高级英语知识小结

总结

Lesson One

1. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone. para.9

People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship.Therefore, when it was mentioned; it was usually the target of criticism.

2. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.para15

It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.

3. Belief can be the servant of truth-but even more of convenience.para16

Belief can be useful in the search of truth. But more often than not people hold certain belief because it is convenient and self-serving. That is, you take what you believe as true just for your advantage though there is no proof to it yet.

4. It is a product of their excessive fecundity.para5

The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.

修辞

1. A balance between the rich and the poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics. ----Metaphor

2.Cut the knot, for there is no way to untie it.-----Metaphor

3.And so it is in economic life.----Inversion

4.So are the philosophers now celebrated in Washington.-----Inversion

5.We have great corporate bureaucracies replete with corporate bureaucrats, but they are good ,only public bureaucracy and government servants are bad.----Contrast

6.This is in some ways, an admirable solution.----Irony

7.This is associated with the names of David Ricardo, a stockbroker, and Thomas Robert Malthus, a divine.----Satire

8.Couples in love should repair to R.H. Macy’s, not their bedrooms.----Irony

9.….Social Darwinism came to be considered a bit too cruel.----Irony

10.It has again become a major philosophical, literary, and rhetorical preoccupation, and an economically not unrewarding enterprise.----Irony

11.The only form of discrimination that is still permissible…is discrimination against people who work for the federal government, especially on social welfare activities.----irony

12.In the enduring words of Professor Milton Friedman, people must be free to choose.----Irony

13.All, save perhaps the last, are great inventive descent from Bentham.Malthus, and Spencer.----Irony

14.Murray is the voice of Spencer in our time, he is enjoying, as indicated, unparalleled popularity in high Washington circles.----Satire

Lesson Two

Paraphrase

1.South Florida was uninviting to many because of the mosquitoes, panthers, crocodiles, swamps, and wetlands. But these marks of wild country called to my father like the legendary siren song.para3

To some people, South Florida, with its wild animals, backwardness and poor living conditions, wasn’t a pleasant place to live in, But my father was deeply attracted to it precisely because it was unexplored. The uncultivated natural state poses a tempting challenge to my father.

2.It was an idyllic life, and we lived closed to our family and to the comforts and safety a small town could afford.para4

We led a very comfortable life in town, with relatives living nearby and enjoying everything a small town could offer.

3.He had secluded himself in this remote area of the Everglades because he was not welcome elsewhere；from time to time he was halfheartedly sought for trial, though few crimes seemed to lead directly to his door.para14

He settled down here in this faraway place of the Everglades, away from others, for he knew there was no other place for him to live. Occasionally, though the law police would make some effort without real earnest to investigate Watson and to bring him to court, these seemed to be little concrete evidence to prove that he was responsible for certain illegal activities.

4.The stranglehold Watson had over this section of Florida was not dissimilar to the unscrupulous activities of certain lawman, other legal crooks, and even governors that our state was to suffer through its history.para17

The control Watson had over this part of Florida was much similar to the dishonest or illegal activities of the law enforcing officials and governors which Florida witnessed in the twentieth century.

5.King Richard in his gluttony never sat at a table more sumptuous than ours was three times a day.para22

We had abundant food on the island, and even the meals enjoyed by King Richard, who was famous for his love of good food, couldn’t possibly compare with ours.

修辞

1.But these marks of wild country called to my father like the legendary siren song.----Allusion

2.In this deep and roomy box were packed our camping equipment and food supplies.----Inversion

3.Its underwater grasses looked like green ribbons constantly unrolling, and the trees held thick sprays of wild orchids.----Simile

4.Redbirds, tanagers, and painted bunting flew back and forth across the trail, leaving a child with the impression that the woods were tossing with jewels.----Metaphor

5.There was the little shack, not the most gracious quarter, and there was a murderer for our nearest and only neighbor, about thirty miles away.----Understatement

6.The site had a nice gradient up from the sea；the big house in the trees looked safe and sturdy.----Alliteration

7.It was an armory；the walls were lined with guns. Papa did not carry a gun.----Contrast

8.‘‘Do you suppose they thought I’d shoot you ,Jim？’’ Watson asked. ----Rhetorical Question

Lesson Four

1.How all my own territory would be altered, as if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike. Para 13

The impact of Mike’s leaving on my life was beyond my imagination. I didn’t expect that Mike’s leaving would have su ch a tremendous power that it would change the meaning of my existence completely. All my thoughts were about loss of Mike.

2. She did not ask me –was it delicacy or disapproval?-about my new life.para29

She did not ask me about my new life, either out of subtle consideration for my feeling about this sensitive subject or out of disapproval of my new life style.

3. I knew all that. I knew now that he was a person who had hit rock bottom.para88

He was a person who had experienced the worst in life, the hardest experience a person might have to endure.

4. Not risking a thing yet staying alive as a sweet trickle, an underground resource.para94

If they acted on love, they would take risks. They wouldn’t do that or go further in their relationship; they would rather let their love remain as a sweet trickle, which would flow on gently and permanently, and as an underground resource, which would never go dry.

修辞

1．There was a tin mug hanging on the pump, and when I drank from it , on a burning day, I thought of black rocks where the water ran sparking like black diamonds.----Simile

2．Mike and I climed into the cab when it rained,and the rain washed down the windows and made a racket like stone on the roof.----Simile 3．The tops of the trees were swaying and there was a sound-it seemed to be above us-like the sound of a wave full of stones----Simile

4．How all my own territory would be altered, as if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike.----Metaphor 5．I was happy with all this-it made me feel as if I had made a true change, a long necessary voyage from the house of marriage.----Metaphor

6． A common name .A stupid flat-faced child with dirty blond hair.----Elliptical Sentence

7．At last a blowup.----Elliptical Sentences

8．Each of the trees on the place had an attitude and a presence-the elm looked serene and the oak threatening, the maples friendly, the hawthorn old and crabby,.----Personification

9．And I had moved for the newfangled reason that was approved of only in some special circles-leaving husband and house and all the things acquired during the marriage,in the hope of making a life that could be lived without hypocrisy.----Alliteration

10.She did not ask me –was it delicacy or dis approval-about my new life.----Alliteration

11.‘‘Will till you see the house,’’Sunny said.‘‘It’s squalid.’’----Transfreed Epithet

Lesson Six

Paraphrase

1.It is a tragedy enacted on most farms with perfect fidelity to the original script.para2

The raising of a pig like a tragedy, because it always Tends in the killing of the pig, and the set pattan-buying, raising and butchering-is strictly followed on most farms.

2. A pig couldn’t ask for anything better-or none has,at any rate.para4

A pig couldn’t ask for any better living conditions, at least no pig has ever complained

3.You could see him down there at all hours, his white face parting the grass along the fence as he wobbled and stumbled about, his stethoscope dangling-a happy quack,writing his villainous prescriptions and grinning his corrosive grin.para16

Fred was quite excited about the event. He was down at the pigpen all the time.Because of his swollen joints, he moved about unsteadily.His face set apart the grass along the fence as he moved about.He was like a doctor, with his long, dropping ears dangling like a stethoscope, and he scrabbled on the ground as if he were prescribing some medicine.

4.I have written this account in penitence and in grief, as a man who failed to raise his pig, and to explain my deviation from the classic course of so many raised pigs.

The purpose of this essay is to show that I am sorry for what has happened to my pig, since I have failed to raise the pig and cannot provide a reason why my pig didn’t grow the way other pigs have grown.

5.The grave in the woods is unmarked, but Fred can direct the mourner to it unerringly and with immense good will, and I know he and I shall often revisit it, singly and together, in seasons of reflection and despair, on flagless memorial days of our own choosing.

The pig’s grave in the woods doesn’t have a tombstone,but whenever somebody wants to visit it, Fred will show him the way.I know we will often visit it, separate or together, when we need to ponder over problems or when we are depressed.

修辞

1.It is a tragedy enacted on most farms with perfect fidelity to the original script.----Metaphor

2.Once in a while something slips –one of the actors goes up in his lines and the whole performance stumbles and halts.----Metaphor

3.I wanted ni interruption in the regularity of feeding, the steadiness of growth, the even succession of days. I wanted no interruption,wanted no oil,no deviation.----parallelism

4.The pig’s lot and mine were inextricably bound now, as though the rubber tube were the silver cord.----Allusion

5.This was slapstick-the sort of dramatic treatment that instantly appealed to my old dachshund Fred, who joined the vigil, held the bag, and, when all was over, presided at the interment.----Personification

6.In the upset position the corners of his mouth had been turned down, giving him a frowning expression.----Personification

7.And then with the light made a careful examination of the yard and the house for sign that the oil had worked----Euphemism

8.There was no stopover in the undertaker’s foul parlor.----Euphemism

9.When my son and I arrived at the pigyard, armed with a small bottle of castor oil and a length of clothesline.----Exaggeration

10.Never send to know for whom the grave is dug, I said to myself, It’s drug for thee.----Parody

11.But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial.----Alliteration

12.The news of the death of my pig traveled fast and far.----Alliteration

Lesson Seven

Paraphrase

1.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.para2

As a result of technological development, human beings now have the power to

put an end to poverty and human misery, but at the same time, they now possess nuclear weapons and have the power to destroy the whole world, rendering a uninhabitable and lifeless.

2.To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves.para8

To the people of developing countries living in poverty in rural area, we are committed to helping them to rid themselves of mass poverty by their own efforts.

3.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.para9

But we should not let any Communist power take advantage of this alliance for progress to expand its influence.

4.And let any other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.para9

We want to make clear to the Communist powers that Americas are the Americas of the Americans. Do not attempt to have a hand in this area.

5.……before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.para11

……before the world is destroyed by a nuclear war launched on purpose or by accident.

修辞

1.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do- for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.----Antithesis

2.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.----Antithesis

3.Our last best hope in an age where the instrument of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.----Antithesis

4.Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.-----Antithesis

5.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.----Antithesis

6.Let both side seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.----Antithesis

7.And to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.----Metaphor

8.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.----Metaphor

9.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungles of suspicion.----Metaphor

10.Let the word go forth from this time and space, to friend and foe alike.----Alliteration

11.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.----Alliteration

12.Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind?----Alliteration

13.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.----Inversion

14.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.----Inversion

15.Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.----Chiasmus

Lesson Eight

Paraphrase

1.Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity. Para3

Miss Emily would not have accepted charity. Charity would be humiliating to her.

2.The next day he received two more complaints, one from a man who came in different deprecation.para21

The next day the mayor received two more complaints. One of them was from a man who came and pleaded to the mayor in a shy and timid way.

3.Now she too would to know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less.para26

Ordinary people often become excited or worried when they get a penny more or a penny less .Being poor, now she would learn to appreciate the value of money, like other people in the town.

4.We were glad because the two female cousins were even more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been.para45

The town people were glad because they had been annoyed by the arrogant attitude of Miss Emily and now the two cousins were even more stubborn and self-important than Miss Emily.

修辞

1.The man through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument.----Metaphor

2.Only Miss Emily’s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps-an eyesores.----Personification

3.And now Miss Emily had gone to join the representatives of those august names , where they lay in the cedar-bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of Union and Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson.----Transferred Epithet

4.It smelled of dust and disuse-a close, dank smell.----Alliteration

5.Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain. ----Symbolism.

6.Her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip.----Symbolism

7.Up to the day of her death at seventy-four it was still that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man.----Symbolism

8.Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks.----Transferred Epithet

Lesson Nine

Paraphrases

1.As long as his needs were physical, she would meet them –comfort and satiety.para11

If his needs were physical, she could meet them. She could make him comfortable and give him enough or even more than enough to satisfy his physical needs.

2.She had seen this little girl all of her life. Para48

Geraldine had seen black girls like Pocola at many places and many times in the past.

3.Eyes that questioned nothing and asked everything.para48

On the one hand, they (girls like Pecola) were ignorant and uncomprehending. They did not question why their lives were so miserable.

On the other hand, as they were poverty-stricken and practically had nothing, their eyes revealed their desire for anything that could their life easier.

4.The end of the world lay in their eyes, and the beginning, and all the waste in between. Para 48

In the eyes of these girls one can see that they were without any hope for the future and that their life would be nothing but a waste.

修辞

1.They are as sweet and plain as buttercake. ----Smile

2.Like flies they hovered; like flies they settled.----Smile

3.The careful development of thrift, patience, high morals, and manners. In short how to get rid of the funkiness.----Elliptical

4.There was a big red-and-gold Bible on the dining-room table.----Irony

5.Pecola backed out of the room, staring at the pretty milk-brown lady in the pretty gold-and-green house who was talking to her through the cat’s fur.----Irony

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