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第七篇 Time in the Animal World

Rhythm controls everything in Nature. 1

The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. 2 When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day.

Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs 1 at the seaside in a set way 2

. To avoid predator fish 3, the eggs are always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon 4. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. 3

Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heart beats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats 5 throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span 6 of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. 4

As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. 5 For a child, a week is seen as a long time.

词汇： rhythm /5riTEm / n.节奏 king crab n.鲎 slap /slAp/ v.拍击 predator /5predEtE / n.食肉动物 exert /i^5zE:t / n.施加 shrew /Fru: / n.鼩鼱 gravitational /7^rAvi5teiFEnEl / adj.重力作用的 tempo /5tempEu/ n.节奏，速度 centrifugal /sen5trifju^El/ adj.离心力的 pulse /pQls/ n.脉搏 strand /strAnd/ v.使搁浅 span /spAn/ n.跨度 dehydration /7di:hai5dreiFEn/ n.脱水 physiological / 7fiziE5lCdVikEl / adj.生理的dinosaur /5dainEsC: / n. 恐龙 注释:

1. laying eggs ：产卵

2. in a set way ：以一种固有的方式

3. predator fish ：食肉鱼

4. undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon ：经受与月亮周期有关的巨大变化。 related to the cycles of the moon 是过去分词短语，作后置定语，修饰， changes 。

5. eight hundred million heart beats ：8亿次心跳

6. life span ：一生练习：

A For an adult, time goes fast year by year.

B It controls, for example, the flapping of birds’ win gs, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun.

C The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is.

D The tide goes out when the moon moves away and its attraction is weaker.

E We always tend to think all the animals have the same sense of time as human beings.

F The second spring tide takes them back to the sea.

答案与题解：

1. B “空 1”前面的句子“ Rhythm controls everything in Nature”是主题句。“空 1”的句子应该是陈述主题句的细节，选项 B 的“It controls, for example, the flapping of birds’ wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and

setting of the sun”是主题句的例解。controls是两个句子的词汇连接手段，两个句子的内容也连贯。所以B 是答案。

2. D“空2”前面两句说，月亮对大海施加力量和影响，其地心吸力造成涨潮。“空2”后的句子涉及第二次涨潮，可以推断，位于这两个句子之间的“空2”的内容应该与大海和潮汐有关。选项D说的是退潮。因此是答案。

3. F 第三段说到生长在潮汐地区的动物具有预测潮汐的本能。然后举king crab为例。鲎远离海岸产卵，并将之埋在沙下，防止食肉鱼吞食。到第二次春潮来临时，小鲎已破壳而出。“空3”应该填什么呢？选项 F 出现second spring，这是与上一句联系的信号，再看内容，它是上一句意思的自然发展。所以，F是答案。

4. C 第四段说到铺乳动物不管寿命长短、体形大小，其一生心跳总次数大致相同，作者举体形大、寿命长的大象和体形小、寿命短的shrew (鼩鼱)为例说明之。本段的倒数第二句是结论：The size of the body determines the speed of life。“空4”应该填什么呢？估计应该与上述结论有关，选项C的“The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the sl ower its life tempo is”是对上一句的结论的细化说明，所以，C是答案。

5. A 第五段说到随着年龄的增长，生理变化会影响人的时间感。“空5”前面一句说到老人，“空5”后面一句说到小孩。由此可以判断“空5”的内容会涉及另一个年龄段。选项A说了一个成年段。所以，A是答案。

第七篇动物界中的时间

节奏控制着自然界中的一切事物。例如，它控制着鸟类拍击翅膀、心跳和日出与日落。

太阳为所有的生物，包括人类，提供了一个基本的时间节奏。几乎所有的动物都受到太阳周期的影响并随其在体内形成了一个生物钟。月亮也对大海施加力量和影响，其地心引力造成涨潮。当月亮移走、引力比较弱的时候，就会发生退潮。当月亮位于地球另一面的时候，离心力就会引起这一天中的第二次涨潮。

生长在潮汐地区的动物具有预测潮汐的本能，以避免被搁浅而死于脱水。从恐龙时代开始，鲎就以一种故有的方式在海边产卵。为了防止食肉鱼吞食，它们常常远离海岸产卵，并用沙子把卵保护起来。在接下来的两个月里，这些卵经受与月亮周期有关的巨大变化。当第二次春潮来临时，小鲎已破壳而出，这次涨潮会把它们带回到大海。

大多数的哺乳动物，无论大象还是鼩鼱，其一生心跳的总次数大致相同。鼩鼱只有两年半的生命，它们以高速度和快节奏度过短暂的生命。像鼩鼱这种脉搏每分钟跳动600次的动物，一生心跳总次数平均为8亿次。非洲大象的脉搏每分钟跳动25次，它们的平均寿命为60年。体型的大小决定生命的速度，动物的体型越大，它们的寿命就越长，生命节奏也就越慢。

随着年龄的增长，身体的生理变化就会影响我们的时间感。老年人花费较多时间休息，他们较少做运动。对成年人来说，时间一年一年地过得很快。对孩子来说，一周时间被看作很长一段时间。

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