广东专插本语法总结

语法解题思路

解题步骤

看逗号找谓语

连词：连接主句和从句，句子中有n个连词，就有n+1个谓语

挑修饰找主干

主谓宾要完整

5种结构划起来

?形容词、定语从句

?副词、状语从句

?介词+名词（定语、状语）

?同位语

?插入语

忠实原文

?强烈语气要保留例如：

However much ≠how much

Not unlike ≠like

Only if ≠if

Should不可以省略

?不能随便改变句子中心：主句从句不可互换，从属关系不能颠倒

?修饰语的谓语不能随意省略，添加或者改变；词性也不可变

?勤态动词不能随便增加，删减或者改变，例如：should,must等

Might和may可以互相转变，因为语气都较弱

Maybe常用于句首，GMAT考题中偏向于用probably而不用maybe ?原文时态不能轻易改变：时态有错时才改

简洁有效。

?避免用词重复。

能用短语就不用从句：adj + n优于n + that + be + adj

能用一个词说的不使用短语：

I support you 对------I am supportive of you 错

Useful 对------of use 错

about 对--------concerning 错

?用词稍微简洁（答案很少有最长的）

?v优于adj，adj优于抽象名词，抽象名词优于动名词，有名词就不用动名词（越简洁就越原始）transmission 优于transmitting

选择相对正确的答案，可能这个答案也不是完美的

固定搭配与词组

Compare用被动：

Be compared to (比喻)

Be compared with（比较）

decide：decide to do

decide on sth

Make与consider 的用法一样：

make/consider+n1+n2

make/consider +n+adj

make/consider + it + adj+ to do （it 指代后面的不定式）

responsible：

Be responsible for sth(对什么事情负责)

Be responsible to sb(向谁负责)

descend：

a descendant of sb某个人的后代n.

descend from sb 某个人遗传下来的v.

prohibit sb from doing 或prohibit sth(GMAT偏好使用)

Forbid sb to do 或forbid sth

错误表达：forbid / prohibit that（不能带从句）; Forbid sb from doing, prohibit sb to do

prevent / prohibit / keep / inhibit / discourage / stop / withhold等所有與禁止有關的介詞都用from，並盡量在其後接表動作的Ving.

from前要加受詞.

只有forbit + to 例外

另外, 所有與禁止有關的字不可用that子句.

常用在比较中的表达形式:as be the case(是as the case be的倒装形式)

例句：As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.

regard…as…

depict…as…

think of…as

view…as…

number：

the number of students is 数量

a number of students are 大量的

numbers of students are 不计其数的

each：

each of n +单数谓语：each of the students is

名词复数+ each +复数谓语students each are

so … that…不同的主谓结构，两个主语是不同的主体

so… as to 只用在单一主谓结构，同一个主语

just as….so

注意错误表达：没有such that，也没有such as to

help 的用法：help (sb) to do

help (sb) do

helpful in

help 做名词时可以用give help in doing 或者give help with doing

difficult 的用法：

have difficluties in doing sth (n)

difficult to do sth (v)

do sth with difficulty (n)

known

be known for 因xx而著名

be known as = by the name of 作为xx而著名

be known to do 因做xx事情而著名

没有be known by

require

require sb to do

require that (shoule省略)

sb/sth be required to do

require doing（客观需要，表示被动）the hair require cutting

接不定式的词：迫使倾向叙述词，目标功能7个词：

Force sb to do

Allow sb to do

Cause sb to d

Be more likely to do

Be inclined to do

Be disinclined to do

Be liable to do (这个词一般不用，表示主语发生了不好的事情)

V+doing 的动词

Consider: consider doing /consider + sb + sb /consider + n + adj

Contemplate doing(沉思)

Object to doing

Mind doing

Permit doing / permit sb to do

Avoid doing

Resist doing

Escape doing

Miss doing

Imagine doing

Suggest doing

Tolerate doing

Appreciate doing

Keep doing

Enjoy doing

Distinguish

Distinguish A from B

Distinguish between A and B

To + doing/n

Attribute to doing

Ascribe to doing 归因

Adhere to doing 坚持

Lead to doing 导致

Pay attention to doing

Stick to doing

In contrast to doing

Credit sth/sb to sth/doing 认为…有优势；credit to 记入，credit with 归因于（考过）

Yield to doing 屈服

Delicate to doing 献给

Object to doing 反对

Get used to doing

Numbers:不计其数

Aid in doing/ sth

A dispute over sth

Target at sth

Be in danger of

Gear to+ n. 对某事物加以调节以适合某种需要或达到某种水平或标准

Be native to 土生土长只用现在时，不用过去式，表示一种事实

Incentive:经济方面的刺激

The likelihood of sth （错误搭配：the likelihood for ）

表示沮丧的词：depressed, morose, gloom, upset

Wage是指周工资

Modeled..after..以…的样子/图形制作

Project A onto B:将A放在B的情况去考虑

习惯用语whether A, B, or C

in which case，固定搭配，“在这种情况下”

习惯用语:the extent of sth 或者to …extent, 表示…的范围

习惯用语:the degree to sth 或者to…degree, 表示…的程度

At a time when固定搭配

低估和高估：over estimated that…. And under estimated that….

rate 當錢時, 用for→ soaring rates for insurance.

大于等于的说法：

As great as or greater than

At least as great as

发生转义的词(应尊重原文意思，通常不改变)

significant 重要的，有意义的

significantly大大的=greatly

disadvantaged

disadvantage

cost两个意思：1: 生产成本，常用复数；2: 价格，费用，常用单数。

lead sb to do（带领）

lead to doing（导致）

常见规则、易错点、考点

敏感错词

There be出现，99%是错的

How to 基本是错的

***’s只有人和动物才能用’s

Only + v原形永远不选

So as to 连用必错！选so that！除非是so + adj + as to对（只有一个主语，一个谓语

enough to do放在动词，或形容此后面，表示有足够的程度来达到什么目的（否定句用的多？）而so as to、so that 引导状语从句，表示so怎么样所带来的结果

Being 一出现99%错，being interesting=interesting，多余！(being done有时候在句中作主语时可以,见OG12SC-101-E)

只有seemingly，没有seeming，seeming出现就是错的

Excepting错，except就够了

After when 错

口语化表达：when you; if you; 一定错

Similar to放在句首一定错

Concerning一定错！要用about, over

Hopefully错！要用it is hoped

Make comparison of错！要用compare

With the intention to错！要用intend

As is based错！要用based

Be able to be done错！

Comparing，-basing错！只能用被动compared, based

Doubled, tripled, quadrupled错！只能用主动

在GMAT中,双重所有格,即the rates of immigrants’ 表达错误, 应该改为the rates of immigrant或者immigrants’ rates

Sth is a result of …错，应该是sth ….as a result of

表达“是否”时，只选whether不选if，whether优于whether or not

Once优于at one time，twice优于two times

表示举例时用such as，不用like （like用于什么像什么）

increased优先于increasing; 两者之间的比较用compare with而不用compare to，compare to意为“比喻”“指做”

主动优于被动：do 优于be done by

To do优于for doing

表示可能性时：can优于be able to 优于have the ability to do

Be able to 表示的是专业能力，be able to be done一定错

Be likely to 优于be liable to

连词优于介词

Though=even though=although 优于despite，in spite of

In that优于because, because of 优于due to

简洁有效，当because of, by doing, because, due to, by + 名词等在选项句首，第一选择是because连词，其次是by doing，因为动词比名词更能表达的意思更完整。

And 优于as well as：and表示并列关系，as well as表示从属关系

介词+which优于where ，更加精确

To 优于in order to

No优于not any

Rather than (连词)优于instead of （介词）.instead of用的机会较少，因为后面只能跟名词，常常不能前后并列。（但有5%的考题中会选instead of，二者同时出现时选rather than）

Because（连词）优于on account of（介词），因为on account of只能跟名词或动名词，because却可以跟主谓宾整句，更能把情况说清楚

What=that which，但what优于that which

Quadrupled优于four times

表示“关于”用over/about不用concerning 与as to

没有do it(不同主语), do that, do this, 只有do so（同一主语）

原文中是enough to，so..that，such..that,选项尽量不变，因为这几个词不能互换。

同位语优于定语从句，动名词优于定语从句

实义名词>动词>形容词>抽象名词>分词、动名词>从句

Before和after有明显的前后关系，一般如果原文中出现，不能去掉

After/before: 做介词+n/doing

做连词+主谓宾

原文中有come to do，保留不能省

In that表示因果关系的词，原文有，不能随意添加删减和改变。

强烈语气词不能随意删减或添加：should, must , only , even

be与become有区别，如果原文有become则正确答案要保留

划线部分时态通常不变

分词在句中：…….., 分词, ………。可能产生歧义，不知道分词是向前修饰还是向后修饰（例：OG11-102题）

a and

b + 定语从句，可能产生歧义，不知道定语从句修饰哪个，可以考虑使用a +定语从句and b的形式来解决；在a与b都是单

数以及定语从句修饰a和b的话，则可以使用复数谓语的定语从句。

increase twice有歧义(两倍/两次)

of b and c ，有歧义，解决办法是c and a of b

从句的主语和谓语省略的用法, 如果该从句位于句首则省略的主语即为主句主语, 如果在句中则省略的主语是该从句之前最近的名词

more + adj. +名词，会有歧义，因为不知more修饰谁：adj还是名词？如more gasoline-efficient cars，可以考虑使用如此结构: cars more gasoline-efficient. t112

与for搭配的短语，从来不跟不定式to do，有歧义

Call for intelligence to get high score ---错（”需要智慧考高分”，或”给智慧打电话考高分”）

同位语（定义宾语）优于定语（就近修饰，容易产生歧义）

主观表述是错的，要用客观表述

主观表述：Be to do, Be going to do, Be about to 错

Which和it不能指代整句话，which只能修饰逗号前的名词

表示一半时不用half，不精确

句首有Of all,句子后面一定有最高级出现，这是倒装结构

比较级前加the，只有一种情况：the more…the more, 不加the一定有than

Older than 只用于形容人老，不用来形容古老

逗号和which连用，没有逗号时不用which用that

From 多少to 多少，不用up，不用down

没有enough…that, so much… that, such…that，只有so that

And 和also不在一起用

despite/in spite of 后面不能够跟句子

at least 不會跟more一起出現.

An amount of 只能接不可数名词，equivalent只能表示不可数的东西在数量和质量上是一致的

The+Ving 考的是名词，有名词用名词（the transmission优于the transmiting），没有名词用动名词(the making of)

Or，表示在两者中选一个，或者在否定句中代表and。（注意：never不是否定句）

Senior to表示比..年长，不是比较级

As..as在否定句中变成：not so …as

As long as = if

Whereby= by which

Differ from和similar to从来不用在句首

代词通常有指代，题中常常指代不清或指代错误。It通常特指主语，that通常指主语的核心部分。it, this, that, these, those等必须有相对应的名词，如果找不到，必错

一般来说,当一个代词可以指代多个对象时,它优先指代离它较近代的对象,如果就近指代会导致逻辑意思的错误,则可以肯定该选项犯有指代不清的错误.

The United States 应用it做其代词

When= in which 可以互换

当解释一个专有名词时用refer to（意为）

常考复杂句：分词，sth called…, which….,谓语+宾语（注意不要将各种修饰堆积在一起，尽量用不同的方式来修饰，并且使句子节奏更舒服）

The same …as与..er than….,当前面的句子主谓宾全时，as/than后面要补全动词，否则不知道是在跟主语比较还是宾语比较

Seem to do / look like,没有seem like，用seem to be/do不用seem + adj 或者seem + n.

修饰比较级可以用：much, far, even, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, slightly，这些词可以相互转换且意思不变

unlike, opposite to和in contrast to在句首时,其逻辑主语应与主句主语一致;contrary to无须如此

Nowhere+倒装句（任何地方都不，无处）

While=whereas 可以相互替换，表示前后对比关系

Where once= because

由“providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that”引导的条件从句或目的从句,根据情况,可用虚拟语气（用动词原形） 泛指（第一次出现）时用”a”或者不用”a”，特指（第二次出现或多次出现）时用“the”

This 和that不能单独做主语

That be基本上见不到，通常可以省略

同位语从句只能用that引导(that无实际意义,e.g. The news that he is gay proves…)

Doing sth 做主语时表示一个动作，不能连强调结果的词例如抽象名词

分词的完成时从来不做定语（只有ving做定语，代表多次行为），用定语从句（一次性行为）

It is hoped that(书面语) 优于hopefully(口语)

Other从来不单独出现：some others要加s

seem, appear必用主動，be said, be thought, be supposed, be believed, be known, be alleged必用被動.

Less可以做名词，表示少量，次要，后面可以跟than; noun + of + less than是固定用法: investment of less than $1 million; population of less than 100 people

Whlie连从句时，如果主句和从句的主语一致，可以直接加while doing sth做伴随状语，条件是doing这个动词时可以连续的动作 同位语可以放句首,句中,句末

关于用词要对称：如suffer from，result from等词，后面跟的都是结果性的词，不能用现在分词（表示正在进行的状态），而应该用过去分词（表示结果）例如：

result from increasing sea surface temperatures （错）

result from increased sea surface temperatures （对）

百分比的用法：

?5% of students + 谓语复数，5% of + water + 谓语单数

?Most, majority, minority 和百分比用法相同

一句话中不可以重复出现的词语(重复累赘)：

Opposition / against

Annual / a year

Raise / rise / increase / grow /soar

Around / orbit

Be know as / by the name of

With / include

Attempt to / try to do(GMAT中很少出现)

Decline / down

With accounts of /use for a basis 引用，以。。为根基

appeal to = interest

amount = sum

such = degree

large = enough

origin = come from

attempt to = try to

by = with = use

ensure=must

表主观的词都是错的

Have to (需改为must)

Be to do

Be about to do

Be going to do

enough

of在句首表示整体的共性

each在句尾表示个性

continue的用法

continue一定不用进行时，本身就表示正在进行的状态

continue不用复合时态（不能同时出现两个或两个以上时态）

have continue and will…(错)have and will continue (错)be continuing…（错）

单词、短语用法

while

?在GMAT中95%的情况表示“虽然”While=whereas “而”

?.While(whereas)一般不引导时间状语从句,而是表示前后的强烈对比,并且要注意前后的搭配(一致),包括单复数和时态. while + 动词现在分词, 与主句动作做强烈对比

?有时while也表示同时，常跟进行时。但while不等于when，when=as表示“当”

But的用法

?如果后面跟(主谓宾)完整句，则but是转折词

?如果前面有not，则but是并列连词,前后应形式要并列

?特殊情况：not that+主谓宾,but that+主谓宾，仍然是并列连词（并列连词前后引导词要相同，如果引导两个完整句，则要加that）

In that和because的用法

?in that不能用在句首，而because可以

?在解释差异或说明有何特别之处（比如前文有differ，unusual之类）时，in that（意为“在于”）比because更贴切，in that 句后不常用被动

?In that 优于because，优于because of

Number的用法

?前面只要有the或a, 就一定用number：the numbers必错

?如果是one of, 就用numbers：one of the highest numbers of cases

?没有a/the, 一定用numbers

Double和twice的区别

?Double：作名，形容，动词

动词时主动被动(double, triple, quadruple, quintuple类似)都可以

The number doubled或the number was doubled

特殊的用法

The number more than doubles（more than+动）

Double=twice

Double the number, double the figure

?twice只能作副词用

倍数+名词twice the number/rate

倍数+as...as (as必须成对出现)

倍数+比较级

Double和twice的区别:注:double不能和as连用

Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.

As的用法

?做比较，As…as…,表示“如同。。一样”

当进行同级比较，同主语不同谓语，可以省略主语

four times as many Americans were killed as (Americans) would later be killed

?做连词：表示“当。。时”，引导时间状语从句

?连接名词，表示“作为”：he works as a teacher.

?just as A do, so B do比较结构的习惯搭配,译为:就如同A…B…(此时as放句首)

As 和like 的用法

?as作连词(加句子)，like作介词时（加名词,不能加动名词），才可表示”象...一样”

?like 常用于比较名词，作独立成分，大部分时候出现在句首。(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语(looks like, reads like (e.g.,大全568))，或普通状语（说普通是区分独立成分）(v.+like+n.,e.g., og119)。平时我们说“work like a dog”,表示比喻，象所有的介词短语作状语一样，要考虑它在句中的位置和用来修饰什么，不可导致歧义。

感觉GMAT接受v.+like+n.，很少用v.+n.+like+n.,除非是固定用法（如：treat...like... （大全310））。例如下面的句子，GMAT会认为confusing：

Tom drives his car like a tank. （drive like a tank, or car like a tank?）

?当用as和like都感觉不舒服时，用as if＋虚拟语气，尤其用于和假设的事物或事实比较。

如上面的句子用as不行，因为Tom drives his car as he drives a tank。显然不妥，因为Tom未必开坦克。但可以这么说：Tom drives his car as if it were a tank。（大全310）

?"n1, like n2" 表示“像”n1和n2是两个独立题，和"n1, such as n2"。表“比如...”，n2是n1的子集

?unlike只作独立成分和表语，没见过unlike作普通状语。He works unlike a dog (别扭)。注意"is not unlike" 表强调，不要改成"is like"。（e.g., og051)

比较级与否定

?more often than not 习语：多半

? A no more … than B = A not … any more than B. (A和B一样不….)

You are no more honest than he (is honest).你们俩都不诚实

?A not more…than B = A not so …as B. (A不比B…)

?不仅是…更是…: more of: He is more of a scholar than a poet.

小语法

时间状语从句和条件状语从句不用将来时，而用现在时表示将来时Can you come to me if you have time?

倒装：所谓倒装是谓语放在主语前，在谓语动词后面寻找主语，主谓要一致

Do sth，and do sth（表示先后两个动作）

Do sth，doing sth（表示同时发生的两个动作，或者表示伴随的功能结果）

宾语从句的that不能省略：I believe that you can do so.

但又据说:say announce believe hear find hope引导宾语从句时可以省略that (PREP1-139)

that和whom所引导的成分为宾语时可省略,e.g. the guy he talked to, the pain it causes, etc.（注意与宾语从句的对比）

两个定语从句之间也需要用连词：sb who…..,and whose…….(OG11-136)

句子后的分词优先修饰句子的主语

考题：animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

v优于adj，adj优于抽象名词，抽象名词优于动名词

抽象名词：没有相对的物品，来自于动词或者形容词。具体名词：有具体对应的物品

表示建议，要求，命令类的词语request, require, ask, demand, recommend, or mandate后面的should要省略（美式英语）I suggested that you (should) be here after class. (should省略，其后用动词原形)

只用一般现在时的情况：自然现象，科学常识，实验结论（即使是去年的），统计数据

使用完成时的情况(通常会有标志时间的词)：were then, over, in, during, past, last, recent+时间段,for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years…

句子中前后动作的发出者相同，则第二个代词要省略：

I came in, my singing. I came in with my singing I came in and I sit down

名词分类

?具体名词

?抽象名词（由形容词和动词转换过来）

考点：在表达相同含义时，抽象名词（强调结果）优于动名词（强调过程）

在并列形式中，抽象名词和抽象名词并列，动名词和动名词并列

代词考点：

?同一句话中的相同代词指同一事物

?单数与复数的对称

?Which，it不能指代前面的整句话（但如果5个选项都是which也可以算对）

?it不能指代介词短语, it可以指代主语从句和不定式结构: It is difficult to do this research. It is important that we finish on time.

在这两个例子中it分别指代to do this research和that从句

?当代词指代不清时应当：

重复所指代的名词：名词代词同时出现时优选名词；

用概括的抽象名词来指代；

Such+名词(as是加形容词，注意区分)

?不定代词的修饰语后置：something new, things possible, things new.

定语从句能省则省

?关系词在定语从句中做宾语时必需省略:that, which, who等

The book that I have is about GMAT. That是I have的宾语

?连接关系词如果做定语从句的主语，后面紧跟系动词，则主系都省略

Girls who are beautiful.--> beautiful girls

任何从句都用陈述语句，不用倒装，倒装只用在主句。

限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句

?限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解

?非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。

?区别举例:

The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："

这位老人只有一个儿子" 。

如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作

since的四种用法:

(1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.

(2) since +一段时间+ ago : I have been here since five months ago.

(3) since +从句: Great changes have taken place since you left.

(4) It is +一段时间+ since从句: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

合理的布置修饰短成分的位置:当一个句子有较多修饰成分修饰主语时,应该将修饰成分合理的分布在主语前后,常用的方法是:分词结构,主语,修饰成分1,修饰成分2,谓语……

概括性同位语结构——用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象：

短语/句子，a program/information/an effort/a practice that...

例如：The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.（prep1 107）

GMAT一个常见的错误就是把一个完整的概念用一个名词来代替,造成对概念的解释不完整或引起结构的复杂. 这种错误常出现在宾语从句和that引导的同位语从句中:

?that引导同位语:

Scientists find a result that rats will demonstrate some interesting behaviors.

用名词来代替会变成:

Scientist find a result of rats that will demonstrate some interesting behaviors. (解释不完全)

或Scientist find a result of rats as demonstrating some interesting behaviors.(结构笨拙,复杂)

?宾语从句:

revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwin dling…

用名词来代替:

…revealed creatures of the seabed that…(解释不完全)

…revealed creatures of the seabed’s suffering…(结构笨拙,复杂)

解决这两种问题的方法就是用that从句引导句子,简化结构,并能够进行完整的解释

比较结构

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）

宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）

状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）

例如: Rice has protein of higher quality than wheta does.(主语比较，Rice 与wheat比）

意义：米有高质蛋白质，麦没有。

Rice has protein of higher quality than of lower quality(介宾比较，of higher 与of lower比）意义：米有高质蛋白质而非低质蛋白质Rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat(宾语比较，protein 与protein(that指代)比

Rice has protein of higher quality than sugur.（宾语比较，protein 与sugar比）

意义：米中的蛋白质比麦中蛋白质质量高

意义：米中的高质蛋白质比糖多。

Rice has protein of higher quality than usual/everbfore/1000 years ago/people expected(状语比较）

意义：米比通常/经往/多年前/人们预测/的蛋白质质量要高。

大语法

平行并列结构

平行：由平行结构的连接词连接的两个或者两个以上的对等的对象构成。

A,B,and C A and B

连接词：and；as well as ；not…but…；not…but rather…; not only…but also…(强调后者), neither…nor…；but（后接不完整句子时是并列连词，后接完整句子时是转折连词）；or；yet（然而）；either…or…；rather than；range from…to…; just as…,so….

注意:用whereas时前后不需要完全平行

原则：

?形式对称

?概念对等

具体不能对抽象；

泛指不对特指：exoneration and his freedom

动作性名词不对动名词

Conversion（表结果）≠converting(表动作)

Conversion（表结果）= the converting（表结果）

整体不能对个体

例如：staff表示职员整体，member(s)表示个体Staffing表示人员配备

?概念对等

?时态一致：要用同一个时间段的时态，某些特例除外

概念和结构

逻辑主语+ 逻辑谓语

第一种

其中逻辑主语是逻辑谓语的执行者（可以与主句的主语不同），这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”，通常独立主格结构和主句之间有逗号分开。独立主格通常用于修饰与其最近的动词(与主句的关系)。

?名词/代词+形容词

It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.

?名词/代词+现在分词

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

?名词/代词+过去分词

“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide.

?名词/代词（主格）+不定式

Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.

?名词/代词+介词短语

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.

?名词/代词+副词

Lunch over, he left the house.

?名词/代词+名词

he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.

功能

独立主格结构实质是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句，主要用于描绘性文字中，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等

?表示时间Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.

?表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed.

?表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk.

He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.

?表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)

?表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.

*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句(去掉连词)，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.

Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.

With复合结构作独立主格第二种

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

He stood there, hand raised= He stood there, with his hand raised

强调型独立主格：each+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词第三种

each +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking, each a product of regional influences.

比较对象要对等（一类东西相互比较）

表示比较的词有：

like A, B

unlike A, B

as…as..

more..than

?Like用于句首，用主语与like后面的名词相比较

?As

主谓宾（完整句）+ as + 不完整句；

此时as不能放在句首，要放在句子后面。表示前面的事情和后面的事物一样，前后两件事物需是一类事物；

As后的不完整句是否倒装都可以；

主句和从句的谓语动词一致（如：前面是can后面也是can），形式一致（如：是不定式都是不定式）；Eg: You can deal it, so can I(或者so I can)

V优于adj，adj优于抽象名词，抽象名词优于动名词

比较时应将自身排除在外

I play football better than anyone.(should be any other one)

比较句中助动词习惯补出，但也可以不补。可以倒装也可以不倒装

I was rich than she was. (or: was she) 考点：前面实义动词超过两个，后面的助动词不能补出

I became more beautiful and much better than Mary did and did.

补出来不一定正确，不补出不一定错误，如果选项中有补出来的答案且正确，则选它

比较结构中比较双方概念要对等:在比较结构中,比如in contrast with, in contrast to, compared with, compare to 等类似的结构,比较的双方必须概念对等.但要注意contrary to 放在句首,后面必须加上idea, belief 等抽象名词修饰主句,不存在比较双方的问题

概念

分词是"非谓语动词"的一种形式，兼有动词和形容词性质，不随主语的人称和数量而发生变化，它有两种形式：现在分词（Present

Participle ）和过去分词（Past Participle ）。可以用做主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语(动名词：主语，宾语；分词：定语，状语，补语)。 分词做状语

分词，主语+谓语+宾语； or 主语+谓语+宾语，分词；

分词的形式由主句的主语决定（重点）：

?

主语发出动作：主动，用现在分词：I came in, singing. ? 主语未发出动作：被动，用过去分词: I came in, followed by a dog. 考点-以下句型看到就找主句主语：分词作状语，连词+分词，介词+doing

现在分词（Ving ）表功能结果的例句（常考making ）：European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 分词做定语

一般形式为：Ving 或 Ved

通常不考完成式，考完成式的时候通常要进行翻译原文，找出时间先后

? 通用规则

分词的形态（主被动）由其修饰的名词所决定 e. g: The bird living in the nest is named Penny.

?

特殊规则

现在分词：表示多次重复行为（不是一次性的），例如：法律法规（常考） ?

定语从句：表示具体的某一次行为 概念

由to ＋动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词，在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分，可以用作名词、形容词、副词。（To + doing 时，to 是介词）

功能

? 不定式做名词

做主语

(1) 位于句首：不定式+谓语+宾语

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2) it 作形式主语，不定式做主语置后：it +be/系动词+形容词/名词+不定式

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

做宾语

(1) 固定搭配：一些动词后只能跟不定式做宾语

Want to do

Order to do

Use sth to do/use sth in(在某方面应用)

Lead sb to do sth （带领）/lead to doing （导致）

Decide/determine to do

Hope to do

Estimate to be（估计：考点）

Aim to do

Continue to do

Claim to do

Come to do

Attempt to do

Permit sb to do

Seem to do

Seek to do

其他词：

afford （付得起），agree（同意），appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），care（想要），choose（决定），

condescend（屈尊），consent（准许），demand（要求），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help

（帮助），hesitate（犹豫），learn（学会），manage（设法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主动提出），plan（计划），

prepare（准备），pretend（假装），proceed（接着做），promise（答应），prove（证明），refuse（拒绝），resolve

（解决），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），threaten（预示），undertake（承诺），volunteer（自愿做），vow（发

誓），want（想要），wish（希望）pretend

(2)疑问副词和代词之后：

动词+疑问词+不定式

疑问副词where, whether, how, why

疑问副词做状语，不定式后面要跟宾语

I don’t know how to invite her.

疑问代词：who, which, what

疑问代词本身就是不定式的宾语

I don’t know who to invite.（who是invite的宾语）

做补语，宾语的补语：动词+宾语+不定式Allow sb to do sth Have sb do sth (to省略)

做表语：主语+be+不定式

做状语，做定语

不定式的否定形式To do → not to do So…as to →so….as not to

不定式省略to

?Help：help（sb）to do/do

?使役动词：let/have/make sb do

?感官动词：see/hear/listen to/feel/look/watch/observe sb do

这些词在用被动时，to要还原：be seen to do

?but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

I have no choice, but to call the police.

I have nothing to do, but call the police.(省略to)

?主语出现do，表语的to要省略What I want to do is go shopping.

不定式的特殊用法

?To do is to do

?Enough to do

?So as …to do （单一主谓结构）

?In order to 表目的（to优于in order to）

复杂主语

n1+in+n2+that +谓语或n，插入语，that+谓语

定语从句主谓一致由其所修饰的名词决定，注意：定语从句不一定修饰和其最近的词

He is one of the students who go aboard.

He is the only one of the students who goes aboard.(加上the only之后，重心前移)

倒装结构由其真正的主语决定（倒装的主语在谓语之后）Ahead of us is the Great Wall.

物质名词作主语，谓语动词用单数物质名词(不可分成个体的事物):view, stone, beer, coal, cotton, milk….

集体名词

有些集体名词表示单数：politics，work／homework，brains，merchandise，knowledge，news／information，mathematics，physics （学科名词通常表示单数），means，works，machinery，pottery

clothing，baggage，luggage，furniture，gymnastics，phonetics，economics

有些集体名词表示复数：militia，youth，cattle，glasses，spectacles，compasses，scissors，arms，clothes，trousers，times，doings，surroundings，thanks，manners，ashes，remains

stairs，forces／troops，fireworks，savings，belongings，riches，police，clergy，people

特殊情况：Statistics：表统计学-单数；表数据-复数Economics：表经济学-单数；表经济数据-复数

百分比的主谓宾，由of后面的单词决定

A and B大部分情况谓语用复数，无论AB是否可数特殊情况(表示整体)用单数：

Law and order 法律法规

To love and to be love

Bread and butter

War and peace

随前一致

A with B

A together with B

as well as with

随后一致

not A but B

not only A but also B

either A or B

neither A nor B

.就近原则

A or B：He or I am…

there be

例：There is a book and two pens. There are pens and a book.

特殊主谓一致

例如：The Great Wall is ahead of us. Ahead of us is the Great Wall! (全倒装)

例如：Only at night does he feel panic. (部分倒装)

全倒装分两类

?句首强调表+系+主（表语提前）No less remarkable than CD has been the use.

?There be 例如：There is a pen.

部分倒装

?否定副词、连词在句首Not until the game had begun did I arrive.

常考词汇：not until, not only, no where, Never, seldom, little, nor, hardly, scarcely, no sooner,等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时,全句需要倒装.

?only+状语、状从在句首Only you can go with me to the west heaven.

?so that结构so提前so handsome is he that ….

?As do You can deal that thing, as can I/ as I can / so can I.

前后动词一致

as后动词可倒装可不倒装just as ... , ... just as ... , so ...

just as ... , so to +倒装

例如：Just as you sow, so you will reap.

Just as you sow, so to will you reap.

125616-专升本插班生考试-3广东理工学院《英语语法》专插本考试大纲

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