国际营销复习资料,英文

1.A market is defined as a group of people who have the authority, purchasing power, and willingness to buy.

2.Marketing A social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others ①essence：The essence of the marketing concept is consumer satisfaction.②The three distinct elements that comprise the marketing concept are:1) satisfaction of consumer needs; 2) coordination of all activities in support of marketing, and 3) achievement of organizational objectives through customer satisfaction.

3.Marketing environment：The actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers.①The company’s microenvironment：The forces close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers —The Company;Suppliers;Marketing Intermediaries ;Customers; Competitors; Publics②The company’s macroenvironment：The larger societal forces that affect the whole microenvironment—Demographic Environment ；Economic Environment ；Natural Environment；Technological Environment；Political Environment；Cultural Environment

4.Economic environment: Factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns ①Changes in income ②Changing consumer spending patterns

5.Cultural environment: Institutions and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors.

6.Engel’s laws regarding how people shift their spending across food, housing, transportation, health care, and other goods and services categories as family income rises.

7.Environmental management perspective:A management perspective in which the firm takes aggressive actions to affect the publics and forces in its marketing environment rather than simply watching and reacting to it.

8.The Marketing Information Systems：People, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers

①Assessing Information Needs②Developing Information③Distributing Information

9.Developing information：①Internal records information：Information gathered from sources within the company to evaluate marketing performance and detect marketing problems and opportunities.②Marketing intelligence：Everyday information about developments in the marketing environment that helps managers prepare and adjust marketing plans.③Marketing research：Information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process④Information analysis

10.Questionnaire design：①identify the information requirement ②problem definition---overcoming the SRC ③choose unit of analysis ④examine data availability ⑤assess value of research ⑥research design ⑦analyzing data⑧presenting the findings

11.Other Marketing Research Considerations：①Marketing Research in Small Business and Nonprofit Organizations②International Marketing Research③Public Policy and Ethics in Marketing Research

12 ①Market: The set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service.②Micromarketing:

A form of target marketing in which companies tailor their marketing programs to the needs and wants of narrowly defined geographic, demographic, psychographic, or behavioral segments.③Mass marketing④Product-variety marketing⑤Target marketing

13.Market segmentation: represents an effort to identify and categorize groups of customers and countries according to common characteristics

14.Market targeting: The process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter.

15.Market positioning: Formulating competitive positioning for a product and creating a detailed marketing mix.

16.The bases for segmenting consumer ①Geographic segmentation：Dividing a market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities, or neighborhoods.②Demographic segmentation：Dividing the market into groups based on demographic variables such as age, sex, family size, family life cycle, income③Psychographic segmentation Dividing a market into different groups based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics.④Behavioral segmentation：Dividing a market into groups based on consumer knowledge, attitude, use, or responses to a product.⑤Targeting multiple segments

17.Segmenting business market:①Programmed buyers②Relationship buyers③Transaction buyers④Bargain hunters

18.Inter market segmentation：Forming segments of consumers who have similar needs and buying behavior even though they are located in different countries.

19.Target Market: A set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve.

20.Undifferentiated marketing: A market-coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and go after the whole market with one offer.

21.Differentiated marketing: A market-coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each.

22.Concentrated marketing: A market-coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few submarkets

27.Product position:The way that the product is defined by consumers on important attributes-the place that the product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competing products.

22.Positioning for competitive advantage：Competitive advantage: An advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either through lower prices or by providing more benefits that justify higher prices.①Positioning Strategies ②Choosing and Implementing a Positioning Strategy

23.Choosing implementing a position strategy：①Identifying possible competitive advantages:1)Product differentiation2)Services differentiation3)Personnel differentiation4)Image differentiation ②Selecting the right competitive advantages:important distinctive superior communicable preemptive affordable profitable ③Communicating and delivering the chosen position

24.Product:Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need.

25.①Brand: A name, term, sign, or design, or a combination of these, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.②Brand name: That part of a brand that can be vocalized-the . Examples are Avon, Chevrolet, Disneyland, American Express, and UCLA.③Trademark: A brand or part of a brand that is given legal protection-it protects the seller’s exclusive rights to use the brand name or brand mark.④Copyright: The exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter and form of

a literary, musical, or artistic work.

26.Product attributes：①Product quality:The ability of a product to perform its functions; it includes the product’s overall durability, reliability, precision, ease of operation and repair, and other valued attributes.②Product features③Product design

27.Packaging：is the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product.

28.Price: The amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service.

29Advertising: defined as any sponsored,paid message that is communicated in a nonpersonal way.

①Setting objectives②Setting the advertising budget③Advertising strategy④Advertising evaluation⑤Organizing for advertising⑥International advertising decisions

30.Advertising strategy：①Creating the advertising message②Selecting advertising media

31.Advertising agency:A marketing service organization that assists other companies in the planning, creation, and implementation of their advertising programs.

32.Sales promotion: Short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service.

①Rapid Growth of Sales Promotion②Setting Sales-Promotion Objectives③Selecting Sales-Promotion Tools④Developing the Sales-Promotion Program

33Discount: A straight reduction in price on purchases during a stated period of time.

34.Allowance: Promotional money paid by manufacturers to retailers who agree to feature the manufacturer’s products in some way.

国际营销学大纲

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国际市场营销学复习题答案

国际市场营销学复习题答案

第一章 1、什么是市场营销？市场营销的基本要素是什么？市场营销有哪些主要职 能？ “市场营销”是企业以顾客需要为出发点，有计划的组织各项经营活动，为顾客提供满意的商品和服务而实现企业目标的过程。 市场营销基本要素是：A．产品B．价格C．渠道D．促销 主要职能：采购与销售、分销与存货、质量与数量、促销与信息、财务与风险2、目前有哪些市场营销组合理论？各有哪些优势和不足之处？ 4P策略是指产品product,价格price,地点place,促销promotion.首先这四种因素是企业可以调节、控制和运用的。其次，这些因素都不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。企业受到内部条件、外部环境变化的影响，必须能动地做出相应的反应。最后这四种因素是一个整体，它们不是简单的相加或拼凑集合，而应在统一目标指导下，彼此配合、相互补充，能够求得大于局部功能之和的整体效应。 7Ps营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 7Ps)，1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特纳（Bitner）建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”，即：人（ People ）、过程（ Process）、物质环境（Physical Environment）。 C是由营销学家菲利普·科特勒所提出来的，他提出了整体营销的概念，整合营销其意义就是强调各种要素之间的关联性，要求它们成为统一的有机体。具体地讲，整合营销更要求各种营销要素的作用力统一方向，形成合力，共同为企业的营销目标服务。4C是指消费者consumer,成本cost,便利convenience,沟通communication. 4R策略的营销新理论是美国的Done Schuhz提出，阐述了一个全新的营销四要素：与顾客建立关联Relevance,反应React,关系Relation,回报Return. 11P营销理念，即在大营销6P之外加上调研、区隔、优先、定位和人，并将产品、定价、渠道、促销称为战术4P，将探查、分割、优先、定位称为战略4P。4V是指差异化(Variation)、功能化(Versatility)、附加价值(Value)、共鸣(Vibration)的营销理论。4V营销理论首先强调企业要实施差异化营销，一方面使自己与竞争对手区别开来，树立自己独特形象;另一方面也使消费者相互区别，满足消费者个性化的需求。其次，4V营销理论要求产品或服务有更大的柔性，能够针对消费者具体需求进行组合。最后，4V营销理论更加重视产品或服务中无形要素，通过品牌、文化等以满足消费者的情感需求。 第二章

国际营销简答英文版

1 ? 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. chapter1 What are the recent trends in world trade? Will expansion of world trade in the future follow these trends? Global Linkages: Global linkages bind countries, institutions, and individuals more closely than ever. World trade opens up entirely new business horizons （界限，范围）. Domestic Policy Repercussions(影响): Exchange rates have begun to determine the level of trade. The global market imposes increasingly tight limits on national economic regulation and sovereignty(国家主权）. Chapter2 1. List and briefly describe the five elements of success that are required for an international marketer to take advantage of and thrive in developing markets. Research - learn about the needs, aspirations, and habits of targeted populations. Creating Buying Power - allowing consumers with no collateral to borrow money. Tailoring Local Solutions - combine advanced technology with local insights. Improving Access - by providing access, it could lead to a thriving business. Shaping Aspirations - ideally suited products to match consumer demand. 2.From the international marketer's point of view, what are the opportunities and problems caused by increased urbanization in developing countries? Wu Chapter4: 1.List and briefly describe the elements of culture. a) Language b) Nonverbal Language c) Religion d) Values and Attitudes e) Manners and Customs f) Material Elements g) Aesthetics h) Education i) Social Institutions j) Sources of Cultural Knowledge 2.List and briefly describe the dimensions of culture used in Cultural Analysis a) Individualism-“I ” consciousness versus “we ” consciousness; b) Power distance- level of equality in a society; c) Uncertainty avoidance- need for formal rules and regulations d) Masculinity- attitudes toward achievement, roles of men and women.

【良心出品】《国际市场营销》考试卷+答案(期末复习材料)

《国际市场营销》考卷 复习资料 （一） 一、判断题 (判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内打"√"，误者在括号内打 "×"。) 1、一个国家或地区的经济发展周期对国际企业开展市场营销的影响很小。() 2、在国际市场营销学中，所谓产品，就是指实体的产品或物质的产品。（） 3、某企业通过与东道国的一企业签订合同组建合资企业的方式进入该国经营。它这是合同进入模式。（) 4、用古色古香的、可作茶杯的瓶子作酒瓶，这在产品包装策略中属附赠品包装策略。() 5、国际市场必须按一种模式化的标准进行细分。（） 6、在国际营销中，人口分布对国际市场规模大小影响很大。（） 7、在国际营销活动中，产品必须实现跨国界的转移。() 8、营业推广是效果最好但费用最昂贵的促销手段。（） 9、国际营销企业在国际市场上给予中间商一定时期内的独家销售特定 商品的权力的策略是短渠道策略。（） 10、国际市场营销活动的主体是国家。（) 二、选择题 (下列选项中，至少有一个是正确的。请将正确选项的题号写在 括号内。) 1、在国际市场营销中，成本付出最高的是（）方式。 A、选择型性营销 B、集中型营销 C、差异型营销 D、广泛型营销 2、下列因素中，属于国际营销可控因素的是（）。 A、各国的语言与文化 B、各国的贸易和经营习惯 C、产品分销渠道 D、各国的政治、经济与法律体系 3、相对而言，用（）对国际市场进行宏观细分能更全面地反映市场特 征。 A、地理标准 B、文化标准 C、经济标准 D、组合法 4、下列商品中较宜选择无差异性策略的是（）。 A、粮食 B、服装 C、鞋类 D、化妆品 5、一国人口增长，意味着该国市场规模（）。 A、扩大 B、不变 C、缩小 D、不一定扩大 6、目标市场是指（）。

国际市场营销学整理

?第一章：国际市场营销缘起 ?知识点一：国际市场营销。对商品和服务流入一个以上国家的消费者手中的过程进 行计划、定价、促销和引导以获取利润的活动。 ?知识点二：整合营销传播。即以整合企业内外部所有资源为手段,再造企业的生产 行为与市场行为,充分调动一切积极因素以实现企业统一的传播目标。 ?知识点三：中国对外贸易发展的五大变化：对外贸易理念的变化。对外贸易地位的 变化。外贸经营主体的变化。对外贸易对经济和社会发展贡献的变化。对外贸易发展战略的变化。 ?知识点四：中国企业国际化经营的三个发展阶段：国际化经营的尝试性阶段(1979- 1983 年)。国际化经营管理框架形成并强化的阶段(1984-2000年)。国际化经营迅速发展阶段(2001年至今)。 ?知识点五：全球市场给国际公司和跨国公司带来了两个方面的挑战：一方面是企业 如何布局全球市场而与其他企业进行竞争；另一方面则是如何应对先于自己在全球市场展开竞争的其他企业的挑战。 ?知识点六：4Pa策略和7Ps策略：产品（Product)、价格(Price)、促销(Promotion)、 渠道(Place)+人员(People)、流程(Process)、实体环境（Physical evidence) ①产品策略主要研究的是新产品开发、产品生命周期、品牌策略等，是价格策略、 促销策略和分销策略的基础；②价格策略又称定价策略，主要研究的是产品的定价、调价等市场营销工具；③促销策略研究的是如何将组织与产品讯息传递给目标市场和消费者的有计划性的活动。通过促销，消费者可以知道产品能够提供何种利益、价格多少、可以到什么地方购买及如何购买等。④渠道策略研究的是为了达到产品分销目的而配置的销售通路。 ?知识点七：国际市场营销和国内市场营销的区别与联系：营销的基本观念、思路、 程序、要点等相同，市场环境不同。 ?第二章：国际市场营销经济与贸易环境 ?知识点一：关税壁垒。指进出口商品经过一国关境时，由政府所设置海关向进出口 商征收关税所形成的一种贸易障碍。 ?知识点二：贸易保护主义。指通过各种关税和非关税壁垒限制进口，以保护国内产 业免受外国商品竞争的国际贸易理论或政策。关税、进口配额、外汇管制、烦琐的进出口手续、歧视性的政府采购政策等都是国际贸易保护的重要手段。 ?知识点三：推动经济全球化发展的因素：国际贸易的迅速发展；国际金融一体化； 跨国公司的跨国界生产与经营 ?知识点四：中国加入WTO 后面临哪些重大考验：农业、汽车业、石化业、信息技 术产业、纺织业、金融业、电信业等七大产业面临着重大考验。 ?知识点五：经济全球化对企业国际市场营销的挑战。经济全球化给现代企业提出了如下 要求：1、企业要转变经营哲学，树立全球竞争意识，改变传统的经营观念和战略，从只重视国内营销转为重视国际营销乃至全球营销。2、要开拓国际市场，必须先对国际市场进行调研，学会根据国际目标市场特点来制定国际营销组合策略，通过国际市场营销培育企业持续的全球竞争优势。3、经济全球化要求调整企业组织结构，重视企业组织结构的再造。经济全球化的趋势要求组建大企业集团，发展跨国企业及跨国银行，造就一批具有强大国际竞争力的企业“航空母舰”，以便加强参与国际竞争的能力。 ?第三章：国际市场营销的社会与文化环境

国际市场营销 考试复习题 答案

International Marketing 一、名词解释: 1．International marketing： International marketing is defined as the performance of business activities designed to plan,price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. 2．strategic international alliance (SIA) A strategic international alliance (SIA) is a business relationship established by two or more companies to cooperate out of mutual need and to share risk in achieving a common objective. 3．Common law, The basis for common law is tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings Common law seeks “interpretation through the past decisions of higher courts which interpret the same statutes or apply established and customary principles of law to a similar set of facts” Civil or code law, Code law is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules (codes) of law Islamic law Islamic law defines a complete system that prescribes specific patterns of social and economic behavior for all individuals. 4．Global brand A global brand is defined as the worldwide use of a name, term, sign, symbol (visual and/or auditory), design, or combination thereof intended to identify goods or services of one seller and to differentiate them from those of competitors 5．Politically sensitive products Perceived to have an effect on the environment, exchange rates, national and economic security, and the welfare of people 。Are publicly visible or subject to public debate 。 6. Sales promotions Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation。 7.Culture c ulture refers to “the human-made part of human environment—the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, an d any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society” 8. Subornation Involves giving large sums of money—frequently not properly accounted for—designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the bribe; involves breaking the law Lubrication