The Emotional Meaning Reflected by Colour Words in English Language英语语言中颜色词折射的情感意义

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Rationale

In linguistics the study of meaning in language is defined as semantics. In this field, a quite important theory is Leech’s seven types of meaning, five of which are included in the associative meaning. These five meanings are connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collective meaning. Among the five meanings the affective meaning also the emotional meaning threads a line among these. As one aspect of the study of meaning, enough knowledge on the emotional meaning is necessary，helping us have a knowledge of the other meanings for the connections between them.

Affective meaning, as simply called the emotional meaning, is what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer towards the listener/reader’and/or what he or she is talking about. We may address somebody as an idiot to convey our despise or describe something as marvelous to express our positive evaluation. Not just a whole sentence or a long passage can reveal a person’s attitude or his or her inner feelings, but a simple word can also do. In the real word, color is the most direct thing that we can easily receive. What it displays is not only its original meaning.

According to Leech’s theory, the thesis begins with a simple introduction of color word’s two kinds of meanings –conceptual meaning and connotative meaning, to emphasize the later, especially the emotional meaning. Its sources in the real world and its practical functions will be generally illustrated in the following.

1.2 Literature Review

Because of globalization, it is of necessity for us to get more knowledge about the world outside to make cross-cultural communications proceed successfully. And familiarity with their cultures through the color words is one of the good choices. The emotional meanings reflected by the words are worth studying in particular.

As Bo Ruili said, the color words in both Chinese and English languages have an intimate connection with each cultural tradition, often having an effect on people’s thinking habits respectively and confining their daily behaviors in some special contexts. The color words are a mirror, truthfully reflecting human love and detest affirmation and negation. It is endowed with special value and aesthetics established by usage to internalize social cultural meanings, in favor of avoiding mistakes in conversation.

Chai Huifang states(2006.9)in her paper The Realistic Sources of Basic Color Lexicon’s Metaphorical Meanings, that different cultural and historical backgrounds, and different views of beauty are contributed to the distinctions of the colors’symbolic meanings of different cultures.

Hu Aifang and Yang Zewen thought in the course of mutual translation between the English and Chinese language, the comparison between the two languages is inevitable. However, comparison between the two languages cannot leave the comparison between the two cultures. And in the process of using, the word contains many cultural connotative meanings.

Hu Ping (2008.6) put it in his paper A Metaphorical and Cognitive Study of English and Chinese Color Words that the differences between English and Chinese on color words are different natural environments and historical backgrounds, different

regional beliefs, psychological differences caused by the development of civilizations.

Li Qian states that the color word owns abundant meanings to give rise to different emotions in different cultural atmospheres, when using the word; we should pay attention to their habitual expressive methods. And in many occasions, it is not some color word but the connections with the word beyond national culture that functions.

Lin Yajun illustrates the word is a language sign of some thing or some phenomena named in the process of human cognition of the objective world. Owing to different cultural factors, the cultural meanings of word are greatly distinguished. As a sort of language lexicon, the color word especially shows the cultural differences.

Liu Yu and Peng Xiaoyan holds that every color is relied on the level of light’s reflection and the type it takes in, based on which people’s feelings and imagination of the colors will give rise to emotional changes to deliver cultural meanings by the colors with emotional value. Obviously, people’s different cognitions on the color have something in common.

Li Yingying（2006）points out in her paper that primitive beliefs, productive activities, social events, customs, political systems and, stories and legends are the realistic sources of the basic color lexicon’s metaphorical meanings. People make acquaintance of the colors, then give them names, but whether these names can be accepted by the public decides how long they can be used.

Sun Renjie states that as a kind of sign system the color words in both English and Chinese have different uses and cultural values and meanings.

Tang Lan points out that the color plays a very important role in cultural psychology and racial customs, and different colors will bring out special emotions.

Tian Fuli holds that in languages the color words do not merely mean the color. It entails different social and cultural meanings.

Wang Ronghui and Xing Shengle put it that different colors will stimulate our brains differently and have an impact on people’s psychological feelings to give rise to different emotions.

Wang Yalin states that influenced by geographical environments, customs, ways of thinking, regional beliefs, and the color word owns some unique symbolic meanings besides its original meaning.

Xia Juefen says there are numbers of color words in English language. These words are closely connected with society, culture, so they are in possession of plentiful cultural connotative meanings. It has colossal practical help to master these meanings in English vocabulary teaching and translation.

Yu Lan states that the color takes a significant part in life, a part of human world and knowing it. With the development and changes of the society the color word has more meanings different from its original.

1.3 Organization of the Thesis

The thesis can be divided into five parts. The first part is introduction, including rationale, literature review and structure of the thesis. The second part is about the color word’s conceptual meaning and the connotative meaning which is expanded from the conceptual meaning. In the third part, it mainly discusses the practical functions of the color word, in hope of people paying attention to their daily clothing. The fourth part is about the relation between the color word and the culture. The fifth, also the last part, is a conclusion of the whole thesis.

Chapter 2 General Knowledge about Colors

2.1 Two Kinds of Meaning of the Color word

The word’s meaning is omnifarious, generally including the conceptual meaning and the connotative meaning. The conceptual meaning, also called denotative meaning or cognitive meaning, is the basic meaning expressed in language conversation (both oral and written forms). This kind of meaning has no direct relation with the things or phenomena’s. To be simple, it is the definition given in the dictionaries. As to the connotative meaning, it is the meaning based on the conceptual meaning, predicting some human emotions of subjective evaluation and mental attitudes.

2.1.1 The Color Word’s Basic Meaning

The color is the most direct message that our sense organs receive in daily life. And our feelings towards it are reflected in every respect of life. In terms of the definition of the conceptual meaning, the color can be defined as a visual impression produced by light waves that an object eradicates, flashes, and transmits. And such impression applied in language gives birth to the color word. In the following, the basic meaning of the color word will be illustrated through some examples.

1. Red. Red is the color of fire, inspiring people psychologically. It is often relevant to the sun and fire. In English language, red embodies blood, revolution, violence, danger and death. For example,

red battle(血战)/red hands(沾满鲜血的双手)/see red(火冒三丈)/red revenge(血腥复仇)/a red adventure story(一个令人紧张的冒险故事)

And red has restrictions to people’s daily conduct; it is used as the stopping signal of

traffic, the alarming light of fire engine, police wagon and ambulance, and the red card of physical training. Besides, the word red has the meaning of slitter in western literature, which is from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter. Here, this kind of meaning is influenced by literature.

Although in most cases red is used in derogatory sense, it sometimes expresses a commendatory meaning. In this sense, red means energy and being full-blooded. For example,

a red blooded man(一个精力充沛的人)/ to roll out the red carpet to somebody(隆重欢迎某人)/ to come out of the red(赚钱，赢利)/ a red letter day(大喜的日子)/ Red

Book(社会名人录)

2. White. The Europeans and Americans are especially fond of white. It is the color of snow, milk and lilies. In their mind, white is elegant and pure, symbolizing happiness, honest. And in European weddings, the brides mostly like wearing white dressings, showing pureness and blessedness, showing their wish to pursue a happy life. In English language, there are lots of expressions of white, for example,

a white soul(纯洁的心灵)/ to fight a white war(打一场经济战争)/a white man (正直的人)/white hands(纯洁)/ a white day(某人的吉日)/ a white lie(无伤大雅的谎言)/ to be white of somebody(某人非诚实)/white collar(白领)/white Continent(南极洲)/ white sepulcher(伪君子) /one of the white of somebody’s(某人的吉日)/white market(合法市场)/to bleed white(流尽鲜血)/make one’s name white again(雪耻)/stand in a white sheet(公开忏悔)/white coffee(加牛奶的咖啡)/white room(无尘室)/days marked with a white stone(幸福的日子)/white elephant(实用价值不高的昂贵之物)/show white feather(胆怯、懦夫)/to treat somebody white(对……公正)/on the top of the white list(在优秀名单之首)/a white-headed boy(宠儿)/a white way(一条灯火辉煌的大街)/white money(银币)/white bag man(扒手).

3. Black.The color of black is a taboo color which has shows the abandoning and

averseness in the mind of westerners. It is the symbol of death, villainy, criminal, shame, depression, anger, melancholy and fidget. In English there are numbers of phrases with the word black, like

a black future(前途黯淡)/ a black market(黑市)/black sheep(害群之马)/to wear black for somebody(为……人戴孝)/black words(不吉利的话)/black dog(不开心、沮丧)/black mail(敲诈)/a black mark(污点)/a black deed(恶劣的行为)/a black day(凶日)/black art(魔术、妖术)/black frost(严霜)/black things(噩耗)

Things look black. (情况险恶)

He gave me a black look. (他怒气冲冲的看着我)

In one word, black is a special color to people psychologically, having a negative influence.

4. Blue. Blue is the color of the sky and the sea, giving us feelings of calmness, reason, hope and sobriety. In English language, especially the spoken language, it stands for nobleness, melancholy and eroticism, like having blues, a blue outlook, blue blood, blue balls, blue talk and look blue.

He is proud of his blue blood. 他因出身名门贵族而骄傲。

Things are looking extremely blue. 情况极其不妙。

True blue will never stain. 真金不怕火炼。

She ran and ran until she was blue in the face. 她跑啊跑啊，累得脸色发青精疲力竭。

It’s once in a blue moon that you get a chance like that. 你得到的是个千载难逢的机会。

He can read like a blue streak. 他看书极快。

The bad news came like a bolt out of the blue. 这消息来得如青天霹雳。

John arrived out of the blue. 约翰突然来了。

A rainy day always gives me the blues. 下雨天总是使我心情抑郁。

5. Green. In western literature the color of green’s symbolic meaning has something

to do with the color of the plants; green is the color of nature. It represents youth, energy and freshness. But at the same time it also represents infantilism and jealousness. We will often see green used in the following sentences or phrases: a green old age, remain to every green, and so on.

He is still green to his job. 他对其工作尚无经验。

Do you see any green in my eye? 你认为我幼稚可欺吗？

She is a green hand in teaching English. 在英语教学中，她还是个生手。

He has a green wound in the left breast. 他左胸上有一新伤口。

6. Yellow. Yellow makes people think of the color of the clothes dressed by the Judas who betrayed Jesus, for that it means envy, betrayal, cowardliness, etc. In the 19th century in America New York Paper put out a column of cartoon called Yellow Kid. However, this paper was considered as Yellow Journalism for its yellow rough papers. Then yellow was entailed with the meaning of low-class, philistinism and shoddiness.

A man of conspiracy can be called a yellow dog(卑鄙的人), a coward man the yellow-livered(胆小的人). Here are some other expressions of yellow,

yellow streak(胆怯)/ yellow press(黄色报刊)/ yellow book(廉价、轰动一时的小说)/ yellow belly(胆小鬼、懦夫)/ yellow alert(黄色预备警告)/ yellow card(黄牌)/ yellow looks(阴沉、多疑的样子)/ yellow pages(大黄页)/to be too yellow to do something(太

软弱不能做某事)

2.1.2 The Color Word’s Emotional meaning

As is known to all, the color plays an overwhelming role in our human lives, decorating our daily life, and it has been an indispensable part of the world. The color provides us visual entertainments. But with the progress of human civilization, the color word is gradually endowed with other meanings different from its original

meaning. And all these meanings can be called by a joint name the connotative meaning or the emotional meaning. This kind of meaning is not irrelevant to its original meaning; in other words, the emotional meaning is extended from the original meaning.

In the long historical process of human civilization, the potential of human brains have been gradually digged out to invent new things. The color word is one of them. At the beginning, colors were only used as decorations of clothes and other things to provide visual entertainments. Then in this process, human beings classified the colors by their likes and dislikes and realized which colors could be arranged properly in pairs or groups. Even in that ancient society, people usually related the colors to things that left a strong impression in their mind's eye. For example, when talking about black, people often think of the dark and things that happen in darkness. Thus, the color word has an extended meaning mixed with people’s emotions and feelings.

2.2 The Realistic Sources of Color Word’s Emotional Meaning

The color is the most direct message we get. The origins and sources of the emotional meaning of the color word can be found in culture. However, for the complexity of the society, these could not be listed out one by one. Here, a few more important ones are pointed out as examples.

1. Primitive Adoration.

At the beginning of human world, with little recognition of the outside world, people relied on nature absolutely. The nature offered them some basic living materials: food, clothing, and natural shelter from dangers. They regarded some natural phenomena as God’s predictions.

2. Life.

Occasionally, they got fire. With it, they frightened the animals away. In the process of cognition, they gradually knew the color of fire could protect them. With it, they felt safe. For living, they looked around for food, catching animals with some original tools like stones. When the animal was killed, a sort of red liquid blooded from the body, and they began to realize that this color meant no life and death.

In life they accumulated living experiences; they knew things of one kind could bring them safety. On the contrary, things of another kind meant danger. Just because of this realization and the progressing of human civilization, there is the world today.

3. Social Events.

In the 18th century, in England there existed a group of ladies in pursuit of knowledge. They organized their own salon of reading books to look for mental entertainments. Because most families of them were not so rich, they all wore cheap blue socks. Later, blue socks specially refer to women with talents.

4. Customs.

Different colors will be seen in different occasions. In the west world, in the wedding the bride wears white dress, meaning chastity; in a funeral, people all are dressed in black clothes, showing condolement and respect for the departed saint.

5. Tales and Legends.

In the legend of the red rose, the birthday of it is on the same day as the God of Love, Venus. From then on, red rose is the symbol of love. It has become the first choice of the lovers in festival.

These five points cannot generalize all the sources of the color word’s emotional meaning. There also exist other aspects of sources to the color word’s emotional meaning. But it is needed to emphasize that these points are not independent

respectively or irrelevant. In the final analysis, life and productive activities are the most fundamental sources. In social life, people get knowledge of the color and give it its name, then making decorations with it to themselves and things around.

In one word, not only can the color word represent the real colors, but also the words compounded by one color word and other simple word, or the words with a color word have other meanings. Internalizing the knowledge of these will be a good help to us. The color word’s emotional meaning will be further analyzed in the next chapter.

Chapter 3 Practical Functions of the Emotional Meaning

As we have got a general knowledge of the color, the color words, and its conceptual meaning and emotional meaning, then let’s come to the practical functions of the emotional meaning of the color words. When looking around, we will see all the things of various colors, different aged people in different dresses of different colors, flowers of various colors, buildings of different colors—every thing is bepainted. The colors of some things that exist in the nature cannot be changed, but we can choose the colors of some things according to our own fancy, age, and so on. The color decorates every aspect of our daily life, and it has been an integrant part of life. For some reasons, we could not list out all the practical functions of the color’s emotional meaning here, and in the following we just take the clothes for example.

Clothing

The color that is most noticeable is that of the clothes and shoes we are wearing. As we have got a general understanding of the color word’s emotional meaning in upper chapters, we should pay attention to our dressing in life. Different colors stimulate the brain differently and influence people’s psychology, thereby making people have different feelings. Some color make people happy, some is disgusting, some exciting, some makes people calm, so different occasions require various clothes.

1. Red. Red is the color of the sun, fire, flowers, and afterfolw. Red makes people feel passioned, excited, and happy. So red is mostly used in occasions of happy events, like parties and banquets. Red clothes will show the beauty of pureness and sex appeal, innerving and stimulating people’s eyes strongly. Bedsides, red clothes will also strengthen the potential of human bodies so as to bring a happy atmosphere.

2. Yellow. This color is the symbol of light and hope. Yellow gives people a feeling

of elegance, health. Primrose yellow flowers and air balloons own a sense of beauty which makes people feel relaxed and soft. However, yellow is the dislike of Christianism who regards it as a despicable color symbolizing jealousy and duplicity. Therefore, pay attention to avoiding wearing clothes of such kind of color when presenting in some occasions.

3. Blue. Blue makes people sense superb, sane, peaceful, simple and cold. So in summer baby blue, which has the function of making people feel cool, is the most used color in the safe. Besides, the clothes of blue and the baby blue are in characteristic of being clean and simple but elegant, performing the functions of calming people and tranquilizing emotions.

4. Orange. It is a color of the feeling of spiffy, brilliance, mildness, and vehemence. Orange could excite the sympathetic nerve so as to make people excited easily. But when seeing this color frequently, a person will feel bored and annoyed. Because of that orange is often used with other colors arranged in pairs or groups.

5. Green. This color has the feeling of youth, nature, peace and mildness. The forest of thick blue gives a feeling of fecundity, flourish, prosperousness and exuberance; the peak green tree bud in spring gives a feeling of freshness, revival, expectedness and hope. As is known to all, green is mostly the symbol of peace. Green clothes give a feeling of softness, gentleness, tenderness and comfort and easiness, functioning as a suggestion of relaxing minds and nerves to leave no pressure to others.

6. Purple. It makes sense noble and mysterious; the orchid makes sense elegant, refined, composed and imperturbable. However, strong and flaring purple makes sense four-letter and stodgy. Therefore special attention should be paid to selecting the color.

7. White. It has the beauty of cleanness, simplicity but elegance, sanctity,dignity and

goodness. It is a color that can match all the other colors well.

8. Black. Black gives a feeling of being serious, strict, mysterious, and horrible. To human beings, what the first impression black leaves is death and horror. But our white skins covered by black clothes make us look honorable, distinguished well-mannered and urbane, meantime have the effort of calming the dysphoric persons. In some occasion of social communications, dressing black clothes could romance with atmosphere, making people feel statedly and esteemed.

Being limited by the factors of environment, culture accomplishment and age, different people would chose different colors for their clothes. For young men, the colors of red, pink, yellow, green, and orange are most chosen for they are full of energy and youthful spirit. While for old men, the colors of black, gray and blue of navy are always selected for their calm and gentle mood. Dressing in a live bright cloth can improve a person’s mood and encourage him or her when he or she is down in spirits. Different people, different emotions, and different colors make up the beautiful world.

Chapter 4 The Color Word and the Culture

4.1 Relations between the Color Word and Culture

Human beings created the color word for their needs. Through a long history, the color word is entailed with plentiful cultural connotations besides its original meaning. It reflects a nation’s history, value of beauty and national psychology. If culture is a river, it is open and always moving, in characteristic of internal elements mingled together. And in this river, new things come to it minutes and seconds, making effects with the internal elements and factors, then influencing its original parts and becoming its new members. In life the color is rather independent, but it is easily dyed by culture. They are mutually influenced.

4.2 The Color Word in Culture

Edward Sapir believes that language and our thought-grooves are too much involved as to be impossible to untie each other. To Boas and Sapir, the association of a specific culture with a specific language was not given by nature but was a historical coincidence. Sapir observes that compared to changes in culture, linguistic changes may take place more slowly and evenly, and that language is far more compact and self-contained than culture and thus is in a large proportion free of conscious rationalization on the part of its speakers. Sapir uses language as a key to unlock the mystery of the cultural past of a community.

Language is human specific; human beings communicate in ways different from those used by other species. It has been a part of culture, meantime the carrier of culture, because in the process of the creation of human culture, men have to communicate their thoughts so as to assort their practices, and language is the best choice. Human culture in its great complexity can not have developed without the aid of language. In

language, the word is the most vibrant and active part—both the social changes and development of national culture are directly and quickly reflected in the words. This reflection is certainly seen in the color words which serve and reflect cultural needs.

Chapter 5 Conclusion

The color, an indispensable part of the world, and the color word, an interesting type of the word, no matter in the point of the real functions or linguistics, deserve a profound study, so that readers can have a more impressive sense of the color, the color word. Therefore, this paper tries from the following aspects to probe into the color and the color word: the color’s two kinds of meanings—the conceptual meaning and the connotative meaning (specifically the emotional meaning), the realistic sources of the color word’s emotional meaning, the practical use according to the emotional meaning reflected by the color word and the relation between the color word and the culture.

This paper is devoted exclusively to the purpose of analyzing the color word’s emotional meaning. In this paper a detailed analysis of the color word’s emotional meaning has been presented. The color does not exist without reasons. That is to say, there exist its sources in reality. And the color not only has its primitive meaning, but also can it stand for other meaning expanded from the conceptual meaning. Nowadays such kind of meaning has attracted more and more attention and has been studied further. Getting knowledge of the emotional meaning of the color word and applying it flexibly is helpful in dealing with intercourse activities. Choose the color we like; choose the color that is suitable; choose the color that will bring others good moods.

古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文

晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

2013年安徽省中考语文试题及答案

2013年安徽省初中毕业学业语文考试卷 安徽省阜阳市颍泉区邵营中学王海军 一、语文积累与综合运用 (35分) 1.默写古诗文中的名句名篇。(10分） (1)补写出下列名句中的上句或下句。(任选其中 ．．．．6．句．) ①择其善者而从之，。（《论语》） ②，若出其里。(曹操《观沧海》) ③苔痕上阶绿，。(刘禹锡《陋室铭》) ④无可奈何花落去，。(晏殊《淀溪沙》) ⑤，处江湖之远则忧其君。(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》） ⑥，柳暗花明又一村。(陆游《游山西村》) ⑦夕阳西下，。(马致远《天净沙·秋思》) ⑧，宫阙万间都做了土。(张养浩《山坡羊·潼关怀古》 (2)默写白居易《钱塘湖春行》的后四句 ．．．。 2、阅读下面的文字，完成(1)-(4)题。(9分) 古往今来，人们都在编织着梦想与希jì。如果说梦想是天边的星晨，永恒地照亮匆匆的人生，那么，现实就是脚下的土地，真实地记录着行走的足迹。人，既不能生活在华而不实的梦想里，也不要沉nì于喧嚣纷扰的现实中。在人生的道路上，我们要一边种植梦想，，随时采撷，收获希望。 (1)根据拼音写出相应的汉字，给加点的字注音。 希jì( ) 沉nì( ) 喧嚣．( ) (2)文中有错别字的一个词是“”，这个词的正确写法是“”。 ①“华而不实”中，“华”的意思是。“采颇”的意思是。 ②根据文意，仿照文中画线的句子，在横线处填上一句恰当的话。 3、运用你课外阅读积累的知识，完成(1)~(2)题。(4分) (1)下面一段文字节选自《骆驼祥子》，读一读，指出A、B两处的人物是谁。 A心里有数儿。他晓得祥子是把好手，即使不拉他的车，他也还愿意祥子在厂子里。有祥子在这儿，先不提别的，院子与门口永远扫得干干净净。B更喜欢这个傻大个儿，她说什么，祥子老用心听着，不和她争辩；别的车夫，因为受尽苦楚，说话总是横着来；她一点不怕他们，可是也不愿多搭理他们；她的话，所以，都留给祥子听。 (2)安徒生笔下，卖火柴的小女孩借着火柴的亮光，看见了温暖的、喷香的烤鹅、美丽的圣诞树、和蔼的。 4、九年级开展以“文明出行”为主题的综合实践活动。活动中有一些问题，请你参与解决。（12分） (1)下面是同学们在活动中整理的《闯红灯原因统计表》，请你用简洁的语言表述其中是信息。(不．得出现数 ．．．．字．)

初中阶段主要句型的用法

初中阶段主要句型的用法 1. It's time to (for) .... 表“时间到了；该干…的时间了”之意。 It's time to go home. It's time for school. 注意：to的后面接动词短语，而for的后面接名词。 2. It's bad (good) for ... 表示“对…有害（有益）的”含义。 Please don't smoke. It's bad for your health. Please take more exercise. It's good for your health. 3. be late for (school) 是“上学（迟到）”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。He was late for school this morning. Don't be late for class, please. 4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。 You had better put on the coat when you go out. It's cold outside. We had better stop to have a rest. 注意：用had better时，后面一定要直接跟动词原形，决不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二个动词之前，是动词不定式的否定式。 5. be (feel) afraid of ... 表示“恐怕”，“害怕…”之意。 He is afraid of snakes. Mary feels afraid of going out alone. 6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜欢（爱好）做某事”之意，doing是动名词作动词enjoy 的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。 Are you enjoy living in Beijing? Do you enjoy listening to music? 7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来做某事 It's time for class. Stop talking, please. When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me. 8. Let (make) sb. do 让（使）某人做某事。 Let's go to school. Father made his son clean the room again. 注意：当make sb. do sth. 用于被动语态时，第二个动词前面就一定要加to 了。如： His son was made to clean the room again. he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past. 9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜欢做某事”之意。 like to do sth. 是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事；like doing sth. 是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如： I like to swim in the swimming pool. 我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。（喜欢的具体的地方游泳） I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳（只讲喜欢这项运动） 10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 请（让）某人（不）做某事 Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons. When did you tell him not to shout loudly?

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

2013年安徽省中考物理试卷及答案.docx

2 0 1 3 年安徽省初中毕业学业考试 物理 题号一二三四总分 得分 注意事项： 1．本卷共四大题 23 小题，满分 90 分。物理与化学的考试时间共 120 分钟。 2．本卷试题中 g 值均取 10N／kg。 一、填空题（每空 2 分，共 26 分；将答案直接写在横线上，不必写出解题过程）1．小林坐在行驶的火车上，以他乘坐的火车为参照物，他是（选填“运动” 或“静止”）的。 2．商场里的保洁员在拖过地后，常用电扇对着地面吹，这样做的目的是通过加快空气流动 来加快（填物态变化的名称），使地面尽快变干， 3．小明在一次测量体温时，体温计的示数如图所示，则他的体温为℃。 ℃ 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 第 3 题图 4．古诗“花气袭人知骤暖”的意思是，从花的芳香气味变浓可以知道周边的气温突然升高。 从物理学的角度分析，这是因为温度越高，。 5．小强在立定跳远起跳时，用力向后蹬地，就能获得向前的力，这是因为物体间力的作用 是的。离开地面后，由于，他在空中还能继续向前运动。 6．如图，能说明发电机工作原理的是图（选填“甲”或“乙”）。 图甲图乙 第 6 题图

7．如图，静止在花朵上的一种叫“全碳气凝胶”的固体材料，它是我国科学家研制的迄今 为止世界上最轻的材料。一块体积为100cm3的“全碳气凝胶”的质量只有0.016g ，则它的 密度为kg/m3。 第 7 题图第 8 题图第 9 题图 8．我国设计的“中华月球车”今年将登陆月球，图为该车的模型。物体在月球表面附近受 到的重力仅为在地球表面附近所受重力的1/6 ，月球车的质量为 120kg，它在月球表面附近 受到的重力为N。若它在月球表面上方竖直下落4m，重力对它做的功为J。 9． 2013 年 5 月，象征“和平、友爱和快乐”的巨型大黄鸭在香港与游客见面，图为大黄鸭 漂浮在海面上的情景。大黄鸭的质量约为 600kg，海水的密度取1.0103 kg / m 3，它浸在水 中的体积约为m3。 L2 10．如图，小灯泡L1和 L2均标有“，0.3A ”字样，AB两端的电压U A B ＝。开关 S 断开时，通过L2的电流为A。闭合开关 S，两只小L1S 灯泡消耗的总电功率为W 。 U 第 10 题图 二、选择题（每小题 3 分，共 21 分；每小题给出的四个选 项中，只有一个选项符合题意，请把符合题意的选项序号填入下列表格内，答案 ．．．．．．． 未填入表格内的不能得分） 题号11121314151617 答案 11．下列各图描述的实验中，用来说明声音的传播需要介质的是 A．发声的音叉激B．音叉发出的声音C．钢尺伸出桌边的长度D．抽取玻璃罩内的空气，起水花越响，乒乓球被弹开变短，振动时声音音调变听到罩内的音乐声减小 的越远高

如何翻译古文

如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。

unit10bythetimeigotoutsidethebushadalreadyleft期末复习

期末复习提纲（十） Un it 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 重点词组与句型： 1. take a shower 2.get in the shower 3.get up 4.get outside 5.get to school 6.1 eave sth.+ 地点 7.get back to sp. 8.start teach ing 9.wake up late 10.be late for 11.go off 12.wait for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/962987123.html,e out 14.have some breakfast 15.run off 16.get there 17.on time https://www.wendangku.net/doc/962987123.html,e by 19.give sb. a ride 20.bri ng sth. to sp. 21.break dow n 22.show up 23. get dressed 24.stay up all night 25. invite sb. to do sth. / invite sb. to sp. 26. by the time 27.happa n to sb. 28. a costume party 29.thousa nds of 30.h un dreds of * (31.flee from sp. 32. April Fool ' s DOyB.stop doing sth. 34.as …as one can 35. fool sb. 36.ask sb. to do sth. 37.both…and 38.an hour later 39. get married 40.play a joke on sb) 40. By the time I got up, my brother had already gotte n in the shower. 41. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom. 42. By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone. 43. By the time she got to class, the teacher had already started teach ing. 44. Whe n she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home. 45. By the time I got back to school, the bell had rung. 46. My alarm clock didn ' t go off. 47.1 took a quick shower, and had some breakfast, and the n ran off to the bus stop. * (48.Have you ever forgotte n to bring your homework to school? 49.Wells was so convincing that hun dreds of people believed the story. 50.She was thrilled, because she wan ted to get married. 语法： 过去完成时。 练习： 一、根据句子意思和所给首字母提示，用适当单词完成句子。 1. Bad luck. I missed the early bus because I o ______ this morni ng. 2. Perhaps he ' ll dress himself up as a clown in the c _________ party. 3. You must be e ________ a fter swimmi ng for along time. Come and have a rest.

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

2013年安徽省中考英语试题(word版-含标准答案)

２０13年安徽省中考英语试卷 第一部分听力（共五大题,满分３0分) I.关键词语选择（共５小题；每小题1分,满分5分) 你将听到五个句子。请在每小题所给的Ａ、Ｂ、C 三个选项中选出一个你所听到的单词或短语。每个句子读两遍。 1.Ａ. traｄｅ B.ｔrｉp C. tｒain ２． A. warn B．wash C.ｗａtch ３. A. ｓofｔ B. ｓaｆe Ｃ．sａme ４. Ａ. ticｋet B. bａskeｔＣ. pｒｅsｅnｔ' ５. A. ｋeep ｏff B．gｅt oｆfＣ．turn off Ⅱ.短对话理解（共10小题；每小题１分,满分10分）你将听到十段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。请在每小题所给的Ａ、Ｂ、C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。每段对话读两遍。 6. Wｈat is the ｍａn's job? 7.Wｈat is the man ｇoinｇto ｄo? ８.Whichａnimａｌｉｓｍｅnｔｉoｎeｄiｎtｈe ｃonvｅrsaｔｉon? 9．Wｈat spｏrt wｉll tｈe ｍaｎdo this Saturdaｙ? １0. Ｗhaｔis the mａn looking ｆor？ 1１. Whｅre can the wｏman parｋthe ｃａｒ? A. Ｂy the road. B. In the buiｌdiｎg．Ｃ. Beｈindｔhe builｄiｎｇ. 12．How doｅｓthｅman ｇoｔｏｗorｋthese days？ A. Bｙcar. B. By taxi.C．Bｙｂike. １３. Whａｔdｏｅs the mａｎmｅan? Ａ．He likes hｉs job. B. Ｈe hates hｉs jｏb. C.Ｈｅoftｅn ｌoses jｏbs. 1４.Hoｗmuｃh wilｌｔhe man pay?

齐晋鞌之战原文和译文

鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

2013年安徽省中考真题

2013年安徽省初中毕业学业考试 数 学 本试卷共八大题，计23小题，满分150分，考试时间120分钟. 一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题4分，满分40分）每小题都给出代号为A 、B 、C 、D 的四个选项，其中只有一个是正确的，请把正确选项的代号写在题后的括号内，每一小题，选对得4分，不选，错选或选出的代号超过一个的（不论是否写在括号内）一律0分 1．-2的倒数是（ ） （A ）- 21 （B ）2 1 （C ） 2 （D ）—2 2．用科学记数法表示537万正确的是（ ） （A ）537×104 （B ）5.37×105 （C ）5.37×106 （D ）0.537×107 3．图中所示的几何体为圆台，其主（正）视图正确的是（ ） 4．下列运算正确的是（ ） （A ）2x +3y =5xy （B ）5m 2·m 3=5m 5 （C ）()2 22 a b a b -=- （D ）m 2·m 3=m 6 5．已知不等式组? ??≥+>-0103x x 其解集在数轴上表示正确的是（ ） 6．如图，AB ∥CD ，∠A +∠E =75°，则∠C 为（ ） （A ）60° （B ）65° （C ）75° （D ）80°

7．目前我国已建立了比较完善的经济困难学生资助体系，某校去年上半年发放给每个经济困难学生389元，今年上半年发放了438元.设每半年．．．发放的资助金额的平均增长率为x ，则下面列出的方程中正确的是（ ） （A ）4382(1)x +=389 （B ）3892(1)x +=438 （C ）389(12)x +=438 （D ）438(12)x +=389 8．如图，随机闭合开关K 1、K 2、K 3中的两个，则能让两盏灯泡同时发光的概率为（ ） （A ）61 （B ）31 （C ）21 （D ）3 2 9．图1所示矩形ABCD 中，BC =x ，CD =y ，y 与x 满足的反比例函数关系如图2所示，等腰 直角三角形AEF 的斜边EF 过C 点，M 为EF 的中点，则下列结论正确的是（ ） （A ）当x =3时，EC ＜EM （B ）当y =9时，EC ＞EM （C ）当x 增大时，EC ·CF 的值增大. （D ）当y 增大时，BE ·DF 的值不变. 10．如图，点P 是等边三角形ABC 外接圆⊙O 上的点，在以下判断中，不正确．．．的是（ ） （A ）当弦PB 最长时，APC △是等腰三角形 （B ）当APC △是等腰三角形时，PO ⊥AC （C ）当PO ⊥AC 时，∠ACP =30° （D ）当∠ACP =30°，PBC △是直角三角形

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻译

《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译）原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：余病[9]矣！张侯[10]曰：自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！缓曰：自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？然子病矣！张侯曰：师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通鞍，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，

列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，郑丘是复姓。郤（x ）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。兵以鼓进，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。张是字，侯是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代苟有险，余必下推车这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们

(完整版)time的用法总结

一．time的短语 from time to time 有时 on time 准时, in time 及时; all the time 始终,一直; at the same time 同时， ahead of time提前 at no time 绝不 some time一段时间 sometime“在某一时候”。可用来指过去或将来 sometimes (at times, from time to time) “有时，不时” at a time （a time） at one time （once）

at times ( sometimes) in no time （immediately）立刻,马上; have a good/nice time (enjoy oneself) “过的愉快 for the time being “暂时” Many a time/many times 多次 take one’s time从容 kill time消磨时间 【活学活用】选出与画线部分意思相同或相近的选项 1. Jim comes to visit us from time to time. That’s always the happiest time for the family. A.on time B. sometime C. at times D. some times

2．At no time _____study though __ ___great progress. A. should we give up; we have made B. shouldn’t we give up; we have made C. we should give up; we have made D. we shouldn’t give up; have we made 3.---When shall we visit the Science Museum?” ---_________ next week.” A.Sometime B. Sometimes C. Some time D. Sometimes 答案：1. C2.A 3A 二．time相关从属连词高考常考点 1. every time / each time每次 Every time I call on him, he is out.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法