张敏版 科技英语阅读教程 英译汉 中文翻译

Unlocking the Climate Puzzle

解开气候之谜

(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs

of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished. Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous

by-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0?), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.

（1）生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。在这段时间里，气候有大幅波动，从冰河时代到蒸汽时代延续了几千年。每一次改变，各种物种受益和繁荣。其他适应，步履蹒跚，或死亡。现在，许多专家认为，人类正在通过全球变暖危及自己的生态位。在本世纪，文明的气态副产物，以二氧化碳（C0?）等温室气体的形式，把足够的热量困在大气中，来提高地球表面平均气温半摄氏度（1华氏度）。如果这种趋势继续下去，它可能会改变世界范围内的气候模式—融化冰川，提高海平面，把平原烤成沙漠，以及改变植被区。

(2) Or it might not. Global climate depends on combinations of factors interacting in subtle and complex ways that we do not yet fully understand. It is possible that the warming observed during this century may have resulted from natural variations, even though the increase has been much more rapid than what the planet has witnessed over the past hundred centuries. Moreover, the supercomputer simulations used to project future conditions may not be accurate.

（2）或者不可能。全球气候取决于各种因素的组合，这些因素以微妙和复杂的方式相互作用，我们还没有完全了解。这是可能的，在本世纪中观察到的变暖可能是由于自然的变化，即使增加已远远超过这个星球在过去的几百个世纪已经见证过的。此外，用于展现未来条件的超级计算机模拟可能是不准确的。

(3) Nonetheless, in 1995, after years of intense study, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC), sponsored by the United Nations, concluded tentatively that "the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate". The amount of that influence, the group noted, is unknown because of "uncertainties in key factors", including the degree to which clouds and the oceans affect the rate of temperature change. It may take a decade or more of additional research to resolve those uncertainties.

（3）然而，由联合国发起的政府间气候变化专门委员会，经过数年集中的研究，在1995年，初步得到了“对照所有证据表明，人类对全球气候有明显的影响”这个结论。该委员会同时提到，由于“关键因素的不确定性”，包括云层和海洋对温度变化率的影响程度，人类对全球气候的影响量是未知的。解决这些不确定因素可能需要十年乃至更长时间的额外研究。

(4) Meanwhile, much is known. And although the specific consequences of human activity remain ambiguous, our ability to alter the atmosphere is incontestable.

（4）同时，大多是已知的。尽管人类活动的具体后果仍不明确，我们改变大气的能力是不可否认的。

(5) What causes climate change? Weather is what happens outside your home this morning. Climate is what you can expect to happen outside during your 30-year mortgage. Over time small changes can make a big difference. Driven by tremendous flows of heat over the surface of the planet, Earth's climate system is influenced by innumerable interacting variables.

（5）是什么导致了气候变化？天气是这个早上出现在户外的自然现象。气候是在30年内可以预测的发生在户外的自然现象。随着时间的流逝，微小的变化会造成巨大的影响。由于星球表面上的巨大热流，无数相互作用的变量影响着地球的气候系统。

Solar Input

(6) Having traveled 93 million miles, solar energy hits the upper atmosphere at about the intensity of three 100-watt bulbs per square yard—one-third of which is reflected back into space. The rest of the energy warms Earth and fuels its weather engine.

太阳能输入

（6）已经走了9300万英里，太阳能达到高层大气时，每平方的强度大约是3

个100瓦灯泡—其中三分之一被反射回太空。其余的能量使地球变暖，并引起天气改变。

The Atmosphere

(7) A delicate balance of gases gives Earth an average temperature of 15℃(59℉). Greenhouse gases一water vapor, C0?, methane, nitrous oxide, and others一absorb heat energy, then re-radiate a portion of it back to the surface.

大气

（7）气体的一种微妙平衡使地球平均温度为15℃（59℉）。温室气体一水汽，C0?，甲烷，一氧化二氮，和其他气体一吸收热能，然后再辐射一部分返回地面。

The Oceans

(8) Covering 70 percent of Earth's surface, oceans are the chief source of water vapor in the air. Oceans store heat efficiently and transport it thousands of miles. When warm water collects in one place, evaporation and cloud buildup may increase. Marine organisms consume huge amounts of C0?.

海洋

（8）覆盖地球表面的百分之70，海洋是空气中的水蒸气的主要来源。海洋能有效地储存热能和把它运输数千英里。当温水聚集在一个地方，蒸发和云层积累可能会增加。海洋生物消耗大量的C0?。

The Water Cycle

(9) Higher air temperatures can mean increased water evaporation and the melting

of sea and land ice. Although water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas, evaporation also leads to cloud formation, which can have a cooling effect.

水循环

（9）更高的空气温度可以增加水的蒸发和融化海洋和陆地的冰。虽然水蒸气是最有效的温室气体，蒸发也导致云的形成，它可以有一个冷却效果。

Clouds

(10) The role of clouds is poorly understood, but they are known to both cool Earth by reflecting solar energy and warm Earth by trapping heat being radiated up from the surface.

云层

（10）人类对云层的作用了解很少，但是知道它们会通过反射太阳能使地面温度下降，且通过储存地表散发的热量使地面温度上升。

Ice and Snow

(11) Bright white expanses of ice and snow reflect sunlight back into space, cooling the planet. Melting sea ice draws heat from the ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover has decreased about 10 percent in the past 21 years, but no significant melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has been detected.

冰和雪

（11）广阔区域的明亮白色的冰和雪把阳光反射回太空，使地球冷却。融化的海冰从海洋中吸取热量。在北半球，雪覆盖在过去的21年中减少了约百分之10，但没有明显的南极冰盖的融化已经被检测到。

Land Surface

(12) When solar energy penetrates the land surface, it is converted into heat, most of which radiates upward quickly. Still, topography and land use can have major effects on climate. Mountain ranges can block clouds, creating dry "shadows" downwind. Sloping land allows more water runoff, leaving the land and air drier. A tropical forest will soak up C0?，but once cleared for cattle ranching, the same land becomes a source of methane.

（12）当太阳能渗入地表时，会转化为热能，其中大部分会很快上升散发到空气中。地形和土地使用仍然对气候有主要的影响。在下风口，山脉会挡住云层，形成缺乏雨水的“阴影地”。坡地让更多的水分流失，使得土地和空气更加干燥。热带森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是一旦允许牲畜农场经营，这块土地将会产生大量的甲烷。

Human Influences

(13) Adding to the mix of greenhouse gases naturally present in the atmosphere, human activities magnify warming effects. Fuel combustion is the chief cause of rising C0? concentrations. Ranching, rice farming, and landfills have raised methane levels. Aerosols, such as smoke and sulfates from industry, reflect sunlight and have temporary, localized cooling effects.

人类的影响

（13）增加在大气中自然存在的温室气体的混合，人类活动放大变暖的影响。燃料燃烧是C0?浓度上升的一个主要原因。牧场，水稻种植，和垃圾填埋场已经提高甲烷的程度。悬浮颗粒，如来自工业的烟尘和硫酸盐，能反射阳光，有暂时的、局部的冷却效果。

(14) If C0? emission increases are to blame for global warming, skeptics say, then temperatures should have risen appreciably during the postwar economic boom, when fossil fuels were burned in escalating quantity. Jerry Mahlman, director of NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton, however, has calculated that the surge in coal and oil use quickly increased the amount of sulfates aloft, prompting the cooling. After 1970 the longer term effect of C0? and methane overwhelmed the short-lived aerosols, accounting for the temperature rise since then.

（14）质疑者们说，如果CO2的增加应该对全球变暖负责，那么在战后经济繁荣期间化石燃料被越来越多的燃烧时，温度应该很明显的增加。不管怎样，Jerry Mahlman，美国国家海洋和大气局位于普林斯顿关于地球物理流体动力学实验室的主任，曾计算过煤和油的使用量的激增会迅速增加空气中大量的硫酸盐，并促进它们冷却。从1970年后， CO2和甲烷覆盖了短期效应的气溶胶从而带来的长期效应，导致了温度的上升。

(15) An enhanced greenhouse effect may not necessarily be catastrophic. Indeed, it might be good news for some farmers. High concentrations of C0? can have a fertilizing effect on plants, which is why some commercial greenhouses use an artificial indoor atmosphere containing C0? at about three times the level outside. Because plants use photosynthesis to turn C0? into living tissue, more vegetation also might mean more C0? scavenged from the atmosphere, perhaps slowing global

warming.

（15）增强的温室效应可能不一定是灾难性的。事实上，这对一些农民来说可能是好消息。高浓度C0?对植物可以有施肥的效果，这就是为什么有些商业温室使用C0?浓度约为室外三倍水平的人工室内空气。由于植物利用光合作用将C0?转换为细胞组织，更多的植被也可能意味着更多来自于大气的C0?被清除，可能减缓全球变暖。

(16) Furthermore, higher temperatures might be most welcome where they are most likely to occur. Since 1900, the greatest warming has been observed between 40 degrees and 70 degrees north latitude-including Europe, Russia, and the northern half of the U.S.—where much of the world's industrial greenhouse gas emissions originate. Most of the warming has taken place at night-presumably because increased cloud cover shades the land by day and traps outgoing heat at night. The growing season in the northern U.S. has lengthened by about a week.

（16）此外，高温在最可能发生的地方也许会最受欢迎。从1990年开始，在人们北纬40°—70°之间观察最主要的温室变化。包括欧洲、俄罗斯和美国北部半数地区，这些地区是世界上工业温室气体主要的排放地。大多数的温室变化是发生在晚上的，大概是因为在白天增加的阴云遮住了大地并且晚上高温的散发受到了限制。在美国北部植物的增长期被延长了差不多一周左右。

(17) Some scientists argue that hasty measures are pointless: Any appreciable alterations in climate, they say, are likely to be gradual enough that we will be able to adapt. And even if all greenhouse gas emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet almost certainly would continue to warm for several decades because of the gases' long atmospheric lifetime.

（17）一些科学家认为，草率的措施是毫无意义的：他们说，任何可预见的气候变化，有可能是渐进的，我们将能够适应。即使所有的温室气体在明天都停止排放，地球几乎肯定会继续温暖几十年，因为气体的长的大气寿命。

(18) On the other hand, there is evidence that some kinds of events could change climate radically in the span of decades. Perhaps the most feared is an abrupt collapse in the huge Atlantic "conveyor belt" system that brings warm water north from the

equator, keeping Europe several degrees warmer than it would otherwise be. Evaporation of this incoming flow leaves the belt with a higher salt content than the rest of the North Atlantic, which is fed by substantial freshwater runoff from continental watersheds. The belt cools and becomes denser as it approaches Greenland, where it sinks. It then travels far below the surface in a south-moving return flow.

（18）从另一方面说，有证据表明一些事件会在数十年的时间内从根本上改变气候。也许人们大多数的担忧是巨大的大西洋“传送带”会发生一种突然的崩溃。这个“传送带”从赤道北部带来了温暖的水，使它比原来的温度高几度。这种流入水的消失会使“传送带”变得比北大西洋其它地区的盐度都高，北大西洋其它的地区存储着大量从陆地流域流入的淡水。这个“传送带”中的水在接近格陵兰岛时会变得冰冷而且稠密，在那里它下沉了。然后它随着向南流动的回流表层下部远去。

(19) But what if human-induced global warming altered the delicate temperature difference between the flows and at the same time caused increased rainfall over the oceans, diluting the salinity of the northward flow? The whole Atlantic conveyor belt could simply shut down, as ocean-sediment evidence suggests it has several times in the past. The effect would be locally disastrous. By one estimate, Ireland would have about the same temperature as present-day Spitsbergen, which is hundreds of miles above the Arctic Circle. Much of northern Europe would be largely uninhabitable. （19）但是人类引起的全球变暖改变了水流之间的微妙的温度差，同时在海洋上引起的降雨量增加，稀释北上水流的盐度又怎样？整个大西洋输送带可以简单地关闭，因为海洋沉积物的证据表明，它在过去发生过好几次。影响会是局部灾难性的。根据一个预测，爱尔兰将会和现在位于北极圈数百英里以上的斯匹次卑尔根有大约相同的温度。欧洲北部的大部分将不适合居住。

(20) No one knows for certain whether such things will happen. Beyond that the specific human effect on climate change will remain hauntingly indefinite until our knowledge increases and the models improve.

（20）没人确信这些事情是不是真的会发生。除了对气候做出特别的人为影响，

这种不确定性将会一直萦绕人们的心头直到我们的知识增加和理论提高。

The Greenhouse Effect

温室效应

(l)The air we breathe keeps us alive in more ways than one. Without our atmosphere, average global temperature would be about minus 18℃ (minus 0.4℉)instead of the present 15℃ (59℉). All the incoming sunlight, with energy equivalent to about three 100-watt light bulbs per square yard, would strike Earth's surface, causing it to emit infrared waves like a giant radiator. That heat would simply travel unimpeded back out into the void.

（l）我们呼吸的空气不止从一个方面确保我们活着。没有大气层，全球平均温度大约是零下18℃（零下0.4℉），而不是现在的15℃（59℉）。所有入射的太阳光，每平方码的能量相当于3个100瓦的灯泡，会撞击地球表面，使它像一个巨大的散热器一样发射出红外波。这种热将简单地传播，无阻碍地返回到虚空中去。

(2) Because of the atmosphere, however, only a fraction of that heat makes it directly back into space. The rest is trapped in the lower air layers, which contain a number of gases一water vapor, C0?, methane, and others —that absorb the outgoing infrared radiation. As those gases heat up, some of their warmth radiates back down to the surface. The entire process is called the greenhouse effect, and most of it is caused by the predominant greenhouse gas, water vapor·

（2）然而，由于大气，只有一小部分的热量，使它直接回到太空。剩下的热量被困在低层大气中，其中含有一些气体—水汽，C0?，甲烷和其他气体—吸收外面的红外辐射。由于这些气体加热，它们的一些温暖辐射回地面。整个过程被称为温室效应，大部分是由主要的温室气体，水蒸气引起的。

(3) With increased heating, more water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and soils. Because a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapor, this creates a powerful feedback loop: the hotter it gets, the higher the water vapor content of the air, and thus the greater the greenhouse warming. （3）因为热量增加，更多的水从海洋、湖泊和土壤中蒸发掉。由于一个温暖的大气可以容纳更多的水蒸气，这创造了一个强大的反馈回路：它得到的热量越多，空气中水蒸气含量越高，从而温室变暖越严重。

(4) Human beings have little direct control over the volume of water in the atmosphere. But we produce other greenhouse gases that intensify the effect. The IPCC estimates that rising C0?emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels, account for about 60 percent of the warming observed since 1850. Carbon dioxide concentration has been increasing about 0.3 percent higher than it was before the industrial revolution. If current rates continue, it will rise to at least twice pre-industrial levels by about 2060-and by the end of the century could be four times as high. That is particularly worrisome because C0?has a lifetime of more than a hundred years in the atmosphere, compared with eight days for water vapor. （4）人类对大气中的水的体积几乎没有直接的控制权。但我们生产的其他温室气体可以加剧影响。IPCC估计， C0?排放上升，大部分来自化石燃料的燃烧，占据了自1850年开始观察的气候变暖的60%。二氧化碳浓度比工业革命之前持续增加了约0.3%。如果目前的速度持续下去，到2060左右至少会上升到工业化前水平的两倍—到本世纪末，可能高达四倍。这是特别令人担忧的，因为与水蒸气的八天寿命相比，C0?在大气中的寿命超过一百年。

(5) Pushing their way through emerging cities like Barakar, India, automobiles carry unwanted cargo一C0? emissions. Since the late 1700s, the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities have increased atmospheric C0? concentrations more than 30 percent. While the amount added to the air by humans, roughly 7 billion metric tons a year, is a tiny fraction of the total held by the atmosphere-750 billion tons-and an even smaller figure compared with that held in the oceans—about 35 trillion tons—it remains a significant amount. The reason: Natural processes are in balance, drawing about as much C0? from the air as they deposit. Human activity, however, only adds C0?.

（5）通过印度Barakar这样的新兴城市推动它们的方式，利用汽车运载无用的货物—C0?排放。自18世纪晚期，化石燃料和其他人类活动燃烧使大气C0?浓度超过30%。

然而人类向空气中每年大约增加70亿吨量的C0?，是大气C0?总容量的一小部分的—750亿吨—与海洋中的容量相比是一个更小的数字—大约35兆吨—它仍然是一个重要的数量。原因是：自然过程是平衡的，空气吸收的C0?和它们存储的差不多从。然而人类活动，只是增加C0?容量。

(6) Much remains to be learned about Earth's carbon cycle and the role

of the oceans as a "sink" for CO

. Despite such uncertainties, the computer

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programs used to model Earth's climate are improving rapidly. Current models do well in simulating seasonal variations and climate over thousands of years, leading most scientists to take their overall projections seriously.

作用还有许多有待了解。不管有这些不确定（6）地球的碳循环和海洋汇集CO

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性，用于模拟地球气候的计算机程序正在迅速改善。目前的模型很好地模拟了几千年的季节性变化和气候，导致大多数科学家认真地接受他们的全部预测。(7) Methane, the principal ingredient of natural gas, has caused an estimated 15 percent of the warming in modem times. Generated by bacteria in rice fields, decomposing garbage, cattle ranching, and fossil fuel production, methane persists in the atmosphere for nearly a decade and is now about 2.5 times as prevalent as it was in the 18th century. Other major greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide-produced by both agriculture and industry-and various solvents and refrigerants like chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are now banned by international treaty because of their damaging effect on Earth's protective ozone layer. （7）甲烷是天然气的主要成分，在现代已造成约15%的气候变暖。在稻田细菌，分解垃圾，养牛，和化石燃料生产的过程中产生，甲烷在大气中持续了将近十年，现在是在第十八世纪普遍存在的2.5倍。其他主要的温室气体包括NO—在农业和工业中产生—各种溶剂和制冷剂如氯氟烃，或者CFCs，现在已经被国际条约禁止，因为它们会破坏保护地球的臭氧层。

(8) The relentless accumulation of greenhouse gases has led the IPCC to project that in the next hundred years global average temperatures will rise by 1 to 3.5 degrees C. That may not seem like much. Yet the "little ice age", an anomalous cold snap that peaked from 1570 to 1730 and forced European farmers to abandon their fields, was caused by a change of only half a degree C.

(8)温室气体的不断积累，令IPCC预测在下一个百年全球平均气温将上升1到3.5℃。看起来可能不太多。然而，“小冰河时代”，一个异常寒冷的瞬间，使最高温度从1570变为1730，并迫使欧洲农民放弃他们的田地，只是由一个半度的变化引起的。

(9) But how credible are current projections? The computer models used to project greenhouse effects far into the future are still being improved

to accommodate a rapidly growing font of knowledge. And it is remarkably difficult to detect a definitive "signature" of human activity in the world's widely fluctuating climate record.

（9）但目前的预测有多可信？用于预测遥远将来温室效应的计算机模型仍在改进，以适应快速增长的知识。而且世界上广泛波动的气候记录很难检测到一个明确的人类活动的“签名”。

Toyota’s Story in Eur ope

丰田汽车在欧洲

(1) It’s Monday afternoon inside Toyota Motor Corp.’s Valenciennes plant northern France, where workers turn and bend over the assembly line to meet demanding hourly production target. Red neon numbers mounted high above the river of moving cars blink steadily, comparing the rate of completed autos with the company’s goal. Demand for the Yairs subcompacts this pristine plant cranks out is outstripping the 920-per-day output. So Valenciennes has hired 500 more workers and this month is adding a third shift foR round-the-clock production—a first in Toyota manufacturing history. “We produce a car every minute. That’s the maximum. The solution is to try three shifts,” says Didier Leory, senior

vice-president of Toyota MotoR Manufacturing, France.”

（1）一个周一的下午，丰田汽车制造公司旗下位于法国北部的瓦朗西安工厂内，工人们为达到每小时的生产目标，熟练且有条不紊的在装配线上忙碌着。在汽车生产流水线上方，红色霓虹灯数字持续地闪烁着，表示与公司目标对比下的汽车生产率稳步增长。对于这个新工厂迅速出产的丰田威姿微型汽车，公司要求日产量超过920辆。因此，瓦朗西安工厂雇佣了500多个工人，并且这个月实行三轮班制度不分昼夜地生产，这在丰田汽车制造史上尚属首次。法国丰田制造公司的高级副总裁Didier Leroy说“我们每一分钟就能生产出一辆汽车，这已经是最大限度了，相应的解决方案就是尝试三轮班制度。”

(2)Toyota, a marginal player in Europe, is becoming a fearsome market force as it applies itself to winning a bigger share of the Old World’s roadways. Sales in Europe rose 20.6% in the first four months of this year, following a 10.4 % leap in 2003, to 835,000 cars. Those gains, fueled partly by the redesigned Yaris, pushed Toyota’s market share in Western Europe to 5.3% in April, up from 4.5% a year ago, overtaking Mercedes and Audi and ending close to Italy’s Fiat. “Every point Toyota gains is hurting the others badly,” says Peter Soliman, partner at Booz Allen Hamilton’s Disseldorf office.

（2）在欧洲并不起眼的丰田汽车，随着其在东半球公路市场赢得了更大的份额，

正在成为一股不容小觑的市场竞争力量。今年前四个月，丰田汽车在欧洲的销量上升了20.6%，紧接着在2003年销量又提高了10.4%，销售达到835000辆汽车。重新设计的丰田威姿汽车在一定程度上促进了这些成绩的取得，推动丰田汽车四月份在西欧的市场份额从去年的4.5%上升到今年的5.3%，其份额超过了梅塞迪斯汽车和奥迪汽车，并逐渐接近意大利的菲亚特汽车。“丰田的每一点收益都在严重打击着其他对手，”博思艾伦咨询公司合伙人彼得·苏莱曼说。

(3) Toyota is determined to snare even bigger gains in Europe. Its goal is to up its market share there to 8% by 2010. The world’s No. 2 auto maker spent the 1990s slowly acquiring a hefty 11% chunk of the $457 billion U.S. auto market. Industry experts say the Japanese giant has a good shot at becoming one of the leading auto brands in Europe and could well exceed its 8% target. “They are producing cars European really want,” says Garel Rhys, professor of automotive economics at the Cardiff Business School in Wales. “Toyota will become a major competitive threat in Europe now.”

（3）丰田决心在欧洲获得更大的收益。它的目标是到2010把它的市场份额上升到8%。世界第二大汽车制造商在20世纪90年代缓慢地从4570亿美元的美国汽车市场中获得11%的份额。业内专家说，日本巨人有一个很好的机会成为欧洲领先的汽车品牌之一，并可能超过其8%的目标。盖瑞尔·里斯说，“他们生产欧洲人真正想要的汽车”，他是威尔士卡迪夫商学院的汽车经济学教授。“丰田将成为欧洲的主要竞争威胁。”

(4) Soaring sales are also helping Toyota’s bottom line. European revenues rose 35.3% in 2003, to $19.5 billion. Operating profit rose nearly ninefold, to $654 million. Behind the sales surge are investments in local design and production—a strategy Toyota has followed with success in the U.S. Half the Toyotas sold in Europe are built at factories in Britain, France, and Turkey. In 2005, when a joint-venture plant with PSA Peugeot Citroen starts operations, Toyota’s local production will rise to 60%, nearly matching the level of local production in the U.S. By 2010 the company aims to sell 1.2 million cars in Europe, maching the scales levels of Peugeot and Ford Motor Co. brands. “Toyota’s success are real. People are taking serious notice, but no one has a good plan

to combat it,” says Booz Allan’s Soliman.

（4）飙升的销量也有助于丰田的底线。欧洲的收入在2003上升35.3%，达到195亿美元。营业利润增长近9倍，达到6亿5400万美元。销售潮的背后是对当地设计和生产的投资—丰田在美国占据欧洲一半销售额的一个成功战略是建立在英国，法国和土耳其的工厂里。在2005年，当合资工厂以及标致雪铁龙开始行动，丰田在本地的产量上升至60%，接近美国在本地的产量。公司的目标是到2010年在欧洲出售1.2万辆汽车，接近标致雪铁龙和福特汽车公司的规模。“丰田的成功是真实的。人们正认真关注，但没有一个有好的计划抗衡它”， Booz Allan' s Soliman说。

(5) Thanks to its new design studio in southern France, near Nice, Toyota’s recent models look distinctly Mediterranean. Its whimsical Yaris, which starts at $12,000, exudes Latin flair with its cute snout and peppy stance. “The first good result to come out of our effort was the Yaris,” says Toyota Motor Euro pe CEO Shulei Toyoda, one of the founding family scions. Toyota’s new compact minivan, the Corola Verso, at $25,000, matches the avant-garde styling pioneered by French and German rivals. Once-blah interiors sport higher-quality fabrics, dashboards, and knobs, while clean diesel engines are helping to power sales. （5）多亏了丰田公司在法国南部靠近尼斯的新设计室，丰田最近的模型看起来明显的具有地中海风格。丰田旗下起步价12000美元的威姿，其可爱的车头和活泼的车型散发着拉丁风格。“我们努力换来的第一个好成果是威姿，”丰田汽车欧洲创始家族的成员、丰田首席执行官徐雷说。丰田的新型简约小型货车花冠微型面包车，售价25000美元，可以与竞争对手法国和德国开创的前卫造型相匹敌。单调的内部高品质面料、仪表盘和旋钮，以及清洁柴油发动机有助于汽车的销售。

(6) European auto makers have more to fear from Toyota than a handful of hot models. While the Japanese powerhouse was figuring out how to build cars attractive to Europeans, it was also bearing down on costs to wield the efficiency n eeded to prevail in one of the world’s lowest-margin auto markets. Toyota’s management asked engineers to propose an innovative, cost-saving design for the Valencienne facility. The result, a compact, star-shaped factory, was a first at Toyota. It features a production area with limited space to store parts or components. The 21/2 hours’ worth

of inventory on hand is lower than at any other Toyota factory in the world. “Some Toyota engineers said this plant could not work,” recalls Lerroy, “They said if we had any problem, it would stop the lines.

（6）相比其它少数热销车型，欧洲汽车制造商更担心丰田汽车。日本公司在解决怎样制造吸引欧洲人的汽车的同时，也在满足使用率的条件下削减成本，以便于在世界低赢利的汽车市场中占有一席之地。丰田汽车公司的管理人员要求工程师们为瓦朗西安的设备？提出一个既创新又节约成本的设计方案。最终，一个紧凑的星形工厂首次在丰田公司诞生。这个工厂的特征是，其生产区域存放零件和组件的空间有限。这个工厂两个半小时的存货价值比世界上其他丰田汽车工厂都低。雷洛伊回忆：“一些丰田公司的工程师说这些工厂不会运作起来，他们说如果我们出现任何问题，都会使生产线停止生产。”

(7) The daring design was a hit. By putting every production process under one roof—from press machinery to welding, painting, assembly, and final quality checks—Toyota cut the overall investment required for the plant by 40 %, to $732 million. The thin inventory levels act as a warning when things go wrong, since backlogs or rapidly depleted stacks of components are immediately noticeable. Over three years, Valenciennes’s so-called “lean design” has pr oven so successful that Toyota is basing its new joint-venture (with PSA Peugeot Citroen) on it. Dozens of Czech workers have been trained in France, preparing for next year’s ramp-up on Kolin, near Prague.

（7）大胆的设计是一个打击。通过把每一个生产过程放在同一个屋檐下—从机械压制到焊接，绘画，装配，和最终质量检查—丰田把工厂所需的总投资削减了40%，至7亿3200万美元。因为积压或迅速消耗成堆的零件是显而易见的，当事情出错时，稀少的库存水平作为一个警告。在过去的三年中，瓦朗谢讷的所谓“精益设计”已被证明非常成功，丰田是建立在新的合资（与标致雪铁龙）基础上的。捷克数十名工人已在法国接受培训，为了在布拉格附近的科林为下一年量产做准备。

(8) The design of the French plant is just one example of how Toyota is quietly but relentlessly increasing the standard of efficiency in Europe. European auto makers such as Fiat, Adam Opel, and Ford, which can never seem to get out of the red, will feel the squeeze.

（8）法国工厂的设计只是丰田在欧洲如何悄悄地并无情地提高效率标准的一个例子。欧洲的汽车制造商，如菲亚特，亚当欧宝和福特，这些似乎永远不会离开赤字，将会感觉到压力。

(9) One challenge still facing Toyota is burnishing its brand. Although the Japanese giant regularly ranks first in a variety of quality surveys across Europe, consumers don’t perceive Toyota as the quality leader. “That’s our No. 1 headache,’ s ays Toyota. But as Europeans see more Toyota on the street, opinions are changing. “The people I know who have once told me they were great and that they never had any problem even after two years,” says Farhat Daouadi, a 49-year-old Parisian taxi driver who recently turned in his Renault for a blue Toyota Avensis Verso diesel minivan.

（9）丰田仍然面临的一个挑战是塑造自身品牌。虽然日本巨头定期在欧洲的各种质量调查中排名第一，但消费者不认为丰田是质量领先者。“这是我们的1号头痛问题，”丰田说。但随着欧洲人在街上看到更多的丰田，观点也在变化。“我认识的人曾经告诉我，丰田车是很好的，即使两年后丰田车也从来没有任何问题，Farhat Daouadi说，他是一个49岁的巴黎出租车司机，最近把他的雷诺汽车换成蓝色丰田Avensis Verso柴油货车。

(10) No doubt, European car makers will give Toyota a tough battle for every inch of ground. Twenty years ago, many European auto executives trooped to Japan to learn how to bolster quality and productivity, says Petro Nueno, professor at International Graduate School of Management on Barcelona. “Now they will have to run faster.” Peugeot’s factories already operate three shifts, and Volkswagen’s Spanish unit SEAT recently won more flexible labor conditions from its normally intransigent unions. “There’s going to be a reaction. It will be good for the automotive industry here,” says Neuno. But the gain won’t come without pain.

（10）毫无疑问，欧洲的汽车制造商将在每一寸土地上给丰田一场艰苦的战斗。二十年前，许多欧洲汽车业高管们去日本学习如何提高质量和生产力，巴塞罗那的国际管理研究生院教授Petro Nueno说：“现在他们将会跑得更快。”标致的工厂已经运行三班倒，大众的西班牙单位最近从通常不妥协的工会获得更灵活的劳动条件。“将有一个反应。它对这里的汽车行业有好处”，Nueno说。但是收获不

会没有付出。

Why Diesel一powered Cars Are In and Electric Cars Are Out?

为什么柴油车而不是电动车变得时髦起来？

(1) Strange as it may seem, diesel is staking a claim to be the environmentally friendly fuel of the future.

（1）尽管听起来很奇怪，柴油将代表着未来的环保燃料。

(2) For car makers, at least, being smaller certainly seems more beautiful. At the recent Paris Motor Show they vied with each other to show small, economical cars, such as the tiny Volkswagen Lupo and the Toyota Yaris. The Lupo is billed as the world's first three-liter car一the number referring not to the size of its engine, but to its meagre thirst. It is the first car capable of traveling 100 kilometers on three liters of fuel, or about 90 miles to the gallon.

（2）对于汽车制造商而言，汽车越小，似乎就越好。在最近的巴黎车展上，制造商们争相展示小而经济的汽车，比如微型大众卢坡和丰田的YARIS。LUPO已经成为世界上第一个“三升”汽车-这个“三升”不是指发动机的排放量，而是指它极低的耗油量。LUPO是首款能够行驶100公里而只耗油3升，也就是大约行

驶90英里只耗油1加仑的汽车。

(3) What makes this possible is a new kind of turbo-charged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine. The same technology, which has already appeared in a BMW, is also hitting the road in a Mercedes, an Alfa Romeo, and in cars from Volkswagen, Rover, Peugeot and CitroEn. Soon it will be common to all manufacturers' models as an engine option. Suddenly, diesel is cool.

（3）是一个新的涡轮增压直喷柴油发动机使这成为可能。相同的技术，它已经出现在宝马汽车上，也将要出现在是奔驰，阿尔法罗密欧，大众，罗孚，标致雪铁龙汽车上。很快，作为所有制造商的模型的一个引擎选项，这将是普遍的。突然，柴油很受欢迎。

(4) Behind this unlikely turn of events is a new generation of electronically controlled, high pressure fuel-injection systems combined with new "common-rail" technology. This promises to make diesel as quiet and smooth as petrol, while offering much greater fuel economy. It is also cleaner. After years as the poor, filthy relation to petrol engines, diesel has cleaned itself up. Why now?

（4）在这种不太可能的形式变化的背后，是新一代电控，高压燃油喷射系统与新高压共轨技术的结合。这种结合将使柴油使用如汽油一样安静顺畅，同时提供了更高的燃油经济性。同时柴油更加清洁。数年后，当汽油发动机变脏，性能变弱时，柴油发动机已经完成了自我清洁。为什么柴油发动机在现在变得时髦起来了呢？

(5) The short answer is that diesel represents the industry's best hope of cutting carbon dioxide emissions. That means that diesel best fits in with the car makers' medium-term thinking about their industry.

（5）简短的答案是，柴油代表了行业内关于削减二氧化碳排放量的最高希望。这意味着，柴油最适合汽车制造商关于他们行业的中期考虑。

(6) America, Japan and Europe are imposing ever-tighter rules to cut air pollution from cars. Battery electric vehicles have been dismissed as a colossal flop, so hybrid-electric vehicles, which use an

internal-combustion engine for long journeys and an electric motor in town, will be a stop-gap to cut pollution and comply with laws limiting vehicle emissions. Then, from about 2007, environmentally friendly cars powered by fuel cells will begin to make an appearance. Eventually these vehicles, which will be able to run on hydrogen extracted from conventional hydrocarbon fuel, are expected to displace petrol and diesel vehicles. （6）美国，日本，欧洲都正倾向于实施规则来减少由于汽车造成的空气污染。纯电动汽车作为一个巨大的失败品，已经逐渐消失，因此，一种使用针对长途旅行使用内燃机引擎和针对城市使用电动发动机的混合动力电动汽车将会是一个

减少污染和满足汽车尾气排放规定的权宜之计。当然，从2007年开始，由燃料电池供能的环境友好型汽车将会开始出现。最终这些汽车被期望去取代汽油和柴油汽车，这些汽车能够通过从传统的混合燃料中提取氢来供能运行。

(7) In the meantime, before hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles materialise, the conventional wisdom had been that ever-more refined petrol engines would dominate, better catalysts would clean up exhaust emissions; more precise fuel injection would make engines cleaner and more economical. （7）在混合动力和燃料电池汽车突然出现之前的那段时间，传统智能车已经占据了市场的主导地位，通过更多的精确控制汽油发动机，智能车能用更好的催化剂来清理尾气排放量；更多的严格控制汽油注入使得能量更清洁而且更经济。(8) But now that politicians and the green lobby are getting more worked up about emissions of global-warming gases, European car makers are

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译6

1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确

新建科技英语阅读与翻译

Part I Reading comprehension (40%) 共四篇，其中一篇来自教材，占10%； Passage 6 1. 1) Yes, it is. 2) Once the technology had evolved, it became possible. It is just a matter of time. 3) The faster you go, the slower time seems to move for you with respect to everyone else. This concept is known as “time dilation.” 4) travel at the speed of light; 5) If your speed finally reaches the speed of light then time actually stands still, exceed the speed of light and its thought that time will start to flow backward. 6) An effect of Relativity is that the faster you go, the heavier you become and as you reach the speed of light, you become infinitely heavy. 7) The technique is called “quantum tunneling”. It is used by electrons orbiting around atoms to instantly move from point A to point B without passing through the space between. 8)It is actually only technology stopping us from doing it. 2. 1) 即使如我面前的杯子这么普通的东西也可以说某种程度上掌握了时间旅行。它在桌子上放着，看似无所事事，然而实际上正在穿越时空，无情地，它的速度是每天走一天。 2）如果我跑到这咖啡店的速度接近光速，当我坐下来时，我的年龄小于我周围的人。实际上，我已经走到他们的未来。 3) 剩下的就是当宇宙倒退时，以这个速度飞行，在适当的时候减速，然后在1973年7月突然出现，那是有史以来最伟大的时刻——我出生啦。 Passage 7 1. 1)By altering the function of one gene, the life span of a species of roundworm could be

section2--1-4科技英语阅读与翻译教程文件

s e c t i o n2--1-4科技英语阅读与翻译

1 Monograph专著 1. The general definition of a monograph Scientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist's appreciation of, these topics. 2. The value of monographs for scientific researches The value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering generally. 3. The qualities of the authors of monographs The authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required. 4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities. 5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Conference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries. Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life. 6. The main components of a monograph The author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index, illustrations, preface and introduction. 7. An indication of the book’s su ccess The number of editions is an indication of the book’s success. 8. The function of the blurb It gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains and for whom it is written. 2 Academic Journal学术期刊 1. The general definition of an academic journal An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.

《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第10~12章【圣才出品】

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稻草建筑材料在未来是否成为可能？ 露易丝·蒂克尔用稻草修房子并没有为《三只小猪》中的第一只带来任何好处，但是，如果巴斯大学的研究成果被建筑行业所接受的话，那么现代草砖将会成为未来的伟大设计。 说到一个草砖房子，你可能会联想到一个摇摇欲坠的窝棚，它漏水，发出吱吱的响声，随时都会垮塌在地，还带着类似农家的气息。但是当你踏入BaleHaus的时候，一个被修建于巴斯大学校园里，看起来原始的当代房屋，将会令你吃惊地出展现在你面前，并且，你会发现你无法找到任何一缕稻草。相反，你在一楼的走廊将会看到一个拥有两间卧室和一个浴室的倒置房子，和楼上一个通风的开放式的生活区。这就像是从斯堪的纳维亚半岛抵达了萨默赛特郡。 这些由石灰做底泥制成的，干燥稻草捆，原来都是被紧紧捆住并放置于一系列预制好的木质矩形框架结构的墙中的，它们像乐高拼装玩具一样被嵌入一个叫做ModCell 的嵌板中。 这些“草屋”存在的问题似乎并不在于它们并不实用，而是人们意识到它们有点非主流，并且并不是特别耐用。再加上，这样的草屋很难拿去获得抵押贷款。 巴斯大学BRE的建筑材料创新中心的主管Peter Walker 教授指出，稻草的好处在于：“它是便宜、易于广泛应用的良好绝缘体材料，它被用在房屋建筑上已经好几百年。” 作为整个世界的工业副产品——这些秸秆在谷物收获以后被留下——只要它们不分解，就仍然有效地吸收和固定大气中的碳。对于建筑行业来说，当前所依赖的材料是无论在生产还是运输上都具有极高的能耗和碳消耗的嵌入式混凝土和砖——因此，稻草可以为解决温室气体排放这一问题提供一个友好的解决方案。 无论这个草屋看上去有多时髦，多现代化还是多环保，你仍然想要知道它是否会在雷电交加的暴风雨中被淋得湿透或者是否会因你打翻的蜡烛，而被被嗖嗖的火焰烧的精光。Walker 教授和他的研究伙伴公布了他们的研究结果，Dr Katharine Beadle 花费了18个月的时间，通过一个详尽的危险因素清单去测试这个BaleHaus被腐蚀、烧毁、吹倒的可能，到目前为止，这个房子看来似乎是可靠的。 “你总想有点戏剧性的意外，但我们没让它发生。”Beadle 教授在团队将一块ModCell 的取样拿到测试实验室去，用一个温度不断上升并超过1000℃的火热的熔炉试图将其融为灰烬的那天笑着说。 “这是一个重现建筑火灾的标准化测试。”Walker 教授解释道。 “你需要至少30分钟的抵抗时间，这意味着你知道那个房子至少在半小时内会保持其结构的完整，这给了人们一个逃生的机会。” 在石灰底泥开始掉落之前，这花费了一个半小时直接接触火焰，Beadle说。“之后稻草开始燃烧，然而他们是如此的坚实以至于只是表面被烧焦而不是实体的瓦解。”

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Unit 1大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下 有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。

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科技英语阅读1-10单元译文： Unit 1 罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发） 1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。 1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。例如，我们可以用x 代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3