A C++ DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM FOR REAL TIME AUDIO PROCESSING AND SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS
A C++DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM FOR REAL TIME AUDIO PROCESSING AND
SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS
Enrique Robledo Arnuncio,Rub′e n Hinojosa,Maarten de Boer
Music Technology Group
Universidad Pompeu Fabra
erobledo,rhinojos,mdeboer@iua.upf.es
ABSTRACT
The computational power provided by current general pur-pose computers allows to undertake the implementation of low cost software-only real time audio processors.Unfortunately,com-putational power is not the only requirement for high demand ap-plications.There are still important dif?culties to overcome in other areas such as robustness and low latency.These dif?cul-ties have lead us to the development of Rappid,a development framework for C++real-time high-demand audio processing ap-plications.
This paper describes the Rappid development framework.First of all we discuss the objectives we pursue with its development, and we give an overview to some other existent solutions before starting the actual description of the framework.We?nally de-scribe a?rst sound processing application which has been suc-cessfully developed with it.
1.OBJECTIVES
In the computer music research?eld it is not possible to evaluate a given sound synthesis or processing algorithm without listening to its output.If the algorithm has real time control parameters,proper experimentation can only be done with a real time implementation and a human interpreter involved.This is necessary from the ear-liest stages of research.
This is the reason why computer music researchers very often become computer music application developers.It is thus impor-tant for them to have a good application development framework, so that the loop time between the algorithm idea and its evaluation is reduced as much as possible.
Converting a research application prototype into an applica-tion wich can be used as a musical instrument in other scenarios should not be hard work if both the framework and the developer take enough care of requirements such as ef?ciency,latency and robustness.This is what our framework aims to achieve.We state this in more detail in the following list of objectives.
1.1.Easy development of real time sound processing applica-tions
When writing a sound synthesis or processing application,a big part of the time is usually spent on dealing with technical de-tails such as?le and sound input/output,separating the real-time and the non real-time code,setting up multi-threading,con?guring thread priorities,etc.We try to reduce this burden by providing a high level platform independent interface for such tasks.
The other,more important task of the sound application de-veloper is the implementation of the algorithm.Rappid is not a library of sound processing algorithms,but is meant to be used in conjunction with CLAM[1],wich is one of such libraries.
In other words,the framework we present can be seen as an extension to the CLAM library for the development of real time sound processing applications.
1.2.Live musical performances
The main motivation for the development of Rappid is the need to develop a software audio processor for live musical performances. The general idea is feeding the sound of several real instruments to the processor,and achieving extra synthetic instruments by trans-formation and combination of the real ones in real time,all of this with high quality audio inputs and outputs and with no sound arti-facts.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b4498987.html,ing CLAM
One of our main goals of Rappid is to beta test CLAM,a library of C++classes for Audio and Music processing which is also being developed at the Music Technology Group[1].
As it has already been mentioned,Rappid is meant to be used with CLAM,but in addition to this,Rappid itself makes extensive use of this library,for mid-level input/output operations,con?gu-ration storage,etc.
1.4.General availability
Another important goal for us is to include the result of our work as a deliverable of the AGNULA project[2],which aims to pro-vide reference distributions for the GNU/Linux operating system completely based on Free Software and completely devoted to pro-fessional and consumer audio and multimedia applications.
This objective made it impossible to base our work on closed-source solutions,and unfortunately most of the currently available commercial frameworks,such as the most popular audio plug-in systems,do not satisfy this requirement.
2.PC-BASED AUDIO PROCESSING Nowadays a wide range of different PC-Based sound processing solutions exists.We can differentiate three main categories,de-pending on the target users:
Hobbyist tools:These tools usually satisfy the low-cost require-ment,but are usually not?exible or powerful enough.Ex-
ample of these:some music creation software with basic
sound processing capabilities bundled in it.
Research tools:Sometimes cheap,coming from the academia or free software world,sometimes expensive,coming from
companies.The most often lack real time capabilities,or
features to ease the creation of simple user interfaces.Ex-
amples of these are Matlab,Octave,Ptolemy,etc. Professional tools:They can be very powerful,especially if they involve the usage of specialized hardware,such as the Pro-
tools systems by Digidesign,but they are,until now,very
expensive commercial products.
These kind of tools are most often based on the VST frame-
work,the industry de-facto standard for sound applications
in the Windows and Macintosh environments.
Our functional requirements would lead to choose some frame-work in the third category,but unfortunately,as we have already seen,the other requirements prevent that.
Recently good sound support is becoming available in the Free Software world,with the ALSA[3]system getting close to its?rst release,and more and more sound cards supporting it.This,added to the good reliability and latency capabilities that GNU/Linux systems provide[4],makes these platforms very appealing for real time sound processing applications.
Many such applications have started to emerge in the Free Software world,as can be seen in Dave Phillips popular sound software index[5].In contrast to the commercial world,many of these are small and very speci?c standalone sound processing tools,such as Tapiir[6].
Until now,though,there is not a clear standard framework for sound applications development on GNU/Linux environments. Some very promising solutions,such as Jack and LADSPA[7],are being developed,and we will probably see improvements in this area in the next months.They will probably allow,for example, to use many of the small applications mentioned in the previous paragraph in conjunction with each other.
But all of these frameworks provide only low level C APIs for sound input and output;a higher level of abstraction is convenient to ease the development of complex applications with involve in-teractive graphical interfaces.
Also,in the sound processing algorithms domain,some very promising libraries are starting to be available.Examples of these include CLAM,on which Rappid is based,or the SndObj library [8],which provides a more compact set of classes for time domain processing.
3.SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Rappid is designed to?t a live performance use case,for which the application requires:
A set of audio inputs,corresponding to some external audio
sources in the performance,such as natural instruments.
A set of audio outputs,corresponding to synthetic instru-
ments generated by the application.
A set of control parameters,which de?ne which aspects of
the processing algorithm can be modi?ed from the user in-
terface.
These elements are implemented as a set of C++classes and services,which are organized in an architecture as described in ?gure1.Actually,there is a Rappid class which contains all the processing modules.The graphical user interface can use the pub-lic methods of this class to control
it.
Figure1:Rappid architecture.
The?gure also shows the components that the application de-veloper needs to implement:the audio processor and the user in-terface.The system provides two different programming interfaces for both parts of the application.The current version of the frame-work does not yet provide a?nal version of these APIs.It is still a proof of concept to check that the general approach is valid.
3.1.API for the audio processors
Developers of new real time audio processing algorithms in C++ can take advantage of several services from Rappid:
3.1.1.Frame based real time audio input and output Following the CLAM way of doing things,the programmer has to provide an execution C++method in his processing class,which will be called each time a new audio frame is available at the input.
Each input and output can be connected to a real-time audio device or to a?le on disk once the application is run,depending on user choice.The audio processor does not have to worry about this.
3.1.2.Multi-threading and process priority management The developer does not need to care about this issues.Rappid creates an audio processing thread,sets it to an adequate operat-ing system scheduling policy,and handles synchronization in the communication with the user interface thread.Also,a watchdog mechanism avoids system locks caused by errors when the pro-cessing thread priority is high.
3.1.3.Basic graphical capabilities for debugging
This capability is still in an experimental stage.A simple graphical application will be available for developers of processing modules, which should allow the visualization of input and output signals, as well as internal ones.
3.1.
4.Spectral analysis an synthesis
This is also still in an experimental stage.For spectral domain processing,Rappid will provide out of the box STFT data blocks calculated from an audio input.Thus,a Rappid based processor will be able to directly take spectral frames as inputs,and write spectral frames as outputs.
3.2.API for the user interface application
Of course,many applications won’t have enough with the small graphical display and control capabilities Rappid aims to provide. These applications can implement their own graphical interface, and use a whole Rappid system as a C++library class,through a simple control and con?guration interface.
One of the main advantages of Rappid for these applications is isolating the complexity of multi-threading.The application does not need to know that the processing code is running in a differ-ent thread.It just need to use the control interface to start/stop the system,change processing parameters in run time,or ask the visu-alization interface to provide it with the data to visualize.Rappid takes care of the initialization of multi-threading,and of the syn-chronization in these data transactions.
On the other hand,the application developer has full control on the graphical user interface implementation.This is the main difference with existent plug-in frameworks,which provide the de-veloper with a very limited graphics API.
4.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure2shows the data?ow diagram of Rappid.Each block in the?gure corresponds to a CLAM processing object.It can be seen there that the whole audio processor is composed of a set of processing modules,each of which can take all the system inputs as its inputs,and generate an output.
Figure2:Data?ow diagram of a possible Rappid application.
The?gure also shows how the user interface part has no rela-tion with the data?ow,but for the(asynchronous)control mecha-nism.
4.1.Current implementation
The current Rappid implementation still forces a very high inter-dependency between the framework services and the processing modules.Adding or modifying processing modules requires ex-tending the Rappid class and compiling the whole framework.
The class diagram of an example application is shown in?gure 3.This?gure represents the same example as in?gure
2.
Figure3:Rappid class diagram.
4.2.Current work
We are now working on a more?exible implementation,allowing dynamic linking of processing modules into the application,and dynamic con?guration of all the Rappid parameters,so that it is not necessary to recompile it when the processing module or the graphical interface change.
The structure of the application will be like the one shown in ?gure4.This will allow greater?exibility,but will probably cause
a small performance penalty.
5.IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
5.1.Development environment
Rappid will probably be a multi-platform framework in future,but the current version is being developed with the GNU development tool-set,and uses several POSIX tools and Linux kernel services.
5.1.1.The CLAM library
CLAM is a very rich collection of C++classes.It provides audio processing tools,data structures,XML support,input and output abstraction,etc.Rappid processors will typically be implemented using CLAM Processing objects as building blocks.
C++is the language of choice of CLAM because of its bal-anced combination of high level language support for object ori-ented and generative programming,and the possibility of obtain-ing very ef?cient object code.
No public versions of CLAM have been yet released,but a?rst beta release is available[1].
5.1.2.Multi-threading and real time operation
Multi-threading is achieved using POSIX threads.On Linux sys-tems,audio processing can be con?gured to run as a real time ap-
Figure4:Rappid class diagram using dynamic linking plication.A watchdog mechanism is used in such cases,to avoid system deadlocks due to a malfunctioning of the processing thread.
This approach has show to give really acceptable results.Of course it is not possible to guarantee hard real time constrains in a multitasking environment as Linux.
6.DEVELOPING APPLICATIONS WITH RAPPID
The development of an interactive sound processing or synthesis application based on Rappid consists of two main tasks:develop-ing the processing modules and developing the user interface.
6.1.Development of processing modules
Processing modules can be seen as application speci?c plugins. In the current version of Rappid they are not actually plugins,as the whole application needs to be recompiled to add or modify modules,but things will change in future versions.
Most of the issues discussed in this section are common to the development of any kind of CLAM Processing Class.
6.1.1.Processing class
Rappid processing modules need to be derived from the Pro-cessing or ProcessingComposite class in the CLAM li-brary.There are a few methods which need to be implemented in classes derived from those ones.The most important ones are:
Do():This is the execution callback method.It will be called whenever new data frames are available at the module in-
puts,and it should write the corresponding output data frames
during its execution.ConcreteCon?gure(...):This method will be called when any con-?guration parameter changes,so that the internal state of
the module can be updated.
ConcreteStart(...):This method will be called whenever the sys-tem is restarted,and it should initialize the internal state of
the module accordingly.
6.1.2.Con?guration class
A con?guration class,derived from the ProcessingConfig CLAM class,should also be de?ned,to be used as argument type for the ConcreteConfigure method.
Attributes in this class will be the initial values for processing parameters.
6.1.3.Modi?cations to Rappid class
In the current version of the framework,it is necessary to perform some modi?cations in the Rappid class,so that it becomes aware of the new processing modules added to it.
6.2.Development of User Interfaces
A graphical application can instantiate a Rappid object,con?gure it and start or stop it,using the public methods which appear in ?gure3.
The next steps are very simple,as Rappid really does the hard work.Its Control attribute offers methods for changing the pa-rameters values in real time so,the developer only needs to create
a GUI and to link visual controls to these methods.
7.EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
A prototype of a Rappid based audio processor was used in a com-position by Gabriel Brncic which was performed on the15of June in the Multiphonies2002cycle of concerts at the GRM in Paris[9]. This particular application was the main motivation for the devel-opment of Rappid in the?rst place.
7.1.Processing module
The processing module in this application is able to perform real time morphing between two instruments,a harp and a viola played during the performance.
The morphing mechanism is a time domain envelope cross-modulation designed by Gabriel Brncic for his composition,to achieve a mixture of the dynamics of the input signals.
We have chosen a simple linear interpolation of the amplitude average points as the envelope extraction algorithm.This mecha-nism allows implementing soft changes in the envelope gain in a very ef?cient way.
Two processing modules are instantiated in the system,so that each of the input signals modulates the other one,and both modu-lated results can be sent to separate output channels.
7.2.Graphical user interface
We used KDevelop[10],an awarded C/C++Integrated Develop-ment Environment,for the development of the graphical interface. Based on Qt[11],KDevelop has an embedded version of Qt De-signer,a very useful visual GUI design tool.Figure5shows the resulting interface,controlling the Rappid processor.
Figure5:Graphical controller using Rappid.
7.3.The concert
We used a desktop PC with an Intel Pentium III running at800 MHz.The sound card was a RME DIGI96/8sound card with an ADAT interface working with a sample rate of48Khz.It had Debian GNU/Linux(Woody)installed on it,and a recent version of the Linux Kernel(2.4.17),with low latency patches applied to it.We were able to keep the system running for hours with no dropouts.
8.CONCLUSIONS
We have described a?rst version of a development framework for sound processing applications,and how we have successfully used it to implement an interactive sound processor wich satis?ed live performance requirements.
We have thus shown that a low-cost software-only approach for high demand sound processing applications is possible.But we have come across some problems wich still make the development of such applications quite time consuming.
One problem of using this framework for real time applica-tions is the dif?culty to predict the worst case execution time of interactive processing algorithms.The lack of time and latency pro?ling tools makes it hard to?nd the cause of some sporadic CPU-exhaustion dropouts for non-trivial processing algorithms.
Another drawback of using Rappid(or any other software so-lution)in high demand applications is the dependency on the hard-ware.Obtaining a low latency robust software processor is condi-tioned to the availability of a hardware platform which does not prevent the execution of the processing software for“long”inter-vals,and the availability of good drivers for this hardware.Also, these requirements do not only apply to sound hardware.Any bad device in the processing computer can degrade latency per-formance.
In order to overcome this dif?culty,we had to use modi?ca-tions to the Linux Kernel for better worst case latency1,and we had to choose a mature hardware platform(about two years-old com-ponents)for which mature Linux drivers exist.We hope that,as more people start to use real-time applications,a wider knowledge base of adequate hardware for real-time applications will available in future.
老师教你如何备考英语四六级
老师教你如何备考英语四六级 【本文由大学生电脑主页( https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b4498987.html,)收集整理，大学生电脑主页——大学生的百事通】 很多同学学习新概念的目的是为了准备四六级的考试，关于BT的四六级考试，在这里简单的说明一下如何准备四六级考试以及考试的技巧，这一部分是整理自戴尔英语副校长张建成老师和新东方国内考试部范猛老师的讲座。 四六级考试自推出的时候就是不完善的，虽然经过多年的修正，但是无法解决其考试指导思想与运转体系上的问题。就像一个一出生就先天残疾的婴儿，无论怎样的手术修正，也不可能和正常人一样的健康。所以，四六级考试不能考察出学生的真正英语水平，只能检查出学生的应付考试的水平。 考过四六级的学生，看不懂给欧美9岁儿童阅读的原版《哈里波特》，在听说上甚至听不懂欧美小学生的交谈。而是否能听说，则是衡量文盲的最低标准。所以，准备四六级的考试所付出的努力和英语水平的提高相比，不成正比，效率低下。 但是由于目前四六级考试和大学教育的学位文凭硬性的挂上了勾，所以四六级还必须考。作为曾经参与过四六级考试出题与批卷的张建成老师和实战经验丰富的新东方国内考试部，为大家总结了一些宝贵的学习方法和考试经验，可以帮助大家事半功倍的准备四六级考试，而且同时也能迅速的提高你对英语的认识和水平。 我们大多数准备四六级考试的学生的问题大都在于词汇单薄，语法混乱。关于语法的问题，建议参考的看一下高教出版社的一本红皮的《高等英语语法》就可以解决。如果找不到可以看一下《剑桥英语语法》也很不错。然后我们来看怎么考试。 先来说听力考试部分。由于答题试卷发下来以后不能启封，启封的话就会被取消考试资格，但是我们可以在不破坏封条的情况下掀开来看，考试规则里面并没有说不可以，我们可以利用这个逻辑上诡辩来看一下听力的选择答案。 然后根据答案的选项，你就能猜测到题目会是怎样的场景，例如，如果有”declear“这个单词就要和海关，公安等场景联系起来，因为这里是申报的场所。如果有” menual“则有可能是和餐饮有关的场景。有过有”Dear John letter（绝交信）“则是和感情有关的场景。这样提前想好可能的场景以后，听录音的时候就不会太紧张，因为很多对话你已经能想到可能怎么说了。 而对于数字题则要经过简单的计算，需要你提前做好准备，以便快速在演算纸上迅速的计算。 当监考官宣布考试开始以后，在放录音之前的考卷拆封条时间是最宝贵的时间，这时候要做到一心六用。 第一要迅速的把刚才看过的题的可能答案标注出来，然后继续往后看题并猜测可能的场景和答案。同时耳朵要注意听录音的播放。但是，录音的一开始是考试的英文说明，这时候不要管他，继续往后做题。
高中英语语法课教学活动的设计
高中英语语法课教学活动的设计 密云二中季李红 《英语课程标准》指出：英语语法是语言知识的重要组成部分，是发展语言技能的基础。语法教学是语言教学的重要内容之一。基于高中学生认知能力的发展，课标倡导语法教学应遵循的教学模式为：关注—归纳—操练—运用。相对传统的语法教学方式，学生不再是死记硬背语法规则，做大量的机械练习，而是积极参与课堂，通过观察、体验、实践、合作等方式学习语法，是课堂学习的主体。要实现学生角色的转变，培养学生的英语思维能力，教学活动的精心设计是高效课堂的重要保障。 笔者以课例研究的方式对语法教学进行了大量实践，认为语法课教学活动的设计应注意以下原则。 一、教学活动的设计与教学目标一致 教学活动的设计要与教学目标一致，为教学目标达成服务，因此每个教学活动要有明确的目的。以北师大版第五模块第13单元语法项目---情态动词表推测，第一课时的教学设计为例。笔者设计的教学目标 动学生的主动性，激发他们的思维活动；事实上，要学生关注目标语法结构前，教师应对语料进行必要的阅读理解处理，这有利于解决教学难点。此外，文中有18个含情态动词的句子；其中4个不是情态动词表推测的句子。若学生能将他们成功挑出，说明他们不但回顾了旧知识，理解了must, may, may not, might, can’t, could 表推测时，在上下文中表达的语气，而且更将注意力关注于目标语法。 本课的教学难点为：Use the proper forms of modal verbs to express guesses about what happened and what
学生通过以表达内容为依据继续对句子分类处理，既很好地理解了情态动词表推测的深层含义，同时又关注、归纳出了语法规则。 在归纳法语法教学模式中，学生首先接触的是包含语法规则的真实上下文情景，然后根据上下文的信息归纳出使用规则。这种教学法有助于培养学生的语感。通过分析归纳总结语言使用规律课深化学生对用法的理解，培养学生的逻辑思维能力。但教师必须提供充足的，以语境为依托的语料，教学活动的形式适合学生的认知水平，他们的观察、体验、探究、合作等主动学习行为才得以开展。 二、教学活动的设计是形式和意义的结合 高中阶段的语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来。要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。例如：在强化巩固情态动词对发生了的事情表推测的句型时，笔者认为教材P13 Ex-8 的活动设计得很好，例如：A housewife is cheering. 针对这个情境，学生的语言产出为： 1)Her husband may be cooking. 2)She may have got a surprising gift. 3)Her husband may have been promoted. 4)She could be pregnant. 学生的表达多样，富于想象，不是对例句的机械模仿，他们在努力传达内心所想，这使得课堂气氛越来越活跃。 三、教学活动的设计具有层次性和梯度 变化是学习的调料，是教学的调节剂。由于学生水平的差异，课堂上活动任务应有一定的梯度，使各层次的学生都能学到东西。另外, 过于单一、没有挑战性的教学活动会使学生对语法教学产生厌倦情绪。 语法练习一般分为结构认知性练习、控制和指导性练习、交流性练习。教学过程中，教师的指令要简洁明确，做出清晰的示范，以保证练习效果。在本课例中，练习设计的层次和形式如表格所示： 忌含有分散学生注意力的动画和声效。 四、教学活动的设计保持话题一致性 运用得当的语法结构表达意思，离不开词汇的支持。为了实现语言的输入与输出的一致，教学活动的设计要保持话题的一致性。笔者认为话题应在贴近学生生活实际的前提下，尽量保持与单元话题一致。例如: 北师大版第二模块，第六单元—定语从句的教学设计。该单元话题为文学与艺术，如果要学生描写一位艺术家或作品，练习就不具有可操作性。因此，笔者设计了如下活动：
英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法
美联英语提供：英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法 关于关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b4498987.html,/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 学习英语的初级语法时，可以接触英语在用剑桥初级英语语法这本书籍。下面是学习啦小编给大家整理的英语在用剑桥初级英语语法，供大家参阅! 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法简介 《英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法》为《英语在用》系列丛书中的一册。本系列丛书是世界上热销的英语语法与词汇学习参考书，迄今读者记逾千万，被誉为“英语学习者的‘圣经’”。它专为非英语国家英语学习者编写，在结构上，条理明晰，形式简约顺达;在内容上，解析重点与难点，透彻生动，同时反复练习，巩固成效。 “英语在用”丛书包括语法和词汇两个系列，每系列分3级，分别针对初、中、高级学习者，并配有练习册。既可作为自学用书，也可作为课堂用书。 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法编辑推荐 《英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法》丛书特点： 教法新颖：以“在语境中学习语言”为原则，辅以大量生动的图表，摒弃死记硬背的陈旧方法。 内容实用：取材自真实的语料库，强调内容的实用性，使您真正达到学以致用。 结构简明：将语法和词汇项目分类解说，方便您挑选所需内容。 使用方便：采用解说与练习左右两页对照的形式。左页解释说明语法规则和词汇意义，右页通过练习巩固本单元所学用法，随学随练，让您能每迈一步都体会到进步的成就感。 技巧训练：介绍学习技巧，帮助您自己总结语法及词汇规律，养成良好的学习习惯。
参考答案：详尽全面，给您充分的信息。 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法目录 To the student To the teacher Thanks Unit 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are(questions) 3 I am doing(present continuous) 4 are you doing?(present continuous questions) 5 I do /work/llike etc.(present simple) 6 I dont…(present simple negative) 7 Do you…?(presnt simple questions) 8 I am doing and I do(present continuous and present simple) 9 I have…/Ive got… 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went etc.(past simple) 12 I didnt…Did you…?(past simple negative and questions) 13 I was doing(past continuous) 14 I was doing(past continuous)and I did (past simple) 15 I have done(present perfect 1) 16 Ive just... Ive already... I havens...yet(present perfect 2)
英语自学的特点与学习策略
英语自学的特点与学习策略 刘润清 （北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心，北京100089） 中图分类号：H319 文献标识码：C 许多学习者让我写一篇如何自学英语的文章。作为全国高教自学考试外语专业委员会的秘书长，我感到自己也有责任同英语自学者谈谈学习过程中应该注意的一些事情。 1 英语自考的基本情况 全国每年参加英语自学考试的学生达50万人，其中参加专科考试30万人左右，参加本科考试的20万人左右；英语单科通过率为三分之一左右，拿到英语本科毕业证者有7－8千人，拿到专科毕业证者1万人左右（请注意，不要用参考人数去除毕业人数，因为参考人数是单科考试人员。专科段和本科段都有十几门课程）。此外，其他专业的学生也要参加公共英语的自学考试，总数接近200万人。近几年全日制校扩大招生之后，英语自考学生的总数仍然基本持平，只是每个地区的人数有所变化。我可以非常肯定地告诉大家，自学考试是我国日校以外信誉最好的一种考试，是最严肃、最正规、最便宜的课外教育制度，其毕业生是用人单位最信得过的（日校毕业生除外）。换句话说，它要比那些随随便便办的培训班、速成班、野鸡学校等等要强许多倍。有的学生抱怨自学考试很难通过。这是事实。我一方面理解学生的难处，同时也认为若没有严格的把关制度，自学考试也不会有今天的良好信誉。在哪个成功者的背后，又没有几年甚至十几年的艰苦奋斗呀！梨园里流行的“台上一分钟，台下十年功”，也同样适用于其他行当。一切有志者，还是安下心来，一步一步地向前走。我与许多自考学生谈过话，他们有诸多困难和无奈，上有老，下有小，白天上班，晚上学习，一考就是几年，……的确是十分艰辛。但我也知道许多自考生的动人故事。一位正在喂奶的考生在考试时让丈夫把自己和孩子用手推车推50公里地去考点参加考试，要住上3天，考试中间还要请假出来给孩子喂一次奶。老师们十分感动，都伸出热情之手帮忙。我也知道，许多地方的考生毕业之后在单位发挥着骨干作用，受到好评。 英语自学考试不易通过还有个学术上的原因。许多学习者习惯于“托福”之类的客观试题，也就是会打钩，不习惯主观试题，连个英语词都不会写。而英语的自学考试，第一与课本相关，有60－70％的题与课本内容有关，那些不上课，不学习课本的人，靠撞大运是通不过的。这一条的目的就是逼着学习者回到课本上来，不去买什么试题汇编。第二，有相当一部分的题是主观题，让你动手写英文的题，而这是那些“打钩专家”最怕的题型，扣除25％的猜测分数，他们真是难以通过。第三，口语考试把那些“哑巴”学习者拦在大门之外。现在社会上和学校的许多考试不考口语，助长了哑巴英语的产生，也害了不少自学者。有人多次口语考试过不了关，其实就是受了聋哑英语风气的影响。 总之，自学考试是一条正规、可靠的成才之路，不要动摇，不要犹豫，不要三心二意，下决心一直走到底。报自考比去“发狂”、“发疯”、“装傻”式地“学习”好多了。 2 选择正确学习道路，避免进入误区
托福的学习方法参考
托福的学习方法参考 托福的学习方法参考 第二点：托福阅读 第三点：托福听力 托福听力对中国学生来说是公认的难，所以托福考生们在托福听力方面要多下工夫。练还是由难而易，DELTA红最简单吧，delta蓝 后面难前面巨简单到忽略，OG（比真题简单很多，短慢），Barron （词难，长）。 1.多听真题 2、早晚都随身带MP3，一有空闲时间就反复听这篇短文，直到 听烂为止。 3、周末看一部外国电影，复习就内容，检查一周来的学习计划 执行情况。 4、重视精听，听无数遍。 第四点：托福口语 对于托福口语问题，考生应该做的是：先学会自言自语。有很多考生的发音很不错，但是一直不敢开口。大胆地大声开口讲是前提。朗读并努力复述听写的短文。准备工作，就是积累素材和锻炼反应 速度。这是基础，是决定流利程度和语言使用的关键，也是考生拿 高分的关键。 第五点：托福写作 篇二：托福学习方法 1.词汇量
2.听力 3.语法 一、词汇量：一切考试的基础 1．单词背诵的秘诀：重复背诵 单词背诵的3个层次： a)认知：一秒钟内反应出该单词的意思，但不会拼写---70%的单词 b)拼写：知道单词的意思还可以拼写出来---20%的单词 c)应用：会拼写还知道单词如何应用在具体句型中---10%的单词 2．单词背诵的建议： a)一本单词书至少背诵10遍 b)切忌大段时间背单词，单次时间不要超过1个小时 c)要有详细的单词背诵计划，家长或者室友负责检查 d)在阅读和听力当中实际背诵单词 3.注意事项： a)单词背诵过程中，词汇的遗忘属于正常现象，在背完整本书之前，不要重复去 背诵之前遗忘的单词 b)整本书背完之后，能记住20%的单词，记忆力已经很好 二、听力 1.听力的提高方法： 有且只有一个，就是听写！ 2.听写的关键：
如何准备四六级考试以及考试的技巧
简单的说明一下如何准备四六级考试以及考试的技巧，这一部分是整理自戴尔英语副校长张建成老师和新东方国内考试部范猛老师的讲座。 四六级考试自推出的时候就是不完善的，虽然经过多年的修正，但是无法解决其考试指导思想与运转体系上的问题。就像一个一出生就先天残疾的婴儿，无论怎样的手术修正，也不可能和正常人一样的健康。所以，四六级考试不能考察出学生的真正英语水平，只能检查出学生的应付考试的水平。 考过四六级的学生，看不懂给欧美9岁儿童阅读的原版《哈里波特》，在听说上甚至听不懂欧美小学生的交谈。而是否能听说，则是衡量文盲的最低标准。所以，准备四六级的考试所付出的努力和英语水平的提高相比，不成正比，效率低下。 但是由于目前四六级考试和大学教育的学位文凭硬性的挂上了勾，所以四六级还必须考。作为曾经参与过四六级考试出题与批卷的张建成老师和实战经验丰富的新东方国内考试部，为大家总结了一些宝贵的学习方法和考试经验，可以帮助大家事半功倍的准备四六级考试，而且同时也能迅速的提高你对英语的认识和水平。 我们大多数准备四六级考试的学生的问题大都在于词汇单薄，语法混乱。关于语法的问题，建议参考的看一下高教出版社的一本红皮的《高等英语语法》就可以解决。如果找不到可以看一下《剑桥英语语法》也很不错。然后我们来看怎么考试。 先来说听力考试部分。由于答题试卷发下来以后不能启封，启封的话就会被取消考试资格，但是我们可以在不破坏封条的情况下掀开来看，考试规则里面并没有说不可以，我们可以利用这个逻辑上诡辩来看一下听力的选择答案。 然后根据答案的选项，你就能猜测到题目会是怎样的场景，例如，如果有”declear“这个单词就要和海关，公安等场景联系起来，因为这里是申报的场所。如果有”menual“则有可能是和餐饮有关的场景。有过有”Dear John letter（绝交信）“则是和感情有关的场景。这样提前想好可能的场景以后，听录音的时候就不会太紧张，因为很多对话你已经能想到可能怎么说了。 而对于数字题则要经过简单的计算，需要你提前做好准备，以便快速在演算纸上迅速的计算。 当监考官宣布考试开始以后，在放录音之前的考卷拆封条时间是最宝贵的时间，这时候要做到一心六用。 第一要迅速的把刚才看过的题的可能答案标注出来，然后继续往后看题并猜测可能的场景和答案。同时耳朵要注意听录音的播放。但是，录音的一开始是考试的英文说明，这时候不要管他，继续往后做题。 如果不好猜测出答案的，先划掉明显错的答案再猜，凭着这种直觉基本上都能猜对的。 张建成老师曾经对所带过的很多班做过相关的试验，一般先做题后听录音可以达到70％的正确率，但是先听录音再做题却只有40％的正确率。因为在考试的紧张环境下，如果听录音的时候有遗漏或听不懂的部分，你大脑的注意力就都转移到疑惑上去了，因此导致做题的逻辑性思维能力降低。 所以尽量在考试没开始之前尽量多的做题，选出可能的答案。这样当你听 到”There for“的时候，停止往后的做题，回到第一题，这
从语法教学的“三围”谈起
从语法教学的“三围”谈起 ——特级教师工作室交流课的反思 12月１4日,上海市朱震一黄徐娟名师工作室成员来张家港交流。我应邀上了一节交流课，课题是UｎreａｌCondｉｔioｎals（虚拟语气）。著名特级教师朱震一是上海英语教育界的老前辈,他在评课中指出，传统的语法课都是灌输语法知识,只讲究技术,而本节交流课在“艺术呈现”上做了大胆成功的尝试。能得到朱老师的如此高的肯定,内心既诚惶诚恐，又心花怒放。 形式（ｆorm)、意义(meaniｎg）和用法（ｕｓagｅ)是语法教学的“三围”，一节语法课好不好，主要就看有没有达到这三维目标。 一、生活中有这样的语法吗? 苏州教师发展中心胡明主任曾提到过一个引人反思的语法课案例：某初中英语老师上被动语态,让学生把例句I likｅ yｏｕ和Ｉｒead tｈe boｏk改成被动语态，并让学生反复操练。可是，现实生活中哪有人这样表达呢？类似于You aｒe likeｄｂy me这样的句式纯粹就是“为被动而被动”，是对语法规则生搬硬套的结果。 看到这样,觉得有点荒唐,可是，环顾四周，这样的案例又是比比皆是，甚至有时候自己也会如此，给学生讲一些“只在中国大陆地区存在”的语法知识。 语法课上，老师所选择的每一个语法例句都要来源于生活，都要是鲜活的，正如一本英文语法书的英文书名（Enｇlish Gramｍar iｎＵse）所暗指的那样，只可惜,中文却翻译成了《剑桥英语语法》，没有突出实用。我们教授的语法知识一定要是现实生活中经常使用的,而不是深藏在语法书里面没有生命的条条框框。
在备课时,老师还要认真甄别课堂上需要讲授的语法知识点，看一看有没有早已过时、早死死亡的语法规则。市场上的一些语法教辅用书，甚至一些教科书还在“挖深井”，纠结一些无关痛痒的陈旧语法条文和细微差异,有的所谓用法差异甚至连母语专家也竟然搞不清楚。令人可笑又可气的是,一些教辅用书的作者基于经验,自己杜撰了一些语法规则或口诀,让学生去记忆。 让人不安的是,一些高考试卷的单选题起了误导作用,不厌其烦地设置口语对话来考查情态动词sｈall表示“警告、义务、承诺”的用法,而这种用法在真实语料中已经基本消失了,英国语言专家G?Ｌeech对上世纪一些语言现象基于语料库的研究就证明了:shall此用法目前几乎局限于法律、法规、合同等正式文本中。 为什么表达I ｌiｋe you是对的，而一改成被动语态就错了呢？其实，这也没有什么道理在里面,只是老外不这么说而已。那么，作为一个中国中学英语老师,怎么才知道哪些表达是对的,哪些是老外不说的呢?只有两个办法，其一，作为英语老师，要加强英语学习，多阅读英文报刊书籍，多看英文原版电视,多与nat ｉve spｅａkers交流;其二，对于自己不确定的英文表达方式,可以ｇoogle一下，看一看网上这样的表达多不多? 值得一提的是，目前国内很多语法著作不可靠,仍然沿袭了上世纪中期的语法规则，而不少词法、句法随着时间的推移,已经发生了变化。 二、语法教学的核心是什么？ 先看一个关于语法的真实笑话。《水浒传》第31回有这么一段描写:武松走到一个土冈子下面的乡村小店，见了青花瓮酒和鸡肉，这些是别的客人自备食用的,属于非卖品,武松吃不到酒肉,气得大骂店主。原文如下: 武行者睁着双眼喝道：“你这厮好不晓道理!这青花瓮酒和鸡肉之类，如何不卖与我？我也一般还你银子。”店主人道:“青花瓮酒和鸡肉,都是那大郎家里自将来的。只借我店里坐在吃酒。”武行者心中要吃,那里听他分说。一片声喝道：“放屁，放屁!”
半年雅思备考经验分享
半年雅思备考经验分享 对于时间充足的烤鸭，以半年作为雅思备考时间还是比较科学、合理的。下面前程百利雅思小编为大家分享的是半年雅思备考经验，希望对大家的雅思备考会有帮助。 我是大三后半学期才开始好好复习雅思，准备考试。成绩：L 7.5 R 8.5 W 6.5 S 7.5 ，写作一直不好所以就不说写作了。按照备考时间长短来说吧。 半年： 听力： 其实新闻美剧什么的是不够academic的材料，可以当做长期练习来用，如果只是短期备考，我个人不建议。如果你有半年，从单词开始。不仅是拼写和发音，还要在练习中注意吞音和连音。有时间可以把机经中的单词全部拼写一遍(按大体预测范围，比如近半年活跃的10版本啊之类的)。练习可以先不碰剑系列，先来listen to this 吧~可以做到2，做一遍题再听一遍做听写。可以练习的材料还可以有类似TED的这种演讲，以及BBC的一些专题节目。最重要的是!练习不能断，一定要每天坚持。即使今天没时间做听写，也要认真地听篇演讲。 阅读： 选剑4剑5中的一套题先做一遍，看看是什么水平摸个底。接下来就是读。可以先不碰剑系列，太珍贵省着用。看看national geographic吧，看着费劲可以先看kids版，也不错。要做精读总结单词句型，这对写作业口语有帮助，可能刚开始一下午只能看一小篇，但是过一个月就会顺畅很多了，这是我高中时候的体会。而且在阅读中背单词效率很高，直接记住一个句子这个单词怎么用就业记住了。但是我个人认为这一定要在有了一定词汇量基础的时候才可以这么做，最好背过一本单词书之后。对于长时间备考的烤鸭来说，我觉得还有特别重要的一点就是多看
discovery~national geographic~BBC纪录片~甚至是cctv的纪录片频道也可以，无论是中文的还是英文的，这类百科全书式的节目会对百科全书式的雅思阅读很有帮助。比如发展史这类的阅读文章，结构都与这类纪录片的节目如出一辙。再有就是如果觉得真的费劲，就先把剑桥英语语法在用中级好好看一遍做一遍，巩固语法。 口语： 半年准备话题卡不太实用，因为没有靠谱的预测。所以前两个月先打好基础。《会让你在IELTS写作口语中更像一个native speaker的纯正英式短语&英式句型1000条》《9分口语达人》《10天突破》的前半部分往脑袋里灌~背词组短语，基本形成雅思口语的一个意识，比如问我这个题我就知道有个特别雅思的词儿来说。语音不好的可以纠音，用《大学一年级英语语音练习手册》就很好。 3个月： 听力： 如果只有3个月，从剑系列开始，做题，精听，找错误原因，做原文听写，听写很有效!考专四的时候有听写这部分所以特别练过，当时就觉得短时间内听力提高。参照小范围预测照机经保证这里面的单词会写能听出来。听广播介绍知识类的专题节目或者演讲。最重要的是要坚持，不能间断。最后留下剑8不做。最为周后一两周的模考。 阅读： 3个月就要以做题为主，广范围阅读为辅。先做9分达人1，每天或隔天一套，然后剑4567，然后达人2。留着剑8，一定要严格限时，复印一打答题纸，做练习时完全仿真，因为考试你要留时间抄写答案的，所以做题时间尽量缩到55分钟。一定要限时!否则做再多题也等于白做。
特殊的定语从句小研究
特殊的定语从句 小研究 Chlorine 2016/9/25
定语从句 ?定语从句，其实就是做定语的从句。 ?这样的从句可以分为两种： ?由关系词（wh-词、that、省略）引导的关系分句 ?由从属连词（since、before、after等）引导的非关系分句（←有争议）?首先要明确的是，今天要讨论的是狭义的、最典型的、大家平常说的定语从句，也就是关系分句。 ?规定几个符号吧，等会儿画图直观些：名词是N，关系分句是R。
定语从句（续） ?定语是名词短语中的修饰名词的成分（限制性），或者补充修饰名词短语的成分（非限制性）。 ?我们常说的定语从句其实不仅包括关系分句直接做定语，还包括关系分句的并列结构做定语。严格来说，在后者情况之中，不论多少个关系分句构成并列结构，定语的数量还是1。 ?因为名词短语里可以有不止一个定语，为方便，我们先讨论只有一个定语的情况。
一个定语 ?一个定语有两种情况：?1.关系分句做定语 ?2.关系分句的并列结构做定语 ?第二种情况就是张满胜老师所谓的“并联”，这个比喻还是很形象的。N R N and R1R2
1.1.关系分句做定语 ?关系分句做定语的现象，其实最常见了，但这里讨论的是特殊的关系分句。特殊情况分为两种： ?1.1.关系分句R1里出现了另一个关系分句R2，而且后者出现在前者的末尾。 ?1.2.关系分句里出现了宾语从句，而且关系词是宾语从句内的成分。 ?我们来分别看一下。
1.1.关系分句内嵌关系分句 ?直接看图很明显了吧。另外，如果R2里又出现了这一情况嵌套了R3，R3里又嵌套了R4……这个句子可以无限增长。这体现了语言的无穷递归性。如： ?This is the dog[that worried the cat[that killed the rat[that ate the malt[that lay in the house[that Jack built]]]]]. ?可惜张满胜老师把这个算“串联”。学过初三物理的各位，你觉得这个像串联吗？ R2 a N R1 a R2N R1 a R3 a R4
你不知道的学好英语的5个秘诀
你不知道的学好英语的5个秘诀 文何恒 已经整理了很多学习英语的资料。说实话我学英语并不是因为我喜欢英语，而是作为一个现代人，如果你具有较好的英语水平，那么无论在工作上，还是社交上都具有优势。所以英语是一门能够创造财富的语言工具，基于这个理由，我们要尽量把英语学好。 中国的英语教育存在许多误区，使得大部分学生在学习英语时走了很多弯路，花了大量的时间和精力都不能真正学好英语。我曾经也是这个教育体制下的受害者，所以我为依然挣扎在这个制度下的同学们深感不平。 写这篇文章的目的，就是为了把如何才能学好英语的“秘诀”分享给大家。这些秘诀学校的老师是不会教你的，因为老师只是打工的，他们的工作就是按照学校要求把课讲好，让你考试能通过，否则他们饭碗不保。至于你真正的英语能力怎么样和他们没有太大关系。 我不是英语专家或者教育精英，只是一个普通的留学生。但我有机会看到外面的世界，看到老外们是怎么教英语的，老外自己又是怎么学英语的。我想把这些宝贵的经验分享给大家，从而使得大家尽快地走上正确的道路。 秘诀1 Start from simple从简单开始 学习是一个循序渐进的过程，不仅仅是英语，人们在学习任何东西的时候都是从简单的开始，从易到难，熟能生巧，这是人类认识事物的规律。但现实是老师们往往为了让你尽快完成教学大纲的要求，不停地给你灌输新单词和新语法，各种复杂的句子结构，各种看不懂的阅读材料等等，这对学生本身是有害而无利的。正确的方法是学生要根据自己的程度去学习，比如你的程度只能勉强看懂童话故事，那么你就要先多看童话，直到你把童话故事看懂了八九成才去接触更难得东西。而不是连童话故事都没看懂，就去看四、六级阅读，然后学了个生僻词，让别人都看不懂，以为自己有多厉害。学习不是比赛，学英语不是为了赢别人，而是为了让自己真正的掌握英语，这才是正确的学习心态。然而应试教育却让很多学生把学习当成比赛，学习的目的就是要考高分，至于知识掌握了多少却全然不顾（也顾不来）。最后你可能赢得了比赛，但是你真正的收获又有多少呢？ 秘诀2 Learn usages, don’t learn grammar要学用法，不学语法 语法在中国的英语教育里是个“奇迹”，我们可以学了十年的语法，却写不出一个正确的句子，说不出一句完整的英语。为什么？因为中国的语法教育是错的。我们学的语法应该叫“语法分析”，我们一直在分析英语，而不是学怎么去用英语。 打个比方，我们学定语从句。老师说：“定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词引出。”当你读完这个概念，第一遍谁能看懂它在说什么吗，反正我是看不懂。好不容易花了九牛二虎之力看懂了，那么你会用吗，造个定语从句来看看。造不出。于是我就好奇，外国人的脑袋真了不起，这么复杂的东西，他们竟然可以一瞬间就思考完，并且准确无误的说出来。 原因是什么？因为他们脑袋里压根就没这个概念。他们从小就是这么说话的，他们说话的习惯就是这样，他们不需要去想什么概念。就好比我们说：我想回家吃饭。你不会先去分析：“我”在这个句子中做主语，“回”做谓语，“家”是宾语，“吃饭”是宾语补足语，补充主语的意思，与宾语构成复宾结构。如果我们每说
党校研究生剑桥英语语法,词汇(小抄版)
第一课（第3部分语法:定语从句） 1.I don’t want to have a partner, I have nothing in common with this person. 2.I’d like to meet people,these people rave a good sense of humor. 3. I’d prefer a roommate, this person is quiet and considerate. 4.I don’t like t obe with people,I don’t feel comfortable around these people. 5.I want to discuss my problems with friend,these people are organized and intelligent. 6. I’d rather have a boss ,this people has good readership qualities. 7. I’d prefer to have teachers, these people are warm and sensitive. 第二课（第3部分语法） 1.working as an architect is fantastic. 2.taking care of children seems scary /kind of boring(二者都可以选择). 3.winning the lottery must be fantastic . 4.conducting an orchestra seems awful/scary. 5.working on a movie set could be pretty difficult. 6.making a riving as an artist would be really rewarding. 7.writing for a newspaper seems scary. 8.retiring at age 40 seems awful. 第二课（第8部分语法;adj的比较级） 1.An interior decorator is better paid than a fashion designer 2.A secret agent travels more than a police officer. 3.An air traffic controller’s job is less artistic than a TV director’s job. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b4498987.html,ndscapers have less education than veterinarians. 5.working as a comedian is harder than being a public speaker 6.Aerobics instructors earn less than coach cocker. 第五课（第8部分语法:） 1.If you plan to visit someone at home,you’re supposed to call first. 2.If you’re been to a friend’s home for dinner it’s the custom to call and hank him or her. 3.When we have been invited to a wedding, you’re expected to respond in writing. 4.When you go out on a date, it’s acceptable to share the expenses. 5.If you service in a restaurant is good, you’re expected to leave a tip. 6.When you meet someone for the first time you aren’t supposed to kiss him or her. 第四课（第3部分语法:V时态变化） 1、Diver hit the Jackpot While drivers were working(work) off the coast of Florida,they discovered (discover)a ship wreck containing gold worth $2midlion .The drivers were filming(film) a show about the coral reef when they found(find) the gold. 2、Four -legged customers Hs a woman was walking (walk)her pet poodle down the street,a hair sty list noticed (notice)them through the win dow and suddenly had (have)a great https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9b4498987.html,ter,while he was creating (create)a new line of hair care products for dogs and cats ,he came up with(come up with) a new slogan “Even animals have bad hair days!” 3、Rescue the Ambulance! An ambulance driver was having (have)breakfast in coffee shop when a woman was hopping (hop)in to is ambulance and drove(drive) away .The driver hurried (hurry)to a phone and alerted (alert)the police.The carjacker was going (go)over 90 miles an hour then the high way patrol finally caught up with (catch up with)her. 第四课（第10部分语法:V时态变化） 1、A thief broken into(break into) our house last night while my sister and I were picking up a pizza for dinner 2、I shopped (shop)with some friends yesterday ,and I lose my keys. 3、I was driving(drive) around with friends all day on Sunday ,and I was running out of gas on the freeway. 4、I was trying(try) to go and visit my parents last night when I was got stuck in the levator in their apartment building. 5、Luckily,I had given(give) a friend a copy of them,and she came over(come over) and let me into my apart ment 6、If had reached (reach)the fifth floor when it stopped (stop).Alter I had been (be)stuck for an hour someone started (start)it again. 7、I guess we had left (leave) the door unlocked because hat’ s how the thief got (get)into the house. 8、Luckily,I had brought (bring)my cell phone with ne,So I called(call) my brother for help. 第七课（第8部分语法:不定式句子和短语） 1.One way to reduce famine is to train people modern farming methods. 2.the bet way to fight HIV/AIDS is to educate people on how diseases are spread. 3.one way to stop political unrest is to provide ways for people to voice their concerns . 4.one thing to improve air quality is to develop cleaner public transportation 5.the best way to reduce poverty is to start free vocational training programs 或to create more jobs for the unemployed. 6.one thing to help the homeless is to build more public housing. 第六课（第8部分语法:被动语态） 1.This table cloth isn’t very clean. It is stained或It has a stain on them. 2.Could we have another water pitcher? This is leaking或 has a leek in it. 3.The table looks pretty dirty. The wood, is scratched , too… 4.The waiter needs a new shirt. The one he wearing is torn. 5.Could you bring me another cup of coffee? This cup is chipped. 6.The walls really need paint. And the ceiling is damaged. 第八课（第4部分语法:rather/prefer） 1：A:Would you prefer to take a course in exercise science or nutritional science? B:I’d prefer to register for a nutritional science course because it’s more useful for me in nursing. 2、A:Would you rather learn English in Australia or canada? B:I think I’d prefer to study in Australia because it;s warmer there. 3、A:If you needed to learn a new skill,would you prefer to attend a class or have a private tutor? B:I’d rather sign up for a class than hire a tutor private tutors are too expensive. 4、A:Would you rather join a choir or an orchestra B:I’d rather sing in a choir than play in an orchestra. 5、A:Would you prefer to major in broad casting or film studies! B:To tell you the truth,I’d prefer not to do either.I’d rather work for a newspaper. 第一课:词汇（解释连线题） 1.Sociable(社交的，友好的，好交际的，P) a person who enjoys being with other people 2.Stingy（吝啬的，小气的，N） Someonewho doesn’t like giving things to people;ungenerous 3.Supportive（支持的，支援的，P） someone who is helpful and encouraging 4.Intolerant(无法忍受的，偏狭的，N) A person who won’t accept other people’s differences 5.Modest(谦虚的，适度的，端庄的，P) someone who doesn’t brag about his or her accomplishments 6.Temperamental(喜怒无常的，易兴奋的，N) a person who has unpredictable or irregular moods 7.Egotistical（任性的，自我的，N）Someone who expresses a very high opinion of him-or herself 8.Easygoing（脾气随和的，不严肃的，P） a person who doesn’t worry much or get angry easily 9.Unreliable（小气的，吝啬的，N）a person who doesn’t do what he or she promised 第三课:词汇(选择题型) 1.（owe/offer/do/accept/make）an apology. 2.(do/return/make/receive) a phone call. 3.(return/do/ask for/make) a favor. 4.(receive/accept/turn down/offer)an invitation. 5.(make/deny/offer/refuse)a request. 6.(deny/receive/give/refuse)a gift. 7.（receive/return/do/give）a compliment. 第四课:词汇（解释连线题） 1.coincidence(巧合/一致/同时发生) unexpected events that seem to be connected. 2.Disaster（灾难/灾祸/不幸） An event that causes a lot of suffering or destruction. 3.Emergency（紧急情况/突发事件） A sudden event requiring quick action. 4.Lucky break(机遇) An unexpected event that brings good fortune . 5.Misfortune（不幸/灾难/灾祸） An unlucky event. 6.Mystery（秘密） Something puzzling or unexplained. 7.Predicament（窘况/困境） A difficult situation with no obvious solution. 8.Triumph（胜利） A great success or achievement. 第6课:词汇（选择题，变动词时态） 1.my computer is driving me crazy!It keeps crashing. 2.The buttons on the remote control always stick.they keep jamming . 3.That used CD player often jumps to another song,it keeps skipping. 4. Our new flat-screen TV has a problem.it keeps breaking down. 5.Those old cell phones never work right anymore.they keeps going dead. 6.Sometimes ED can’t use his solar-powered calculator.it keeps over heating. 7.My computer screen needs to be replaced.it keeps flickering. 8.The answering machine never picks up any calla.it keeps going dead. 第一课:阅读练习(选择题型) 1.when you lose track of someone,you (can’t locate/can’t follow )him or phrase。 2.When you reach out to people,you try to (physically touch/connect with) them. 3.If you stick with something,you (give up on/continue to do )it. 4.When you keep in touch,you (communicate with/stay near to) someone. 5.If you break a confidence,you (tell a secret to/depend on )someone.