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跨文化交际1 (1)

跨文化交际1 (1)
跨文化交际1 (1)

Chapter One:

Culture and Communication

1.The Importance of Learning about Cultures

Case 1. Read the following case and try to explain the underlying reason.

Case 1. The following case involves an American businesswoman and a British Businessman.

“We seeme d to get along great on the telephone. It was a relief after several years in Eastern Europe to actually be doing business with the British. At least we spoke the same language,” says the American businesswoman. “We thought alike. I trusted him.”

All went well until the American traveled to London to meet face-to-face with her British colleague to sign a research and development contract. The first meeting did not go well. “ There was something that didn?t seem right,” she says. “Throughout the presentation none of the Brits, not even the guy I had developed a phone relationship with, would look us in the eye. It was like they were hiding something.

After a lot of internal discussion, we decided to sign the contract, but many of us still felt uneasy. Even wh en we talked on the phone later I just couldn?t get the failure of them to look me in the eye out of my head. It almost ruined the relationship and sunk the deal.”

2.Understanding Culture

2.1 The Definition of Culture(p2-p4)

What’s culture?

2.1 Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter’s Definition of Culture (p4):

The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

文化的定义:

文化是一个大群体在代代相传中,通过本人和集体的努力获得的知识、经验、信念、价值、态度、角色、空间关系、宇宙关系的积淀,以及他们获得的全部物质的东西。

2.2 A Classic Metaphor for Culture

Culture is like an iceberg (p4-p5)

Why is culture like the iceberg?

2.3 The Characteristics of Culture

2.3.1 Culture is shared. (p7)

Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.

Case 2:

An American boy was born in the United States, but grew up in China, as his parents were doing business in China. He finished his primary school and junior school in China. At school he studied and played with his Chinese classmates and spoke Mandarin. But he spoke English with his parents at home. What troubled his parents most was that his thinking and behaviors were just identical to a Chinese boy’s, which often made his communication with his parents difficult.

2.3 The Characteristics of Culture

2.3.3 Culture is symbolic. (p8)

Cultural symbols can take various forms, e.g., spoken words, handwritten or printed words or pictures, nonverbal actions, objects, etc.

Case Study: Who is the King of the Forests?

2.3 The Characteristics of Culture

2.3.4 Culture is integrated.(p8)

Culture functions as an interrelated whole.

2.3 The Characteristics of Culture

2.3.5 Culture is dynamic. (p9)

Culture is dynamic rather static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.

It changes through three most common mechanisms:

①innovation

②diffusion

③acculturation

2.3 The Characteristics of Culture

2.3.6 Culture is ethnocentric. (p9)

ethnocentric:种族/民族中心主义的, 种族/民族优越感的

What’s ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism(种族或民族中心主义,种族或民族优越感) is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, etc., is superior. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one’s own culture. (p9)

3.Understanding Communication

3.1 The Definition of Communication

What’s communication? (p9-p11)

Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.

3.2 Intercultural Communication

What’s intercultural communication?

Intercultural communication is the communication between persons of different cultures, or different cultural backgrounds.(p20)

3.3 Patterns of Communication沟通方式

There are three patterns of communication in terms of direction in business context.(p12-p13)

3.3 Patterns of Communication沟通方式

3.3.1. Upward communication(p12)

3.3.2 Downward communication (p12)

3.3.3 Lateral communication (or horizontal communication) (p13)

3.3.3 Lateral communication (or horizontal communication) (p13)

3.4 Barriers in Intercultural Communication

There’re mainly five barriers in intercultural communication. (p16-p18)

3.4.1Language differences (p17)

Items with different cultural meanings

table:

【1】(Brit) submit (a motion or report in Parliament, etc) for discussion (在国会等)提出(动议或报告)供讨论:

★The Opposition have tabled several amendments to the bill. 反对党已对议案提出几项修正.

【2】(esp US) leave (a proposal, etc) to be discussed at some future date 将(建议等)搁置, 留待日后讨论.

★Let?s table the bill for some time. 这个议案我们留到以后讨论。

Bomb:

The project was a bomb.

[US context: a massive failure]

The project was a bomb.

[British context: a huge success]

Which is British?

Which is American?

●No dogs allowed.

●Video controlled.

●Please keep Hands Off Door.

●We regret that in the interest of hygiene dogs are not allowed on these premises. British English is mixed with euphemism that enables the speaker to avoid expressing strong feelings.

3.4 Barriers in Intercultural Communication

3.4.2 Nonverbal communication(p17)

3.4.3 Stereotypes(思维定势) (p17)

3.4.4 Cultural bias on judgments (p18)

3.4.5 High level of stress (p18)

Case Study: “Hey, let me kiss you on your right cheek .”

拥抱梅西然后亲吻他,拥抱贝隆然后亲吻他,拥抱伊瓜因然后亲吻他……在2010年南非世界杯上,一身西装革履的阿根廷主教练马拉多纳,已然将这个举动变成了他标志性的动作。

马拉多纳的世界杯“亲吻风波”

●在与韩国队的比赛(2010年6月18日)结束以后,马拉多纳兴致勃勃的来到了新

闻发布会现场,在谈到本场比赛的自己队员表现时,马拉多纳对本场比赛每位队员的表现十分满意,并坦言“球员们在球场上做得非常好。他们很好的贯彻了我们赛前讨论的战术安排。他们为身穿阿根廷队球衣并有如此出色的表现感到自豪,我也很高兴,如释重负。”

●台下的记者似乎看出老马的兴致很高,随即抛出了一个爆炸性的提问,“在比赛后,

您经常会拥抱并亲吻你的男队员,以至于有人怀疑您的性取向发生了变化,对此你怎么看。”机警的马拉多纳也立即向记者澄清,“哦,我还是喜欢女人。我现在正在与维罗妮卡约会,她碧眼金发,也才31岁,我的性取向并没有发生变化,不是同性恋。不过我喜欢用亲吻来感谢和祝贺我的队员们。”

Case Study: “Hey, let me kiss you on your right cheek .”

●“In Argentina, when women meet work associates or friends, they stretch forward so

that their right cheek is touching the other p erson?s right cheek and perhaps kiss the air below the other person?s right ear. Women do this when meeting men or women;

men do this only when meeting women. Not to perform this greeting ritual is to appear cold, unfriendly, and even angry.”

●(Source: Extracted from Iris Varner, Linda Beamer, Intercultural Communication in

the Global Workplace, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,Page118)

●“In Argentina, men kiss women, women kiss women, but men do not kiss men.”

●(Source: Extracted from Charles Mitchell,

●International Business Culture, Shanghai

●Foreign Language Press, Page53.)

Chapter Four Nonverbal Language in Intercultural Communication

“He knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing.”

Oscar Wilde

1. Defining Nonverbal Communication (p50-p51)

Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context. (p50)

2. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication (p51-p53)

①Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations. (p51)

②Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the speaker?s subconsciousness.(p52)

③Even if we are silent, the nonverbal dimension of our communication is always present.(p52)

Eyes are more accurate witnesses than ears.---- Heraclitus

3. Factors Influencing Nonverbal Communication

①Cultural background

②Socioeconomic background

③Education

④Gender

⑤Age

⑥Personal preferences and

idiosyncrasies

(idiosyncrasy: 习性;特征;癖好)

4. Functions of Nonverbal Communication

4.1 Accenting (p53)

● 4.2 Complementing (p53)

● 4.3 Contradicting (p53)

●Though we may lie with our lips, betrayal oozes out of us at every pore.

----Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud(1856--1939)

● 4.4 Regulating (p53)

● 4.6 Substituting (p54)

5. Kinesics身势语(p54-p55)

●Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body,

or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. In short, all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.

It’s also called body language.

●Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body,

or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. In short, all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.

It’s also called body language.

●Consider the case of one British businessman in Iran. After months of doing the

right thing----building relationships with Iranian colleagues, respecting the influence of Islam on negotiations and avoiding any potentially explosive political small talk---the executive was elated(兴高采烈的) once a formal contract was signed. He signed the papers and turned to give his Persian colleagues a big thumbs up. Almost immediately there was a gasp(深吸气,喘息) and one Iranian executive left the room.

The British executive didn?t have a clue

as to what was going on----and his

Iranian hosts were too embarrassed

to tell him. What went wrong?

?Analysis of the case:

?While the thumbs-up gesture means “good ,great, well-played” in Britain, in the Persian culture it is a sign of discontent and borders on the obscene.

5.1 Body Languages around the world

The ok sign

①. Everything Is Great

(America, Germany)

②. Things Are Good (Not Excellent)

(Mexico)

③. Worthless (Zero)

(France, Most of Europe, Argentina)

④. Symbol for Money (Coins)

(Japan)

⑤. Vulgar Gesture

(Spain, Russia, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay)

⑥. “I?ll kill you.”

(Tunisia)

2 Thumbs up

Approval

(American, Great Britain, Russia)

Highly Offensive

(Iran)

Rude

(Australia)

3 thumbs down

Disapproval

(America, Canada)

Rude

(Greece)

Closed fist

Obscene Gesture

(Pakistan)

If Raised in Air----Obscene

(Lebanon)

4 The v sign

Victory

Great Britain, America,

Most of the World

5 to hell with you

Offensive Gesture

Great Britain

South Africa

6 2009年马尔蒂尼告别圣西罗的比赛中,极端球迷发出了了不和谐的声音,马队还以中指Highly Offensive

America

Most of Europe

Many parts of world

Highly Rude

Central America

Shaking Head Left to Right

America----No

Most of World----No

Bulgaria-----Yes

Saudi Arabia----Yes

Malaysia----Yes

Nodding Head Up and Down

America----Yes

Most of World----Yes

Bulgaria----No

7 Pat on the shoulder

Encouragement / Sympathy

(America)

Offensive

(Thailand)

8 Raised Eyebrows

Surprise

(America)

Hello or General Greeting

(Philippines)

9 Winking

Paraguay: Romantic or Sexual Connotation

America: Everything is OK or a Sign of a Joke

France, Australia: Impolite Gesture

10 Blinking

Disbelief

(America)

Boredom

(China)

In the United States it can be sign of disbelief.

In China conspicuous blinking by a listener is a sign of boredom.

11 Tapping Your Temple with Your Finger

Person is Crazy

North America

Europe

Germany (especially)

I?m Thinking about It

Africa

Peru

Argentina

12 Hands on Hips

Hostility

(Mexico)

(Malaysia)

Impatience

(America)

A Challenge

(Argentina)

13 Slapping the Inside of Thigh(用手拍大腿内侧)

Rude and Suggestive

(Argentina)

(suggestive:挑动色情的; 猥亵的)

14 Pinch of the Earlobe捏耳垂

Enjoyed a Meal

(Brazil)

Sigh of Humility

(India)

humility: 谦恭,谦逊

15 Hands in Pocket(s)

Rude

All Europe

Japan

China

16 Tapping the Inside of the Elbow with the Opposite Hand

Stingy (吝啬的,小气的)

(Colombia)

Untrustworthy or Unreliable

(Netherlands)

17 Arms Folded

Boredom or Disapproval

(America)

Arrogance

(Finland)

18 Snapping the Fingers of Both Hands

Vulgar Gesture

(France)

19 Playing an Imaginary Flute

Talking Too Much

(France)

Unique (mostly ) to France, it means that “someone is talking too much”and is becoming annoying

20 Shoulder Shrug

Don?t Know / Don?t Care

(Italy)

Reluctance to Agree / Innocence

(America)

Ridiculous

(France)

21 Showing the Sole of Your Foot or Shoe

Highly Offensive

Thailand

Myanmar (Burma)

Middle East

Islamic States of the former USSR

22 The “Italian Salute”

Highly Offensive

Italy

Most of Europe

In Italy, most of Europe and many other parts of the world this is a highly offensive gesture r oughly equivalent to “The Finger” in the USA.

23 Extremely Offensive

(Ghana, Turkey)

24 Thais do not shake hands, they …wai?. The wai gesture is an emblem that is used throughout Thailand both as a greeting and to say goodbye.

Case Study: Feet on the Desk

5.2 Positive Body Language

● 5.2.1 The Nod

● 5.2.2 Moving Closer, Leaning Forward

● 5.2.3 Plenty of Hand Movement, Palms Open

● 5.2.4 Note Taking

5.3 Negative Body Language

● 5.3.1 Withdrawal, Leaning away from the Speaker

5.3 Negative Body Language

● 5.3.2 Folded Arms

● 5.3.3 Hands on Face

● 5.3.4 Shifting Positions

● 5.3.5 The Yawn

● 5.3.6 Wandering Eyes

Case Study: Dude, let’s be closer.

Analysis: Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the U.S. may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. In the Muslin world, the left hand is considered unclean and reserved for and touching someone with it is highly offensive.

Case Study: The Obama’s Bow

●日本起初不在意后来看热闹

●美国传媒批评总统奥巴马14日在东京与日本天皇握手时鞠躬的姿势有损美国

威严。消息传到日本,日本传媒纷纷引用,使得日本原来没十分留意到奥巴马与天皇握手时近90度鞠躬的画面在电视上不断重播。大部分传媒没特别评论,反而较关注美国传媒与国务院之间围绕此事展开的辩论。

●批评:总统不该随便行大礼

●华盛顿礼仪学校校长帕梅拉·艾尔灵说,虽然奥巴马鞠躬明显是为表示尊

敬,但天皇夫妇并未期望一名西方国家领导人作出这种举动。她看过视频后,觉得天皇夫妇看到奥巴马行大礼“有些不舒服”。“一国国家元首向另一国国家元首鞠躬不是正确行为。这不太合适。他不应向别国元首鞠躬,”艾尔灵说。

●一般来说,现代国际间的外交活动,元首级人物见面,礼仪都采取双方平等的通用

礼仪,比方说最平常的礼仪是握手,代表双方是平等的,再亲密一点的拥抱、亲脸颊等,也是双方平等的。因此,在国家平等的原则下,鞠躬即使被用作礼节,也应该是互相的。而奥巴马的鞠躬,除非对方也鞠躬,否则就是不平等的。因此,站在一个通常惯例的立场,奥巴马的鞠躬,的确很伤美国的面子。更何况在外交场合,一般惯例不会采用鞠躬这种方式。奥巴马缺乏外交礼仪方面的常识和经验,他只把自己的礼仪当成个人行为,还以一个普通人的心态,面对拥有国王身份的、地位更高的人。作为个人,奥巴马的礼节无可厚非,但是,作为美国总统,奥巴马丝毫没有意识到自己的礼节实际上代表了美国,代表了国家形象。

Case Study:

●奥巴马和布朗夫人“有一手”

●时间:2009年9月24日晚

●场合:G20欢迎晚宴

●主要人物:奥巴马夫妇,

●时任英国首相布朗夫妇

●当晚,奥巴马夫妇与英国首相布朗夫妇相互拥抱接吻行礼之后,站成一排让记

者合影留念,其中奥巴马和布朗夫人萨拉站立中央,布朗和奥巴马夫人米歇尔则分别立于两侧。这本是一张很普通的合影,但让摄影记者没有想到的是,在合影时,奥巴马的左手竟忘情地紧紧握住了布朗夫人萨拉的右手,二人十指相扣,显得十分亲密!

这一非同寻常的举动让许多记者惊得目瞪口呆,据悉,当晚奥巴马在和其他国家元首及夫人合影时均只是简单地摆个姿势,没有牵住任何一个人的手,即便是最让奥巴马有好感的法国第一夫人布鲁尼也未享受如此“待遇”!

Case Study: Direct eye-to-eye contact is not universal

A teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspected her. “There was something sly and suspicious about her.” he said in his report. “she just wouldn?t meet my eyes. She wouldn?t look at me.”

Eye Contact

●Generally speaking, if you look at your partner?s eyes from time to time while

speaking, you?ll be regarded as sociable, friendly, confident and frank.

●If you avoid eye contact, you?ll be regarded as cold, distant, unconfident and not

involved in the conversation.

●People in the Western societies expect the person with whom they are interacting to

“look them in the eye.” There is even a tendency to be suspicious of someone who does not follow the culturally prescribed rules for eye contact. Direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world. In Japan, for example, prolonged eye contact is considered rude, threatening, and disrespectful. People from Latin American and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.

Problems can arise when Westerners attempt to do business with a group of people who believe it is a sign of impertinence to make prolonged eye contact with their communication partners. Arabs, on the other hand, look directly into the eyes of their communication partner, and do so for long periods. They believe such contact shows interest in the other person and helps them assess the truthfulness of the other person?s words.

Nodding is culture-specific

Case Study

●通常我们说点头称是,摇头自然是表示否定。然而并不是所有民族都如此。有一次,

一位中国工程师给一群斯里兰卡青年讲抽水机的用法,讲完之后问他们懂了没有?

他们都微微摇了摇头。工程师见他们摇头就又重复了一次,并亲手示范表演。再问他们,得到的仍是微微摇头。工程师刚要重复第三遍,正好在中国留过学的当地翻译来了,一经过翻译一解释,工程师才明白原来在斯里兰卡微微摇头是表示已经明白的意思。

--(《当你踏上异国的土地……》,1986)

斯里兰卡人的习惯是:表示肯定答复或同意时微微摇头,表示否定答复或不同意时使劲儿摇头,但在表示非常赞同、十分明白时则还是要点头。

●In Japan, mutual bowing is largely determined by rank.

●Becoming automatic movement, e.g. bow when making phone call

Devils can be driven out of the heart by the touch of a hand on a hand, or a mouth on a mouth.---Tennessee Williams ( American playwright)

?Each culture has a well-defined system of meanings for different forms of touching. ?Some generalizations can be made with regard to high-touch versus low-touch cultures.

?Americans, the English, Germans and Northern Europeans are said to belong to

low-touch cultures, exhibiting very limited tactile contact in public.

?Hispanics (以西班牙语为母语的人), people of Eastern European descents, Italians, the French, Arabs,

and Jews are all said to belong to high-touch

cultures.

6. Space and Distance空间与距离

Case Study: Michelle Obama keeps Silvio Berlusconi at arm's length at

●一贯以花心著称的意大利总理贝卢斯科尼只身一人来到宴会现场看到奥巴马夫人

米歇尔之后,他显得十分惊喜,立刻满脸含笑地向米歇尔张开双臂,试图给她一个热情的熊抱。然而让贝卢斯科尼尴尬的是,尽管他保持张开双臂的动作长达数秒钟,胳膊都快举酸了,但米歇尔却仿佛“视而不见”,最后只伸出了一只手与他握手了事。

而照片显示,在整个过程中,站在一旁的奥巴马显然对贝卢斯科尼充满了警惕,他斜着眼睛对贝卢斯科尼抛去愤怒的一瞥,似乎生怕他对自己的夫人米歇尔“图谋不轨”,那表情仿佛在说:“拥抱?你想都不要想!”

●如果说当晚奥巴马夫人米歇尔对所有来宾都只行握手礼,这倒也就罢了——然而眼

尖的媒体注意到,当米歇尔在迎接英国首相布朗和法国总统萨科齐时都能大方地与对方行拥抱礼,而且她甚至让布朗亲吻了面颊,惟独对贝卢斯科尼例外!英国媒体戏称,奥巴马夫妇的警惕之举“很难让人感到惊讶”,因为贝卢斯科尼目前正受到招妓等一系列性丑闻的困扰。

6.1 Proxemics人际距离学

●The term proxemics was introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1966.

Proxemics is the study of set measurable distances between people as they interact. ●Social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance.

●Hall notes that different cultures maintain different standards of personal space. In

Latin cultures, for instance, those relative distances are smaller, and people tend to be more comfortable standing close to each other; in Nordic cultures the opposite is true. Realizing and recognizing these cultural differences improves cross-cultural understanding, and helps eliminate discomfort people may feel if the interpersonal distance is too large ("standoffish") or too small (intrusive). Comfortable personal distances also depend on the culture, social situation, gender, and individual preference.

Diagram of Edward T. Hall’s personal reaction bubbles(1966), showing radius in feet.

●0~50cm: intimate lovers and family members

●>50~120cm: friends (personal distance)

●>120~270cm: acquaintances (social distance)

●>270cm: public space, not belong to oneself

●Behind: strangers speaking from behind are

allowed to stand much more nearer.

Case Study: Space Adventures

●The Australians, the Argentinians, and most Asians will move in very close during

an introduction and almost be right in the face of the person they are meeting. North Americans and many Europeans will feel uncomfortable with this invasion of “private space” and consider it an aggressive gesture. It is not. It is im portant to realize that crowding is simply a cultural norm. In most Arabic cultures, men will literally grab the arm or shoulder of a colleague to emphasize a point. Privacy is important and Germans will expect you to knock before opening an office door. Of all Europeans, Germans put the greatest value on their personal space, and do not like being crowded. A distance of more than two feet (60cm) is expected when conversing among non-families.

Germans: “We would rather shake hands rather than embrace.

●In Germany shaking hands is an accepted and expected greeting ritual; however,

Germans seldom embrace. Hugging, even among family members, is rarer than it is in France and in Latin cultures. The handshake establishes touch, but at arm’s length, whereas an embrace represents too much invasion of the personal bubble.

7. Silence

●The use of silence varies from culture to culture.

●Generally, Eastern cultures value silence more than the use of words; in Western

cultures, the opposite is true.

●Differently cultures perceive silence differently.

●China:沉默是金

●此时无声胜有声

●African proverb:Silence is also speech.

●Japanese proverb:

●It is the duck that squawks that gets shot.

●Out of the mouth comes all evil.

● A flower does not speak.

●The mouth is to eat with not to speak with.

●American proverb: The squeaky wheel gets the grease.

●Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers who have

to converse.

●Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think

that the pauses and silence have rich meanings.

●Silence may have many possible meanings: agreement--disagreement,

thoughtful--ignorance, consideration--inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, boredom and so on.

8. Paralanguage (副语言)

?It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities.

?Paralinguistics (副语言学) is the study of such non-semantic aspects of speech as tone, volume, pitch and tempo, pause and the like which are together with verbal information.

?Our voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up our images. 8.1 Pitch

?Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis.

?When one is excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch, quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences;

?When one is sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite.

8.2 Volume Control

The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, or phoning. But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions.

American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on the size of the audience and the physical environment.

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication:An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.

跨文化交际答案1

大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题(一) I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture

跨文化交际

Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills. As we all know, there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects. I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system. For your better understand , I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What is more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly .However, there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture. For example, the coffee and bread have introduced to China. The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big. Chinese students always complain about their homework. Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax. They have to recite many things as to get a high mark. Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion, the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions t o training students? skills in thinking in realistic life not to emphasis on the importan ce of memories. In a addition, the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and t he job of graduates are quite different, too. I should say that China government should make great efforts to improve its teaching system. I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country. “Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the me mbers of one category of people from another.” It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company is having meeting, the word “table” they mention in American Engli sh means to put something on the agenda, but in British English it means to put somet hing off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business. In Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differe

跨文化交际(英文版)

Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in

《跨文化交际》_名词解释

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化:文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and

跨文化交际

【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念: (1)文化:culture,涉及内容十分广泛,不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化:指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化:精神生产能力和精神产品,包括一切社会意识形式;自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是:人类独有;来自后天习得;大部分存在于人的潜意识;是行动的指南;动态,与一定历史时期相联系。 (2)交际:就是人与人之间的往来交际活动,文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 (3)编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程;编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程,解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 (4)言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介; 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介,例如:文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 (5)跨文化交际 广义:具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素:民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段;阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。(6)文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的,这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C.威斯勒尔认为,普遍的文化模式包括:①语言;②物质特质;③美术;④神话与科学知识;⑤宗教习惯;⑥家庭与社会体制;⑦财产;⑧政府;⑨战争。 (7)文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”,相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态,在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为,西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动,渴望不断地超越”;而中国文化,乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性,寻求天下太平,维持整个结构的平稳和不变 (8)文化定势 “定势”的概念,最先是由美国政治评论家Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语Unit1-5课后答案

1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from

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