英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
Epic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f3178543.html,ing alliteration
Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a
sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）
Some examples on P5
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f3178543.html,ing metaphor and understatement
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled
way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their
ideas
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400
(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)
The father of English poetry.
It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Matin Luther
C. William Langland
D. John Gower
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
①
first time to use …heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English
②
③
Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
II The Renaissance Period
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream
of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1.new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术/学、星座)
2.the religious reformation and economic expansion
3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.
1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）The poets? poet.The first to be buried in the Poet?s corner of Westerminster Abbey
12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet?s poet”? ( B )
A. Spenser?s idealism
B. his struggle for criteria
C. his love of beauty
D. his exquisite melody
①
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.
Artistic features:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f3178543.html,ing Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc.
Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic
hexameter.
②
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③
2. Thomas More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①
3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.
Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man?s reason.
①
②
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways
adopted by different people to pursue studies.
4. Ben Jonson
①
②
5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗?马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D )
A. the Petrarchan sonnet
B. sestina
C. terza rima
D. blank verse
①
民间故事书写成）
②
③
6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616
①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard
II；Henry VIII
②Four Comedies:
仲夏夜之梦; Venice>威尼斯商人 ③Four Tragedies: 尔王; ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III The 17th Century 1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿1608~1674 （诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: ②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 ③ ④ This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬1628~1688 （代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory: 3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1.conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2.syllogism三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction: IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason:the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander Pope亚历山大?蒲柏1688~1744 （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。 词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） As a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift ① Artistic features: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f3178543.html,ing “heroic couplets” ② ③ 2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔?约翰逊1709~1784 ①Dictionary =英语大词典 3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特1667~1745 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） ① Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛Houyhnhnm 马岛 ② ④ 4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。） He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② ③ ④ 5. Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: ② plays: 6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗?格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 ①poems: ② novel: 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德?布林斯利?施莱登1751~1816 ① ② 8. William Blake威廉?布莱克1757~1827 ① A happy and innocent world from children?s eye. ② A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ 9. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① ② 一朵红红的玫瑰 ③ ④ 不管那一套 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual?s mind.(人 应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets） ① ② Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet?s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔?泰勒?科尔律治1772~1834 The Lake Poets ① ② ③ Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory ④ ⑤ ⑥ 3. George Gordon Byron乔治?戈登?拜伦1788~1824 （拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。） “Byronic hero”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① ② 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822 ①Poetic Drama： Theme: the drama celebraies man?s victory over tyranny and oppression ② ③Lyrics: Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring.This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …) 5. John Keats约翰?济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ①Four great odes: ② Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁1775~1817 She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 7. Walter Scott沃尔特?斯科特1771~1832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① ② VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900 Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① ② ③ ④圣诞颂歌 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑨ ⑩ 是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。 2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷1811~1863 ① from ② 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855 ① Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② ③ 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854 ① < Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> 5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特1819~1880 ① ② < Adam Bede>亚当?比德 ③ < Silas Marner>织工马南 ④ < Middlemarch>米德尔马契 6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break> ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 7. Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① 8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① 9. Thomas Hardy托马斯?哈代1840~1928 （小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） ? Novels ① Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far From The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 ? Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国 VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: ② Novel: ③Fairy Stories: 2. George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧1856~1950 (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ? Plays ① Plays Unpleasant ② Plays Pleasant ③Plays Novelists (Realists) 1. Joseph Concrad ① ② 1.Why the book?s title is Heart of Darkness? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people?s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans? heart. 2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo.The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f3178543.html,ment The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. 4.Character 【Kurtz】represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz?s story. 2. William Somerset Maugham 3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster) Modernists ? 3 Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She h opes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother?s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother?s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual?s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence?s Sons and Lovers ② ③ ④ 2. James Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯1882~1941 （爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness 3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙1882~1941 （意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels ? 2 Poets ① W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats ) ② T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot ) 1.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨1865~1939 （爱尔兰诗人，剧作家；The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动；The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴；The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团） ? collections ① ② ? Poems 2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ? Poems ① ② ③ ? Plays ① 英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s 《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。 英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England. Beowulf English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.Beowulf is the national epic of the English people. Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.Its main stories are evidently folk legends of primative Northern tribes.The most striking feature of Beowulf is the use of alliteration（头韵）.In alliterative verse,certain accented word in a line begin with the same consonant sound,there are generally 4 accents in a line,three of which show alliteration.Other features are the use of metaphors and of understatements(掩饰). ―Ring-giver‖ is used for king, ―sea-wood‖for ship.Ironical humour is often regarded as a permanentcharacteristic of English. Chaucer (About 1340-1400.) His literature career can be divided into three periods:French Period (The Romaunt of the Rose) ,Italian Period,England period.Troilus and Criseyde is his longest complete poem(8000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie,he affi rms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism,he praises man’s energy,intellect,quick wit and love of life.Chaucer’s language,called Middle English,is vivid and exact.Contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet(双韵诗体)of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the heroic couplet)to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Marlowe(1564-1593) 华南农业大学xx文学史期末考试题 (下)注:本文档主要用作题型参考,非100%原题。 考试范围:启蒙运动时期,浪漫主义时期。 一选择题。(共50题,每题1分) 类型1:作品来源。(约10-15道题) 1.” Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast. The littletyrant of hisfields withstood, Some mute inglorious Milton here mayrest. SomeCromwell,guiltless of his country's blood.” is from ( )A.I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud B. The Cloud C. Bright Star D. Elegy 2. “But now your brow is beld, John. Your locks are lik e the snaw;But bless ingson your frosty pow…” is from ( ) A. John Anderson, My Jo B.A Red, Red Rose C. Tintern Abbey D. When We two parted 3.” I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl beforetwelve years old isno saleable commodity, and even when they come tothis age, they will not yieldabove three pounds, or three pounds andhalf a crown at most, on the exchange.” isfrom ( ) A. Gulliver’s Travel B. Robinson Crusoe 一．作家作品连线 1.GeoffreyChaucer乔叟——TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事)，TheBookofTheDuchess（公爵夫人之书）、TheParliamentofFowls（百鸟会议）TheHouseofFame(声誉之堂)、TroilusandCriseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德） 2.WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet,RomeoandJuliet,Sonnet TheMerchantofVenice，HenryIV，TwelfthNight，KingLear，Macbeth Othello,Winter’sTale,TheTempest 3.FrancisBacon培根——OfMarriageandSingleLife（论婚姻和单身）,OfStudies,AdvancementofLearning,NewAtlantis,Essays 4.JohnDonne邓恩(Metaphysicalpoems玄学派诗人)——SongandSonnets（歌与十四行诗）TheGood-Morrow,BreakofDay,HolySonnets（圣十四行诗）,AttheRou ndEarth’sImaginedCorners,Below,Death,BenotProud,Eleg ies,OnHisMistress,ToHisMistressGoingtoBed 5.JohnMilton弥尔顿——ParadiseLost（失乐园）、ParadiseRegained（复乐园）SamsonAgonistes（力士参孙）,Lycidas(利西达斯），Areopagitica, 6.DanielDefoe笛福——TheLifeandstrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记）、CaptainSingleton(辛格顿船长)、MollFlanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）AJournalofthePlagueYear（大疫年日记）、Roxana（罗克萨娜） 7.JonathanSwift斯威夫特——Gulliver’sTravels（格列佛游记）ATaleofaTub（一只桶的故事）,AModestProposal（一个温和的建议）,TheBattleoftheBooks,TheDrapier’sLetter,JournaltoStella V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s 英国文学简史 英美文学史名词翻译 Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴) Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义) Enlightenment (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义) Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义） Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学) Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代) Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义) Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义) Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言) Romance (传奇) epic(史诗) Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔) Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律) Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节) Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句) The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局) parable (寓言) Genre (流派) Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺) Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌) Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章) Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象) Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小说) Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义) Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵) Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物) Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步) Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传说) Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义) Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记) Foot (脚注) Protagonist (正面人物) Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景) Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣 consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复) repeated initial(开头的) 1.Classicism(古典主义):A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music th at reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Cl assicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reas on, clarity, balance, and order. 2. Critical Realism 批判现实主义: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an a ctual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary meth od based on detailedaccuracy1of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more gene ral attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of roma nce in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.4. Enlightenment 启蒙主义: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It w as an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlightener s fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. I t was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the societ y was the enlightenment or—educationof the people. 5. Renaissanee文艺复兴：Re naissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it ref ers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, wit h the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went t o embrace the rest of Europe. Twofeatures are striking of this movement. The one i s a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance i s the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected th e new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The gr eatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare. 6 Soliloquy( 独白)： Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 7. Neoclassicism 新古典主义:th e Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This t endency is known as Neoclassicism.8. Romanticism 浪漫主义: imagination, emoti on and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteri stics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individu alism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imag ination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature9. . Sentimentalism 感伤主义:it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on thepart of certain En lighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalismcontinued to strug gle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of b ourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruinto the people. ) The phil osophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not ex clude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cul t of nature and, a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a mos t human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats1.0. So nnet 十四行诗:Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanz a. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into Englan d in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into tw o classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameter英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)[1] (1)
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