意大利萨克米压机外部说明图 英语

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2.4

DIAGRAMS

2.4.1

HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC DIAGRAMS

The schematic is presented as a block diagram in order to highlight the different separate areas in the machine. The hydraulic and pneumatic parts are numbered and listed so that the functions can be well identified.

Block diagram A PREFILLING TANK B

AIR CONTROLS B1FILLER BOX HOPPER GATE CONTROL B3DIE-SET BLOWER CONTROL B4BRUSH CONTROL (UP & DOWN)C PLUNGER CONTROL

D HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT E

AUX. EQUIPMENT CONTROL E1UPPER FORMING DIE-SET CONTROL (OPTIONAL)E2MIRROR FINISHED DIE-SET CONTROL (OPTIONAL)E3DIE-SET LOCK CONTROL F

KNOCKOUT CONTROL

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005Check valve, Main pumps 012Accumulator, Aux. equipment 018Accumulator, Upstroke

034Emergency check valves, Pump suction line 046Fluid coupling 048Heat exchanger

054Check valve, Oil leak collector pump 058a/b Main pump

059Reducing valve, Brush rotation control

060Compensated restrictor, Brush rotation control

067Pressure gauge, Aux. equipment pressure and cock 071Safety valve, Pressurisation control 072Air filter, Pressurisation circuit

073Pressure reducer, Air in the pressurisation circuit 074Check valve, Air in the pressurisation circuit 075Pressure gauge, Air in the pressurisation circuit 078Filtering unit pump 079a/b Main filters

084Coupling, Oil leak collector pump 085Oil leak collector pump

086Suction filter, Oil leak collector pump 097Check valve for changing filters 105Oil leak collector tank

111Pressure relief valve, Pump circuit 112Safety valve, Hydraulic circuit 117Logic element, Cylinder pressure 118Logic element, Cylinder drain 122Plunger-and-cylinder assembly 124Cylinder

126Prefilling tank 127Prefilling valve

140Pressure reducing valve, Mirror-finished die set 141Accumulator, Mirror finished die-set 142Pressure gauge, Mirror finished die-set 143Drain cock, Mirror finished die-set 144Cock, Main pump suction line

145Restrictor, Non return valve, Mirror-finished die set 153Cock, Accumulator drain 154Cock, Suction system

157Pressure relief valve, Pump on supply line and removal 166Pressure reducing valve, Intermediate duct 179Cylinder, Die dampener 180a1Knockout cylinder 180a2Knockout cylinder 180b1Knockout cylinder 180b2Knockout cylinder

183Check valve, Hydraulic die release 184SFS cylinder

188Pressure reducing valve, Aux. equipment circuit 194Pressure reducing valve, Brush drive 195Hydraulic motor, Brush

196Pressure gauge, Intermediate duct

198Pressure gauge, SPE return stroke chamber 2 + 2cylinders

222Flow control, ALM gate cylinder 223Flow control, ALM gate cylinder 224Gate cylinder

228Pressure relief valve, Plunger upstroke 229Pressure reducing valve, Piloting circuit 230Logic element, Plunger downstroke 238Valve, Max. flywheel braking

239

Pressure relief valve, Max. hydraulic accumulator pressure

2.4.2

LIST OF THE HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS

243Logic element, Flywheel brake 247Check valve, Cylinder downstroke 249Restrictor, SFS delivery line 250Restrictor, SFS accumulator

252Filter, Proportional valve protection

254Quick-connect coupling, Oil filling/drainage 264Air filter, Brush ass’y

265Pressure gauge, Brush ass’y 266Pressure reducer, Brush ass’y 267Oiler, Brush ass’y

269Flow regulator, Brush drive cylinder 270Cylinder, Brush drive

271Filter, Pressurisation system 272Air filter, ALM gate

273Pressure reducer, ALM gate 275Pressure gauge, ALM gate 277Oiler, ALM gate

336Pressure reducing valve, SFS circuit 337Accumulator, SFS circuit 338Pressure gauge, SFS circuit 339Drain cock, SFS circuit

382Actuator air filter, Pneumatic lock

383Actuator pressure reducer, Pneumatic lock 384Actuator pressure gauge, Pneumatic lock 385Oiler, Pneumatic lock

386Throttle, Cylinder speed regulation, Pneumatic lock BP1Transducer, Cylinder pressure

BP2Transducer, Aux. equipment pressure BP4Transducer, Pump pressure

BP5Pressure transducer, Upstroke chamber BP6Pressure transducer, SPE upstroke BP7Pressure transducer, SPE downstroke BT4Thermostat, Oil temperature M1Main motor

M3Oil collector pump motor

M11Motor, Filtering and cooling system pump SP1Pressure switch, Filter 1 clogged SP1s Pressure switch, Filter 2 clogged SP2Pressure switch, Main cylinder SP3Pressure switch, Pump 1 suction

SP5Pressure switch, SPE piloting system filter clogged SP7Pressure switch, Plunger control pilot system filter clogged

SL1Oil level in reservoir

SL3Min. level in oil-leak collection tank SL4Max. level in oil-leak collection tank SQ50Limit switch, Suction line cock SQ60Limit switch, Hopper gate open SQ61Limit switch, Hopper gate closed

YV11Solenoid valve, Pressure in main circuit YV19Solenoid valve, Press-stroke control

YV22a Solenoid valve, 1st pair of SE cylinders up-down YV22b Solenoid valve, 2nd pair of SE cylinders up-down YV22s Solenoid valve, Pressure in SE control YV25Solenoid valve, SE die-set slow movement YV32Proportional flow regulator, Plunger up-down

YV31s/d Solenoid valve, Plunger upstroke-downstroke in SETUP mode

YV70Solenoid valve, Cylinder drain

YV104Solenoid valve, Oil leak compensation

YV107

Solenoid valve, Automatic plunger upstroke

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YV171a/i Solenoid valve, Brush speed control YV172Solenoid valve, SFS knockout YV173Solenoid valve, Die-set blower

YV192Solenoid valve, Brush up-down control YV193Solenoid valve, SFS punch return stroke YV221Solenoid valve, ALM Hopper gate control YV226Solenoid valve, Pump separation YV259pressure relief valve, Filtration circuit

YV279Solenoid valve, High water flow rate control YV290Solenoid valve, Pressurisation in tank stopped YV298Solenoid valve, Bottom die lock

YV303Solenoid valve, Plunger downstroke control

YV304a Solenoid valve, Oil top up in 1st pair of SE cylinders YV304b Solenoid valve, Oil top up in 2nd pair of SE cylinders YV305Solenoid valve, Pump delivery control

YV306Proportional flow regulator, Secondary circuit YV307Solenoid valve, Prefilling valve control

YV308Solenoid valve, Pressure in piloting system

YV309Proportional solenoid valve, Pump line pressure YV313Solenoid valve, Actuator control, Pneumatic lock

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2.5

OPERATION

2.5.1

FAST HEATING

In order for the press to run efficiently, the oil temperature must be kept at around 40°C. If the oil is below this temperature when the machine begins to run, the press heats it up to at least 30°C before starting an automatic work-cycle. However,it is possible to start up the machine.

NOTE: With temperatures lower than 5°C, use an external heater.

At temperatures below 30°C the pumps of the hydraulic power unit will recirculate the oil at a pressure of 150 bar. The pressure is controlled by proportional pressure relief valve YV309. As the oil circulates the electrical energy dissipated is converted into heat. With the help of logic element 111, the dissipated energy heats up all the oil in a short time (depending on the initial temperature). If the controller finds the oil temperature to be <2°C it prevents main motor M1from being started up.2.5.2

ADDITIONAL OIL HEATER (OPTIONAL)

An additional oil heater can be used in order to start up the machine when the oil temperature is below 5 °C.This heater includes motor-screw pump M18 and electric heater EH18.

If the oil temperature is below 5 °C when the press is started up, the PLC will not allow motor-filtering pump M11 to start running while motor M18 starts running. In addition, heater EH18 is energized until thermocouple BT4 measures the oil temperature is equal to or higher than 5°C.

Once this threshold has been exceeded, the system shuts off M18 and EH18 and allows motor-pump M11 and then main motor M1 to start running.

Thermostat T18 is installed at the oil heater outlet. This instrument is set to 60°C to prevent the oil from being damaged shutting down the heater and displaying a fault message in the event of motor-pump M18 or line malfunctioning.2.5.3

HEAT EXCHANGER AND FILTERING SYSTEM

The system consists of screw pump-and-motor unit M11-78, plate-type water-oil heat exchanger 48 and filter 79.Pump 78 draws the oil from the prefilling tank and delivers it to filtering unit 79 and heat exchanger 48. The oil is then sent to the main pumps.

Filters 79 are provided with pressure switches SP1 and SP1S which indicate when the filter elements are clogged.The flow rate of the cooling water is controlled by valve YV279.

The microprocessor based system measures the oil temperature thanks to thermocouple BT4 (located on the hydraulic power unit’s reservoir).

If the temperature increases

YV279 is energised when it reaches 41°C

Drive motor M1 will stop if motor M11 shuts off. As a result, the automatic work-cycle will be interrupted. To bring motor M1 back into operation, first run the heat exchanger motor M11by pressing button 0 on the control console.

If the temperature decreases

YV279 is de-energised when it reaches 39°C

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2.5.4

OIL LEAK RECOVERY SYSTEM

Tank 105 collects the hydraulic oil leaks from main cylinder 124 and KNOCKOUT SPE .

A level sensor, known as “1st oil level” (SL3) , is located inside tank 105; when the oil reaches the top level mark, motor-and-pump unit M3-85 will start running. The oil which passes through filter 86 is drawn out by the pump which will, in turn, deliver it to the reservoir of the hydraulic power unit.

Check valve 54 is used to prevent the oil from flowing back to tank 105. The level sensor will shut the pump off when the oil reaches the lower level mark.

A second “oil level sensor” (SL4) is located within tank 105. If the oil cannot be pumped into the reservoir of the hydraulic power unit (because of breakage of the coupler between the motor and pump, suction filter 86 is clogged, thermal cut-out on motor M3 tripped, etc..) a signal will be transmitted to the microprocessor system which will stop the press.2.5.5

MAIN PUMP RUNNING - SAFETY BAR INTERLOCKS ACTIVATED (UP)

The microprocessor-based control system is energised along with the motor starters when the master switch is turned to its “on” position.

a)the following units start running when key “0” is pressed:-Fan motor in the sound-proof housing (if installed);

-Motor-and-pump assembly for the filtering unit and heat exchanger (M11-78).

The pressure in the filtering system is controlled by check valves 33. As a result, pump 78 is drained when pumps 58are not drawing in oil. Filters 79 and pressure switches SP1 and SP1s , which indicate when filter 79 is clogged, are located on the delivery line of pump 78.

b)if key “0” is pressed again (at least ten seconds must elapse between operations “a” and “b”), main pump and motor (M1-58) will start running.Unit M1-58 is started up at low pressure in a pre-determined sequence when solenoid valve YV309 controls pump drainage along with logic element 111. It takes approx. 1 minute to start motor M11, due to the high flywheel inertia,before which no operations can be performed.

Pressure switch SP3 and is installed on the suction line of pump 58. These are used to monitor pump booster. In fact,whenever there is a fault in pump 78, the pressure falls at the suction end of the pumps (the latter are therefore forced to draw the oil in through check valves 34). Pressure switch SP3 immediately indicates the pressure drop and stops the main motor pump assembly. A fault message appears on micro-processor control system display. When the two motors have been started up, the pressure in the main circuit of the hydraulic power unit is about 20 bar.

At the end of the start-up procedure, solenoid valve YV22s is energised and sends the oil to valves YV22a and YV22b .The latter keep the die-set in position.

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2.5.6

POSITION TRANSDUCER - SETTINGS

The press is provided with digital transducers which continuously monitor the position of:- the plunger,- the knockout

- the mobile part of filler box CAF - the mobile feed hopper ALM

The press can control all operations as required by comparing the position of all moving parts (measured in real time)with data entered in the microprocessor control system by the operator.Encoders 1 and 2 (plunger position) “BQ6” and “BQ7”

The following settings can be entered for the plunger (see the Instructions B manual):- Plunger stoppage due to lack of powder

- End of braking position (position in which the plunger comes into contact with the powder)-Press-cycle start position (position in which the press-stroke starts)-Plunger raised position (automatic cycle)- End of braking during plunger upstroke

- Plunger parallelism error: this value, expressed in mm, indicates the maximum degree to which the plunger is inclined during the press-cycle Encoder 3 (filler box position) “BQ2”

The following settings can be entered for filler-box (see the Instructions B manual):- Position filler-box reaches when fully back - Position filler-box reaches when fully forward - Approach setting

- Filler-box speed during the forward stroke - Filler-box speed during the return stroke - Approach speed

- Filler box position for first die-set downstroke - Filler-box speed in manual mode

Sensor SQ2 will reset the encoder when energised by the cam. The latter is integral with the mobile part of the filler-box.Encoders 4 and 5 (knockout position) “BQ4” and “BQ5”

The following settings can be entered for the knockout (see the Instructions B manual):- Upper end-stops A and B - Speed during upstroke - Speed during downstroke

- Tile knockout between punches

- Knockout timing with filler-box during loading Encoder 6 (ALM position) “BQ10”

The following settings can be entered for the filler-box cycle (see the Instructions B manual):- Position ALM reaches when back - Position ALM reaches when forward - ALM speed during forward stroke - ALM speed during return stroke

- Position ALM reaches when the hopper gate is opened - Position ALM reaches when the hopper gate is closed

Sensor SQ10 will reset the encoder when energised by the cam. The latter is integral with the mobile part of the filler-box.

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2.5.7

SAFETY BAR INTERLOCKS DEACTIVATED (DOWN)

If the safety bar is lowered, the lock which prevents the plunger from being lowered is deactivated. Limit switch SQ51is deactivated while limit switch SQ52 is triggered, sending a signal to the microprocessor system.

As no signal to start operating is sent, the pressure in the hydraulic system will stabilise at around 20 bar. When a signal is received, the pump system is brought up to the required operating pressure set with proportional relief valves YV309.When valve 112 is set to a pressure of 350 bar , valve 111 acts as a hydraulic protection device. Remember that, once the pressure has been set to a safe level, it is good practice to lock the adjustment pins of the two valves by using the nuts. Otherwise the vibrations produced during operation may cause the pins to come loose and the set pressure to alter.The pressure level in valve 112 shall be referred to as “safety pressure ”.2.5.8

AXIS POSITIONING - TRANSDUCER RESETTING

To perform this operation, press keys 28 & 5 at the same time. This is to be done whenever the microprocessor based system is disconnected. The incremental position transducers must be reset in order to start machine cycling in automatic mode. “FILLER-BOX/DIE-SET/ALM ENCODER NOT RESET” will appear on the display of the microprocessor control system so as to inform the operator when this is to be done.

To position and reset, proceed as follows:- move the plunger fully up

- move the ALM right back to the reset sensor SQ10- move the filler box right back to the reset sensor SQ2

- move the die-set fully down to the encoder “zero” position (mechanical setting)

Once the above procedure has been completed, the microprocessor control system is ready to receive signals.2.5.9

DIE-SET CONTROL CIRCUIT

Press pushbuttons 13 & 25 to energise solenoid valve YV22s, YV25 as well as proportional valves YV22a and YV22b .Solenoid valve YV22s delivers oil to valves YV22a and YV22b which, in turn, supply oil to the two pairs of cylinders 180a1, 180a2, 180b1 and 180b2. The latter are used for the upward and downward movement. The cylinders on each side are joined to one another by an intermediate duct which ensures perfect timing. The pressure in the intermediate duct is restored by solenoid valves YV304a and YV304b . During each cycle the latter join the intermediate chambers to the reduced pressure line. This is accomplished through reducer 166.

In order for the cylinders to be precisely positioned, the pressure in the intermediate duct given on gauges 196 and 198must be as indicated on the plate. Check periodically. If this does not happen, proceed as directed in paragraph 4.2.2- INSTALLING AND REMOVING THE DIE-SET.

The speed and timing are controlled by the axis control card. The latter, in turn, is controlled by the microprocessor according to the position of the cylinders. Transducers BQ4 and BQ5 are used to monitor this position.

英语书法

English handwriting 2015-11-27 1) Do you get up early every day?2) Mary likes swimming very much. 3) Where are you going for holiday? 4) Do you like English or Science? 5) He likes singing, and I like dancing. 1) After school，my classmates and I are going to play basketball. 2) He woke up at a quarter past six this morning. 1) Stand up! 2) Good afternoon. 3) Not at all. C2 1) I can’t come. 2) Stop talking.3) Good night. 1) The sky is blue.2) She went shopping with her daughter. 3) He often plays tennis on Sunday. 1. How tired we are ! 2. Really? It is so exciting. 3. I love ice cream. There is something amazing in the sky today. Do you see it? It's a rainbow when the sun is shining and there is rain as well, you may see a rainbow in the sky! Wow, there are two rainbows. Can you count all the colors of the rainbow? Go ahead and try it. Rainbows have seven colors. They are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Which color is your favorite? I really like the green in this rainbow. Let's go outside. It's a beautiful sunny day. I want to go for a bike ride. I can ride my bike even with no handlebars. How about you? Biking is a great way to get around. How fast can you ride your bike? What kind of bike do you ride? I have a mountain bike, like the people in this photograph. Mountain biking always makes me feel refreshed. Don't forget to wear your helmet. It is important to be safe. This is good exercise. ( at 6:30/ at 7:30 / at 8:30) 2. Who does Pat invite to the party either ? (Jack’s brother/ Jack’s sister/ Jack’s father ) 1. A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 2. A common danger causes common action.同舟共济。 3. A contented mind is a continual / perpetual feast.知足常乐。 4. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。 5. A guest should suit the convenience of the host.客随主便。 6. A letter from home is a priceless treasure. 家书抵万金。 7. All rivers run into the sea.殊途同归。 8. All time is no time when it is past.机不可失，时不再来。 9. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一日一个苹果，身体健康不求医。 10. As heroes think, so thought Bruce. 英雄所见略同。 11. A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 12. Behind the mountains there are people to be found.天外有天，山外有山。 13. Bad luck often brings good luck.塞翁失马，安知非福。 14. Bread is the stall of life.面包是生命的支柱。(民以食为天。) 15. Business is business.公事公办。16. Clumsy birds have to start flying early.笨鸟先飞。17. Courtesy costs nothing.礼多人不怪。18. Custom makes all things easy.习惯成自然。1. Desire has no rest. 人的欲望无止境2. Difficult the first time, easy the second. 一回生，二回熟。3. Do not change horses in mid-stream.别在河流中间换马。 4. Do not have too many irons in the fire.贪多嚼不烂。 5. Do not pull all your eggs in one basket.别把所有的蛋都放在一个篮子里(不要孤注一掷。) 6. Do not teach fish to swim.不要班门弄斧 7. East or west, home is the best.东奔西跑，还是家里好。

英语书法教学大纲

哈尔滨剑桥学院《英文书法》课程教学大纲 1.课程说明 （1）课程对于体现培养目标的地位和作用 《英语书法》是一门英语专业任选课。本课程主要是帮助英语专业学生掌握英语书写基本方法、了解英文书法的内涵和提升英文书法技能，使学生具有英文书法观摩、分析、鉴赏和实践的能力，促进学生艺术品质的形成。学习实践后学习者的钢笔和粉笔英语书法更为规范和专业，从而进一步提高英语专业技能，为提高教育教学质量和就业服务。 （2）教学内容的基本结构，课程内容选编的原则和依据。 《英语书法》作为一门专业限选课，共计开一学期。本门课程以英文书法的撰写实践和鉴赏为教学目标，涵盖罗马体、意大利体和花体英文撰写和鉴赏。课程教学内容涉及：英文书法工具简介；英文书法笔体简介；英文书法的基本功练习（斜线练习、圆圈练习、曲线练习）；罗马体、意大利体和花体英文字母规范和撰写；罗马体、意大利体和花体英文书写连写；罗马体、意大利体和花体英文书写篇章练习；罗马体、意大利体和花体英文个性风格的实践。 书法教学中，要加强学生鉴赏能力、批判性思维能力和创新能力，在规范撰写中，形成自己的英文书法风格。 （3）教学方法与手段及成绩考核方面的要求和建议。 教师采用鉴赏、讲解、示范和学生练习相结合的教学方法；要经常鼓励学生，激发其积极性；此外，适当运用多媒体手段，促使教学手段多样化；最后，要及时提示不规范书写和更正，注重培养学生养成良好的书写习惯。本门课程为考查课，期末考试为百分制闭卷考试，总评成绩由平时成绩的60%和期末成绩的40%构成。因书法教学的特点，本门课程的考试建议增加形成性评价的比重和科学性。教师应合理指导学生课下自主练习和鉴赏并作出科学的评价和监督。 2.课程基本情况 课程名称：英文书法 课程代码：0551410 适用专业：英语专业 课程类别：专业任选课 先修课程：英语专业基础课和专业课

美术英语词汇

1.人物画 figure painting 2.人物素描 character sketch 3.人体画 nude 4.毛笔画 brush drawing 5.中国水墨画Chinese ink painting (／drawing) 6.中国画 (traditional)Chinese painting 7.巨幅画像 huge portrait 8.水彩画 water colour painting；watercolour 9.水墨画 ink painting ； washdrawing 10.半身画像half-length figure(／portrait) 11.古典绘画 classical painting 12.古画 ancient painting 13.石版画 lithograph 14.自画像 self-portrait 15.全身画像 full-length figure ；whole-length portrait 16.版画 print 17.工笔画 fine brushwork 18.木版画 wood-block print 19.木刻画 woodcut ； wood engraving 20.肖像 portrait ； portraiture ； icon 21.拼贴画 collage ． 22.黑白素描 sketch in black and white 23.丝网版画 screen printing 24.铅笔画 pencil drawing( ／ sketch ／ work) 25.裸体人物画 nude 26.写生画 sketching 27.写意画 free sketch ； freehand brushwork 28.赝品 fake drawing

漂亮的英语书法字体非常漂亮的英语字体书法

漂亮的英语书法字体非常漂亮的英语字体书法 同中国一样，也有着悠久的。英文书法包括安赛尔体、哥特体、意大利体和铜版印刷体等大类，下面带给大家的是漂亮的，希望你们喜欢。 同中国书法一样，英文书法也有着悠久的历史。中国书法我们知道有篆书、、、、等。而英文书法包括安赛尔体、哥特体、意大利体和铜版印刷体等大类，母体下又有各种子字体。 下面，揽云子按历史发展顺序一一介绍。 英文字母起源于腓尼基字母。希腊人继承发展腓尼基字母后，产生了希腊字母。罗马人后来又在希腊字母基础上发展成罗马字母(即拉丁字母，同斯拉夫字母和阿拉伯字母并称世界三大字母体系)。罗马帝国分崩离析后，各个文明自立门户，并相继发展自己的文字语言，英字也开始慢慢成长到今天的模样。由于篇幅有限，本文只抽取几种依然有实际应用和练习价值的几种字体。 罗马，哥特人是阿尔卑斯山北面一支日耳曼部落。西罗马帝国衰亡后，哥特人乘机建立法兰克王国，哥特体诞生于法兰克王国的加洛林王朝晚期。哥特体常见于中世纪教会文献、神学书籍以及官方文件。

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Platt Rogers Spencer被认为是美国书法之父。他的方法长期在学校使用。十九世纪末，A.N.Palmer的范本开始流行。同时与Zaner和Bloser成立公司，到二十世纪八十年代，其教科书（textbook）占据书法类40％的销量。 Platt Rogers Spencer handwriting

A.N.Palmer handwriting 1976年出现两种新字体：D'Nealian script与Getty-Dubay。 D'Nealian cursive

手写体与印刷体

大家都知道，小写字母a和g有两种写法，如左右两个图里所示。有些人的第一反应是，一个是手写体，一个是印刷 体。可事实却不是这么简单，先解释一下左右两张图：左边是 Verdana 字体，右边是Times New Roman；上下三个字母里，最 下面这个是斜体。 把单层a (g)、双层a (g) 称为手写体a(g)、印刷体a (g)其实并不准确。手写体和印刷体是中文语境的通俗说法，引入拉丁文的时候，学写的字都是前者，后者只在铅字上见过。这说法其实并不准确。通常所谓的印刷体a，对应书法里的Humanist Hand。最早这种写法来源于文艺 复兴时期，因此这样命名。通常所谓的手写 体a，对应书法里的Italic Hand。Italic是指 西文中的斜体。最早印刷术里引入Italic这个 概念以及名称，为了和书写端正的Roman体区分，因此书法里作为斜体字原型的Italic Hand书写是带有一定角度的。严格来说，因为Italic体包含Italic hand 的风格特征，理应翻译成“意大利斜体”，仅仅翻译成斜体，损失的信息量太大了，而且也难以和普通斜体Oblique进行区分。 关于小写字母g 的两种写法，也有人把它们分别叫做open tail 和loop tail，手写一般用单层（single-story）g。一般正式出版物里面都用这种双层g 。不过很多电脑字体和非正式出版物都用单层g，所以单层g已经不能算仅仅是手写体了。 然后是小写字母a的问题，大多数印刷品和电脑字体里面，a 都是双层的，你可能会认为那种单层a肯定是手写体了吧？可惜不是，如果你去看报纸杂志，

你会发现所有斜体的地方a都是单层写法,如右图Times New Roman 字体所示。只不过很多电脑字体不遵守这个规则，只是简单的把正体 a 倾斜一下左图Verdana 字体，然而这种写法是不准确的。 有人也会问，大写G、J到底有没有横？我个人觉得那应该不算横，而是衬线，也叫做饰线。那么就有人问了，衬线是什么？我用一张图来解释好了。 我们先来看一看G、J“手写体”和“印刷体”的对比图吧。 然后再来看看F和T。 如果说G和J的饰线算是横线的话，那应该要像F和T的横线一样明确。那么又有人可能会问了，照我的说法，I的横线也应该是饰线了，那为什么我们在书写的时候要保留呢？据我搜索到的资料，I对饰线的保留是为了和小写的字

英语范文高中书法传统

英语范文高中书法传统 中新网客户端北京12月18日电(记者上官云)一张白纸、寥寥数笔勾勒出一个单词或者一句话……最近，几段有关“手写英文”的小视频在网上火了，字体之美令很多人感叹“不敢相信是手动完成的”，称之为“英文书法”。 手写英文作品。受访者供图 上述视频中，那些文字的作者叫韦钰琦，笔名“雨泣”，也有人称呼为他英文书法家。 生活中的韦钰琦，短发、戴眼镜，衣着干净整齐，平时不怎么爱主动跟人交流。但如果谈起“手写英文”，他便像打开了话匣子，滔滔不绝。 “高一时，我们英语老师说让大家练一下英文手写，对考试加分有帮助。”韦钰琦觉着有道理，字好看肯定讨阅卷老师喜欢，“那时练得也不错。后来在老师鼓励下，开始从网上找一些更好看的字体”。 韦钰琦的作品及使用的造型“奇特”的笔。受访者供图

偶然间，他在一个小论坛里发现了一些有关国外书法的资料，才知道写英文书法是需要专业工具的，普通的钢笔难以写出好看的字体，“第一次看到那些漂亮的书法，难以置信。接下来就是强烈的求知欲，想知道如何去写那么美的字”。 于是，韦钰琦充分发挥了动手能力强的特点，自制工具——“用老虎钳把普通钢笔笔尖剪掉或者剪平，就变成了平头钢笔，可以练习比较正式的书法字体。”升到高二，他终于用压岁钱从朋友那里买到人生第一套“点尖套装”。 大约在学习英文书法的第三个年头，韦钰琦把微信昵称定为“蘸水笔粉”，意思说自己是“蘸水笔”的粉丝，一直未改，“蘸水笔对英文书法的意义，就相当于毛笔之于汉字书法”。 用“点尖”手法绘制的羽毛。受访者供图 此后，韦钰琦慢慢“进阶”，逐渐成为别人口中的“英文书法家”。他译注了英文书法大师威利斯A·拜尔德的经典教程，今年11月，还出版《美丽的手写英文》一书，完整清晰地讲解了点尖英文字体ES(Engrosser’s Script)，分享多年练字技巧。

英语字帖打印版

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