浅谈当前农村大学生就业难现象的成因与对策
教育是民生之基，在党的十八大报告中就把教育放在了“改善民生和创新社会管理”的首位，然就业是民生之本，教育的目的是为了更合理充分地就业。在中国社科院发布的2014年社会蓝皮书里曾指出，家庭的城乡背景对毕业生就业机会有明显影响，城市家庭出身的本科毕业生就业率为87.7%，而农村家庭出身的本科毕业生就业率只有69.5%;应届毕业生的失业率平均是17.6%，而农村家庭背景的本科毕业生失业率则高达30.5%。而2015年社会蓝皮书里估计2015年应届大学毕业生将达到749万多人，创历史新高。这些数字的背后都说明在当前社会环境下，大学生就业形势依然严峻，农村毕业生就业更加困难。
曾经激动人心“读书改变命运”的口号，为何会遭遇近几年一些农村陆续涌出新的“读书无用论”思想及学术界“寒门再难出贵子”的感叹，经仔细梳理，笔者得出这种现象背后的原因，主要有以下几个方面：
一、原因
（一）从社会层面看，我国深受“父辈就业”的影响。人情世故在中国历来都占有一席之位，人际关系网的组建更把人们分为各种不同的群体。农村大学生由于主要人际网络几乎都是农民，没有相对自己就业有利的资源渠道，大都只能通过网络、学校或人才市场等低效率途径获取招聘信息。社会资源的匮乏是导致农村大学生就业难的问题之一。
（二）从教育制度方面看，教育资源的不均衡是导致农村大学生就业难的一个主要方面。参加高考是当代学生进入高校的主要渠道。高考制度是以分数作为标准，进行评价选拔学生的一种模式。表面上来讲，统考有利于公平竞争，然而实际上对于低起点的农村学生来讲并不公平。因为教育资源往往在经济比较发达的城市聚集，中西部、农村教育资源有限，这就从根本上否定了公平竞争。
（三）从高校方面看，课程与市场脱节，学校对学生的就业指导不到位也是造成农村学生就业难的一个主要方面。当前高校普遍出现无节制扩张，学校课程与市场需求不匹配现象。学生学无所用的现象普遍，课程多而不精并缺少实践操作。同时学校对学生就业没有给予系统的指引和推荐，更没有针对农村大学生进行有针对性的指导，大都全凭自主就业，这就降低了农村大学生在就业方面的成功几率。
（四）从用人单位方面看，户籍制度的限制和家庭背景、工作经验上的限制是造成其就业难的主要方面。用人单位在考虑应聘者时，往往不只关注应聘者的学历及工作经验，同时也关注其家庭背景及社会关系，比如银行方面的工作。还有些单位为了考虑职工的工作稳定性及安全性，对外来人员加以限制，如仓管一类的工作。由于近年来大学生越来越多，就业压力愈来愈大，用人单位的招聘条件也跟着水涨船高。
（五）从自身方面来讲，就业观念错位及就业竞争力比较低是其主要原因。由于生活环境及家庭经济原因，农村大学生往往在文体方面没有竞争优势，社会资本与人力资本都相对薄弱，综合能力水平有限。并且对城市文化和生活方式的不适应由此带来的各种失落与不平衡所造成的自卑心理在农村大学生比较普遍。在求职过程中，农村大学生重薪酬，自我设计偏离实际，往往为了减轻家庭经济负担而盲目择业，缺乏长远的个人职业规划，在就业上容易陷入迷茫、走入误区。
二、对策
（一）营造一个更宽容、公平的社会环境，关注农村大学生就业。目前，我国已进入全面建成小康社会的决定性阶段，城镇化及社会主义新农村建设也进入攻坚时期，城乡差异缩小乃是大势所趋。加强农村大学生就业，社会应给予更宽容的环境，而非让农村大学生陷入“守城困难、回乡丢脸”的两难之地。
（二）对高考制度和高等教育进行改革。可喜的是，这两年国家对于高考改革的动作越来越大，对教育工作方面也投入了更多的关注，改变“一考定终身”的情况也逐步即将成为现实。在改革过程中，国家要始终坚持加大对农村、边缘贫困地区的教育投资倾斜力度，推进义务教育的均衡，打破高校间的等级身份，推进一本、二本、三本院校平等发展，甚至取消制度等级，这将对我国的教育事业具有深远影响。
（三）学校应与市场相结合，共同制定相应课程并对学生进行积极指导。针对“学无所用”这种尴尬境地，学校应与市场应建立长久性研究项目，对各个专业做好系统、长远性评估。实践证明，加强有针对性的就业指导是提升就业成功率的重要手段，对农村大学生给予符合其自身条件的就业指导，无疑是提升其就业率的重要举措。
（四）加快打破城乡二元户籍制度的改革，建立起完善的就业体系。打破城乡二元户籍制度，在习主席的带领下已进入破冰改革，相信随着改革力度的不断深入，用人单位对户籍歧视的现象会逐步消失。接着政府应从宏观的角度，真正的做到“千方百计促就业”，制定和完善促进大学生就业公平的法律制度，从根本上杜绝“萝卜招聘”现象，并对农村大学生创业上在政策上给予一定的帮扶措施，加大农村大学生创业的积极性。
（五）提升自身的就业竞争力，制定合理的职业规划。农村大学生应在正确认识自己的基础上，努力提高自身的综合能力，克服人际交往的障碍，主动了解就业形势，改变传统的就业观念，培养健康的就业心理，树立合理的职业生涯规划。同时要用长远的眼光积极关注国家制定的有关方针、政策，结合自身的职业规划，及时做好调整。
Education is the foundation of the people's livelihood, in eighteen big reports of the party put education on the improvement of the livelihood of the people and the innovation of social management "in the first place, although employment is the people's livelihood, the purpose of education is to full employment. In the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the 2014 social blue book has pointed out, the family background of urban and rural employment opportunities for graduates have obvious influence, urban family background of graduates employment rate is 87.7%, and was born in a rural family of graduates employment rate only 69.5%; graduates the unemployment rate averaged 17.6%, and rural family background undergraduate course graduate unemployment rate is as high as 30.5%. While the 2015 social Blue Book estimated 2015 university graduates will reach more than 749 people, a record high. These figures show that in the current social environment, college students employment situation is still grim, employment of rural graduates more difficult.
Once excited people to "reading to change the fate of" slogan, why would encounter in recent
years some rural continuously gushed new "useless theory" thought and academic circles "humble again difficult Takako" sigh, after carefully combing, the author draws the reasons behind this phenomenon, mainly has following several aspects:
One reason
(1) from the social perspective, our country is deeply influenced by the "parents' employment". In the China traditional code of conduct always occupies a position, the formation of relationships https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b3780308.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b3780308.html, more divide people into different groups. Rural college students because of the major interpersonal network is almost all farmers, no relative to their employment favorable resources channels, mostly through the network, schools or talent market, such as low efficiency ways to obtain recruitment information. Lack of social resources is one of the problems that lead to the employment of rural college students.
(two) from the perspective of education system, the imbalance of educational resources is a major aspect of the employment of rural students. To take part in the college entrance examination is the main channel for the contemporary students to enter the University. College entrance examination system is a model to evaluate and select students with scores as standard. The surface of speaking, the examination is conducive to fair competition, but in fact, the low starting point of the rural students is not fair. Because education resources tend to gather in economically developed cities, the central and western regions and rural education resources are limited, which is a fundamental denial of the fair competition.
(three) from the perspective of the University, the curriculum and the market is out of touch, the school to the student employment guidance is not in place is also a major aspect of the employment of rural students. At present, there is no control expansion, the school curriculum and the market demand does not match the phenomenon. The phenomenon of students' learning without use is widespread, and the course is rather short and lack of practice. At the same time, the school to the student employment did not give guidance and recommendation, no more for rural students are for guidance. Most of the by self employment. This reduces the rural students in employment probability of success.
(four) from the perspective of employing units, the restrictions of the household registration system and the family background, work experience is the main cause of their employment difficulties. Employing units in the consideration of candidates, often not only concerned about the candidate's qualifications and work experience, but also pay attention to their family background and social relationships, such as bank work. Some units in order to consider the stability of the work of the staff and security, to restrict foreign personnel, such as the work of a class warehouse. In recent years, more and more college students, the employment pressure is more and more big, with the recruitment conditions of companies have followed suit.
(five) from the perspective of itself, the dislocation of the employment concept and the low employment competitiveness are the main reasons. Due to the living environment and family economic reasons, the rural college students tend to have no competitive advantage in terms of style, social capital and human capital are relatively weak, and the level of comprehensive ability is limited. And the urban culture and the way of life is not adapt to the resulting from the various loss and imbalance caused by the inferiority complex in rural college students are more common. In the job search process, rural students heavy compensation, self design deviates from the actual, often in order to reduce the economic burden of the family and choose jobs blindly, lack of long-term personal career planning, in employment easy to fall into confusion, into errors.
Two, countermeasures
(a) to create a more tolerant and fair social environment, and pay attention to the employment of rural college students. At present, our country has entered a crucial stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and the construction of new rural areas and the construction of the new socialist countryside has entered a crucial period, the difference between urban and rural areas is the trend of the times. Strengthen rural college students employment, society should give more tolerant environment, rather than let rural college students fall into the defenders of difficulties, to return home to face "of the dilemma.
(two) reform of the college entrance examination system and higher education. The gratifying is that this year's national college entrance examination reform movement is growing, the education work has also invested more attention to change the life of a test set, the situation will gradually https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b3780308.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b3780308.html, become a reality. In the reform process, the state should always adhere to the increase investment in education to rural areas and the edge of poverty area efforts to tilt, promoting the equalization of compulsory education, break the level of identity, promote a, the second, three of the colleges and universities of equal development, or even cancel the caste system, which will education of our country has far-reaching influence. (three) schools should be combined with the market, to develop appropriate courses and students to actively guide. In view of "learning without the use of" such an embarrassing situation, the school should establish a long-term research projects with the market, on the various.