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语言学补充练习(1-3)

语言学补充练习(1-3)
语言学补充练习(1-3)

第一章语言学入门知识:

I. 名词解释

1.cultural transmission (as a defining property of language)

Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.

2.descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguistics

Answer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Linguistic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.

II. 判断正误(T for True and F for False)

1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.

Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).

2.Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.

Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.) 3.Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.

Answer: T

III. 填空题

1.By saying that "language is arbitrary", we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and _______.

Answer: sounds

2.The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist__________.

Answer: Noam Chomsky

3.An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _______.

Answer: prescriptive

IV. 选择题

1.Unlike animal communication system, human language is ______.

A. stimulus free

B. stimulus bound

C. under immediate stimulus control

D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest

Answer:A

2. ____ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.

a. Chomsky

b. Saussure

c. Bloomfield

d. John Lyon

Answer: b

V. 问答题

l. Is language productive or not? Why?

Answer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basic

linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.

2. Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, …language? only

means what a person says or said in a given situation”.

Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, "language" has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a person?s language, e.g. Shakespeare?s language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of "language", referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.

3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.

Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.

4. What is the major difference between Saussure' s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?

Answer: Saussure?s langue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the

mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it more from a psychological point of view.

第二章语音学和音位学

I. 名词解释

1.narrow transcription

Answer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “broad transcription”----the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transcription”---the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.

2. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in "let", "play" and "tell". The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising

not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.

II 判断正误(T for True and F for False)

1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.

Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)

2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.

Answer: T.

III. 填空题:

1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _____, _______, and _____.

Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity

2. By the position of the ____ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.

Answer: highest.

3. ____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.

Answer: Assimilation.

4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance

given beforehand.

Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop

/s/: ________________

/g/:_______________

/t?/:______________

/t/: _______________

/f /: _______________

Answer:

/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative

/g/: voiced velar stop

/t?/: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate

/ t /: voiced dental fricative

/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative

5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets?

pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, man

Answer:

pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;

pen, ten; ten, men;

heat, eat; heat, heel;

tape, tale;

bun, ban;

chain, main;

bell, bet;

meal, heel;

man, men, main.

IV. 选择题

1. All syllables contain a(n) _______.

a. nucleus

b. coda

c. onset

Answer: a

2. _____is one of the supersegmental features.

a. Stop

b. Voicing

c. Deletion

d. Tone

Answer: d

3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?

a. dental stop

b. bilabial stop

c. alveolar stop

d. velar stop

Answer: a

4. _____is not an English consonant.

a. Labiodental plosive

b. Alveolar nasal

c. Velar stop

d. Dental fricative

Answer: a

V. 辨音选择

1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?

1) /f, v ,s/

2) /p, f, b/

3) /g, z, b/

4) /k, g, w/

5) /m, n, ?/

Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar

5) nasal

2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speech sounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as

specific as possible.

a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ? /

b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/

c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/

Answer:

1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.

2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.

3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolar

VI. 问答题

1.Circle the words that contain a sound as required:

1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook

2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push

3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table

4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook

5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick

2.Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. Answer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a "phoneme" is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or

realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are called its "allophones". How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.

3.When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the "n" sound in the word "ten"? Do we still pronounce it as /n/?

1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings 6) ten classes

Answer: 1) /n/

2) /n/

3) / ? /

4) /m/

5) /m/

6) / ? /

4.How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech sounds?

Answer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.

第三章形态学

I. 名词解释

1.morpheme

Answer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word "barks" in "The dog barks" consists of two morphemes ― "bark" and "-s", neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.

2.lexeme

Answer: The term "lexeme" is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word". It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, "write" is the lexeme of the following set of words: "writes", "wrote", "writing", "written".

3.inflectional morphemes

Answer: Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -est.

II. 判断正误

1.A root is not always a free form.

Answer: T (There are such bound roots as “-ceive”.)

III. 填空题

1.Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the ____.

Answer: affixes

2.On, before and together are_____words ― they are words which do not take inflectional endings.

Answer: grammatical (functional/form)

IV.选择题

1."Radar" is a/an____.

a. acronym

b. blending

c. coinage

d. clipping

Answer: a

2.Compound words consist of______ mor

phemes.

a. bound

b. free

c. both bound and free

Answer: b

V. 匹配题

Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.

A B

1. a noisy crow a. compound noun

2. eat crow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix

3. scarecrow c. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun

4. the crow d. root morpheme plus inflection affix

5. crowlike e. root morpheme plus derivational suffix

6. crows f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme

g. idiom

Answer: 1. c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6. d

VI. 问答题

1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/or DA (derivational affix).

1) transformations 2) looseleaves

3) destructive 4) geese 5) misled

Answer:

1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)

2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)

3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)

4) geese (IA)

5) mis- (DA) led (IA)

2. Label the morphological category of the morphemes underlined in each of the English expressions.

a) I' ve been here.

b) transform

c) oxen

d) recur

Answer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root

3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic. You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means "buy" and -id designates the past tense). xaridi

You (singular) bought.

naxaridam

I did not buy.

namixaridand

They were not buying.

xarid

He bought.

naxaridim

We did not buy.

mixarid

He was buying.

mixaridid

You (plural) were buying.

xaridam

I bought.

Match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian:

a) I

b) you (singular)

c) not

d) was/were V-ing (continuous)

Answer: a) am

b) i

c) na

d) miVid

4.It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitive to certain phonological context. The English data given below illustrate this fact. You are required to state the phonological contexts where the addition of -en is possible.

a b

whiten *bluen

madden *stupiden

redden *greenen

Fatten *fartheren quicken *slowen

deafen *difficulten

Liven *abstracten

harden *shallowen

soften *angryen

deepen *vividen

Answer: The suffix -en, which attaches to adjectives to form verbs, can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in oral stops or fricatives.

Verb

Adjective

-en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative).

- <Φ> if Adjective ends in a sonorant (nasal, approximant, vowel) Meaning: to make (more) Adjectives

5.The word uneasiness may be analyzed in either of the two ways below. You are required to find an argument to support one of the two analyses.

a)

N

Prefix

Noun

un

Adjective

Suffix

easi

ness

b)

N

Adjective

Suffix

Prefix

Adjective

ness

uneasi

Answer: b) is the correct analysis, because un- only attaches to adjectives

to form other adjectives. Un- cannot be attached to a noun.

(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T

英语语言学试题(1)及答案

英语语言学试题(1) I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:

语言学的名词解释

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