closely related to German than French.

2. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

3. Old English was a highly inflected language.

4. In early Middle English period, English, Latin, and Celtic existed side by

side.

5. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern

English period.

6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.

7. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are

Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.

8. In modern times, borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English

vocabulary.

9. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are

advances in science and technology as well as influence of foreign cultures and languages.

10. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English

is creation of new words by means of word formation.

Chapter 3

I. Write out the opposites of the following with in-(il, ir, etc), non-, and un-.

1. mature

2. regular

3. considerate

4. noble

5. legitimate

6. passive

7. endurable 8. accuracy 9. inductive

10. legible 11. reasonable 12. balance

13. legalize 14. metal 15. variance

Chapter 4

I. Fill in the blanks according to the text.

In modern times, the expansion of ____ is mainly through word-formation.

The major means of word-formation are _____, _____ and ____. It is estimated that affixation supplies modern English with _____percent of its new vocabulary, _____gives 28 to 30 percent and 26 percent of new words come from _____. Shortening, such as clipping, ____etc. also plays an important role in the development of vocabulary, resulting in amount up to eight to _____ percent.

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Compounding are words formed by combining affixes and stems.

2. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are

written separately.

3. As a rule, the stress of compounds falls on the first element.

4. The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of the stems.

5. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure can

not be changed.

6. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.

7. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.

8. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when

converted to nouns.

9. Such words as the poorer, the departed, a republican are all examples of partial

conversion.

10. An alternative for conversion is functional shift.

Chapter 5

Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.

2. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic

features of words.

3. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.

4. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the

attitude of the user.

5. Collocation can affect the meaning of words.

6. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is

related to its origin.

7. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally

found in the dictionary.

Chapter 6

I. Complete the following passage according to the text with a suitable word

for each blank.

Polysemy is the ______ of long semantic development of a word.

Diachroncally, a polysemant was _______ when it was first created and it became _________ gradually when it acquired more and more meanings later on. The first meaning was the ________ meaning and the rest were _______ from it.

Synchronically, a ______ has a number of meanings that _______ at the same time. Among them there is a ________ meaning which is the ________meaning, and the rest are all _______ to it in one way or another and can be ______ back to the central meaning.

II. Decide whether the statement below are true or false

1. Perfect homonyms share the same spelling and pronunciation.

2. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and

dialects.

3. Homonyms are words whose meanings are closely related.

4. The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from

polysemants.

5. Most homonyms are words that are the same in spelling, but differ in sound and

meaning.

6. Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms.

7. Contradictory terms do not show degrees.

8. Relative terms are relational opposites, which include verbs reversing the action

of each other.

III. Complete the passage

Synonymy deals with words that are the ______ or ________ the same in meaning. The words which are fully _______ in meaning are called ________synonyms and all the others are ________ synonyms. ________ synonyms are interchangeable whereas _______ synonyms differ in such areas as ________, _________ (stylistic and affective), and ________.

Chapter 7

I. Study the following words and their meanings, a being the original meaning, b the modern meaning. Give the process that each word has undergone through in terms of extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation

1. box ( )

A. container made of boxwood b. Any container

2. voyage ( )

A. journey b. journey by water

3. sergeant: ( )

A. servant b. non-commissioned officer

4. starve: ( )

A. die b. die from hunger

5. Citizen: ()

A. city dweller b. inhabitant of a state or nation

6. doctor ( )

A. skilled in any learned profession

B. specialist in medicine

7. gossip ( )

A. godfather b. one who repeats idle talk and spreads rumor about

8. notorious( )

A. well-known

B. unfavorably well-known

II. Say whether the words underlined are used in subjective or objective sense.

A. the old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.

B. The person is doubtful about the doubtful promise made by the unexpected

visitor.

C. Never run towards a dangerous animal.

D. There is a hot pursuit for the escaped prisoner.

E. She said with an embarrassed laugh.

F. He was very courageous in battle.

G. Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.

H. His is not a dubious character, but his loyalty remains dubious.

Chapter 8

Give a term according to each of the definition

1. part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to

explain its meaning ( )

2. structural patterns where a particular word is used ( )

3. hints given in the text ( )

4. physical situation or environment relating to the use of words ( )

5. words which are used with a particular word and influence its meaning

( )

6. guessing word-meaning according to context ( )

7. getting rid of double meaning ( )

(完整版)介词for用法归纳

介词for用法归纳 用法1:(表目的)为了。如: They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如: 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误:He went there for seeing his uncle. 正:He went there to see his uncle. 但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与for 连用表目的。如: He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2:(表利益)为,为了。如: What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等),当双宾语易位时,通常用for 来引出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者。如: She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用for: He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词for: 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误:They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正:They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注:advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告。如:advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响,而此处误加了介词for。类似地,汉语中的“为人民服务”,说成英语是serve the people,而不是serve for the people,“为某人的死报仇”,说成英语是avenge sb’s death,而不是avenge for sb’s death,等等。用法3:(表用途)用于,用来。如: Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4:为得到,为拿到,为取得。如: He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

初中英语名词用法概要

名词及其用法 一、单数与复数 1. 复数的构成 (1)名词由单数变为复数时,在一般情况下是在词尾加上-s。如: a desk 一张课桌→two desks 两张课桌one room 一个房间→some rooms 一些房间 (2)如果一个名词以s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾,那么其复数就是在加词尾-es。如:a boss 一位老板→many bosses 许多位老板 a fox 一只狐狸→a lot of foxes 许多狐狸this watch 这块手表→these watches 这些手表 (3) 如果一个名词以y结尾,则其复数构成要分两种情况: (3.1) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将y 改为ies;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s。如: a family 一个家庭→many families 许多家庭one monkey 一只猴子→several monkeys 几只猴子 (3.2) 如果一个名词以字母o 结尾,则情况有点复杂,因为有些是加词尾-s构成复数,而有些则要加词尾-es构成复数,还有一些则加-s或-es都可以。如: a zoo 一个动物园→three zoos 三个动物园(3.3)在英语中,以字母o结尾的名词绝大部分其复数形式通过加词尾-s构成的,只有少数的要加词尾-es,其中比较常见的需要通过加词尾-es构成复数的名词有4个,它们是: tomato→tomatoes 西红柿potato→potatoes 土豆hero→heroes 英雄Negro→Negro 黑人 (4)英语中还有一些名词是以-f或-fe 结尾的,它们在变为复数时也有两种可能,即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把-f / -fe 改为-ves。在这些名词中,一些日常生活中的常用词通常是采用把-f / -fe 改为-ves 来变为复数,如:wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)等。 2. 单复数同形 (1)英语中有些名词在由单数变为复数时,其形式与仍采用与单数一样的形式。比较常见的有:sheep 绵羊fish 鱼deer 鹿Chinese 中国人Japanese 日本人 Swiss 瑞士人aircraft 飞行器means 方法works 工厂 (2)其中fish这个词值得特别注意,它的复数形式通常与单数同形。如:There are plenty of fish in the sea. 海里有许多鱼。 (2.1)句中的fish虽在形式上为单数,但其用法为复数。不过,人们有时也用fishes来表示复数。如:We caught three little fishes. 我们抓到三条小鱼。 (2.2)另外,fishes还可表示不同种类的鱼。如:There were fishes of many sizes. 有各种大小的鱼。

英语作文关于共享单车的篇精编

(一) 假定你是红星中学初三学生李华。你的美国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国新近出现的一种共享单车“mobike”很感兴趣,并请你做个简要介绍。请你给Jim回信,内容包括: 1. 这种单车的使用方法(如:APP查看车辆、扫码开锁等); 2. 这种单车的优势; 3. 你对这种单车的看法。 注意:1. 词数不少于80; 2. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。 提示词:智能手机smartphone, 二维码the QR code 参考范文 Dear Jim, I’m writing to tell you more about the new form of sharing bike mobike mentioned in your latest letter. It’s very convenient to use if you have a smartphone. What you do is find a nearest mobikethrough the APP, scan the QR code on the bike, and enjoy your trip. Compared to other forms of sharing bike, the greatest advantage of mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. It is becoming a new trend as a means of transportation, which relieves the traffic pressure and does good to the environment as well. Hope to ride a mobike with you in China. Yours, Li Hua (二) 最近很多大城市都投放了共享单车(shared bikes),比如摩拜单车(Mobike)、Ofo共享单车等。由于它们方便停放,骑车也能起到锻炼身体的作用,作为代步工具很受大家欢迎。但是,各地也出现了很多毁车现象,比如刮掉车上的二维码(QR code)、上私锁等。 你对这种现象怎么看?你对共享单车公司有什么建议吗?写一篇符合逻辑的英语短文,80词左右。 参考词汇:bike-sharing companies 共享单车公司,Mobike 和Ofo 是两家共享单车公司,convenience 方便,register登记 参考范文 The shared bikes like Mobike and Ofo bring great convenience to people. You needn’t lock them by simply using your smart phone. They can take you where the subway and bus don’t go. And they can be left anywhere in public for the next user. However, bad things happen. Some people damage the QR code on the bike, or use their own lock, which causes trouble to other users. In my opinion, it’s difficult to turn these people’s ideas in a short time. Therefore, bike-sharing companies like Mobike and Ofo need to do something. For example, those who damage the bike should pay for their actions. Also, because people use their real name toregister as a user, it’s a good way to connect to one’s personal credit. In the end, what I want to say is to take good care of public services. (三) 共享单车(bicycle sharing)已成为时下最热的话题之一,请你就这一话题写一篇短文。内容须包括三方面:1. 共享单车蓬勃发展,成为社会热潮;2. 共享单车带来便利,但也存在问题;3. 我对解决问题的建议。 参考范文 Bicycle Sharing With the development of technology, bicycle sharing comes into people's lives. It becomes more and more popular and much news reported it. At the same time, we should see that there are some problems caused by bicycle sharing. On one side, bicycle sharing makes it very convenient of people traveling. You can find a bicycle anywhere at any time when you want to go out for a cycling, and the price of one trip is very low. It can save time for people. On the other side, its management is not perfect. Even kids can open the lock and ride the bicycle, there is no doubt that such behavior is very dangerous.

介绍北京的英语作文(2)

介绍北京的英语作文(2) AsBeijinghasbeenconfirmedhomecityofOlympics2008,the spiritofgreenOlympics,scientificOlympicsandhumanizedOlymp icwillsurelybringmoreandmorechangestoBeijing,promotethed evelopmentofsportsandOlympicsinChinaaswellasintheworld,a ndstrengthenthefriendlycommunicationsbetweenChineseandf oreignpeople. 篇六:Beijing BeijingisthecapitalofPeoplesRepublicofChinaandthenation scentreforpolitics,economyandculture.Itenjoysalongandrichhis tory.Therearenumerousheritagesitesandwonderfulexamplesof ancientarchitecture,suchastheworld-famousGreatWall,theTem pleofHeavenandtheForbiddenCity. Besidessightseeingplaces,therearemanydeliciousfoodsuch asPekingducksandBeijingsnacks.Beijingisreallyagoodplacetotr avel. 篇七:Beijing AsthecaptainofChina,Beijinghasbeenthemostpopularcityofchina。SomoreandmorepeoplewanttovisitBeijing.

英语介词for的用法归纳总结.doc

英语介词for的用法归纳总结用法1:(介词for表目的)为了 They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That s what we re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误:He went there for seeing his uncle. 正:He went there to see his uncle. 但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与for 连用表目的 He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2:(介词for表利益)为,为了 What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗?

Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等),当双宾语易位时,通常用for 来引出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者 She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用for: He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词for: 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误:They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正:They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注:advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语为的影响,而此处误加了介词for。类似地,汉语中的为人民服务,说成英语是serve the people,而不是serve for the people,为某人的死报仇,说成英语是avenge sb s death,而不是avenge for sb s death,等等。 用法3:(介词for表用途)用于,用来 Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。

初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习

初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习 【考点讲解】 一、名词的分类 二、可数名词与不可数名词 (一) 可数名词 名词分为可数和不可数名词。物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词,它们只有单数形式;个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词,通常有单数和复数两种形式。 1. 单数变复数的规则

【注】 ① 常见的以o 结尾要加es 的有如下几个:hero, tomato, potato ,可记为 “英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆”。剩余以o 为结尾的加s :如photo, zoo, piano 等 ② 以f 或fe 结尾变f 或fe 为v+es 的词有如下: 小偷的妻子用刀把狼劈成两半,一半放在书架上,一半放在树叶上 2. 不规则复数形式 (1) 元音或词尾发生变化:child- , man- , woman-_________, foot- , tooth- , mouse- policeman -___________, Frenchman-_________ Englishman- (2) 单复数形式相同: (3) 形式为复数,意思为复数:people ,police (4) 形式为复数,意思为单数:news, maths, physics (5) 只能用复数形式:trousers, shoes, glasses ……

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