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大学英语四级考试资料(很详细)

大学英语四级考试资料(很详细)
大学英语四级考试资料(很详细)

英语四级复习大全

第一章听力理解

第一节听力题型改革概述

听力比例由原来的20%提升到35%:短对话部分由原来的10题减至8题;增加两篇长对话,题量在3至4题每篇,一共7题;短文(俗称“段子题”)仍为3篇,题量在3至4题每篇,一共10题;复合式听写保持不变。以上4个听力部分中,短对话和长对话的分值一共占15%,而短文和复合式听写的分值一共占20%。听力题材涉及的范围更加广泛,形式灵活多样,包括对话、讲座、广播电视节目等等。

第二节听力题型概述及应试策略

一、关于对话题

(一) 长短对话听力题改革与分析

1. 听力短对话部分虽然由原先的10题改为8题,但就其题目特点与解题思路而言与以往的老题型没有太大的差异。这些题目一如既往地贯彻了以往的几大常见考点:

·转折引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化;

·对现象原因的阐述与补充;

·反问句式、反意疑问句式的考察:反问和反意疑问在四级考试中永远以一种无疑而问的形式出现,这次依然用了这样的一个形式。因此,只要能很好把握其“无疑而问”的特点,就能方便解题。当然也应该注意到,反问句往往作为加强语气的建议句型出现的这一考点。

·建议句型的考察:建议句型往往是比较复杂的考点之一,因为句型相对比较多,而且隐蔽性比较强。

·场景、人物关系的推测;

·语音语调的考察。

综上所述,试点考试将依然遵循以往的考试规律和特点,一脉相承。但所谓的短对话却也越来越长,这也体现了现在考试在句型句式、言外之意和内容复杂化三个方面的发展趋势。

2. 听力长对话并不可怕,它结合了短对话对问答句式,建议请求,和关键场景赐予的考察和长段子对文章层次和理解能力的要求。所以做这样的题目往往需要具备综合的素质,既要注意其中的细节,又要注意整体的把握,还要能够应付7道题目的题量,这比以往的四级题目对综合能力的要求显著提高了。

(二) 长短对话听力技巧

应注意以下几点:

1. 提前阅读选项,判断问题所属,从而集中精力于有关信息。

2. 注意根据信息词汇判断地点和说话人的身份职业等。

当同学们看到四个地点和职业名词时,大脑中就应该马上出现与这些地点或职业相关的一系列词语,在听的过程中注意提到了什么信息词语,这样就可轻松地判断谈话发生的地点,说话人的职业或身份,以及谈话双方的关系。

为此,同学们有必要了解与各种职业和地点行业有关的信息词汇,如:

饭店:menu, order, waitress, waiter, take order, go Dutch, It's my treat等;

旅馆:check in/out, make a reservation, register, reception desk等;

医院:physician, doctor, nurse, operation-room, emergency room, visiting hours, prescribe等;

银行:open an account, withdraw, deposit, saving, cash a check等;

飞机/机场:safety-belt, boarding card, captain, airhostess, airline, take off, land, crash等。

3. 注意加减运算,听到的不是答案

在涉及时间、距离、金钱等数量概念的听力中,一般都要求同学们进行加减方面的运算,很少是听到什么就是什么。有时,计算可能会麻烦些,同学们可以先将听到的时间等记下,等有时间在计算。在计算题中应特别注意以下数字的读音差别:

13---30;14-40;15 --- 50;16 --- 60;17 -70;18 -80;19 -90

选项中会有这种数字读音差别的考查。如:

W: when does the next train leave?

M: Y ou have just missed one by 5 minutes. Trains leave every 50 minutes, so you'll have to wait for a while.

Q: How long does the woman have to wait for the next train?

A. 45 minutes

B. 50 minutes

C. 10 minutes

D. 5 minutes

如果把50minutes 听成了15 minutes,就会误选C。

4. 注意记笔记,将人物、地点、时间等对号入座

听力测试中的另外一种现象就是,四个选项中的人物、地点、时间或事件等在对话中可能都有提及。在这种情况下,同学们所需要的不是寻找信息词,而是注意将四个选项与对话中提及的信息对号入座。如:

(1) W: Do you enjoy life in W ashington?

M: Y es, indeed. I'm planning to move to New Y ork or Boston. Anyway, I've never regretted my earlier decision.

Q: Where does the man live now?

A. In New Y ork

B. In boston

C. In New port

D. In W ashington

四个地点对话中提到了三个,具体是哪一个,同学们在听的时候应注意分辨。

(2) M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.

W: I am not going to any store. I'm going to see Aunt Mary. But I will get them for you at the gas station.

Q: Where will the woman stop on her way?

A. At a cigarette store.

B. At a bus station.

C. At a gas station.

D. At Aunt Mary's

如果地点不含职业性的对比,一般就很可能属于这里所介绍的类型,那么同学们所做的就是分别。

5. 从语法入手、从短语含义入手,判断隐含之意

四级听力中常考查的语法是建议和虚拟语气。要求同学们判断建议是什么,虚拟中含义是什么。就建议而言,同学们只需注意建议的各种表达方式,就可解答这类听力题;至于虚拟语气,我想同学们可以记住这样一条规律:与所听到的相反的就是答案。

6. 概括与具体,具体与抽象相对,概括的、抽象的是解

这类题主要是话题的选择,也包括一些对整个事件的评价等。如:

(1) W: We all talk about how liberated we are, but in fact woman are still not treated equally.

M: I don't think so. Y ou've got the vote, you've got your careers I think you've got everything important.

Q: What are they talking about?

A. The woman's job as a librarian.

B. W oman's rights in society.

C. An important election.

D. Career planning.

谈论的话题应是一个抽象的概括性的东西,所以答案是B。

(2) M: This has been the worst flood for the past 20 years. It has caused much damage and destruction.

W: Look at the price of fruits and vegetables. No wonder they are expensive.

Q: What are they talking about?

A. The effects of the flood.

B.The heroic fight against flood.

C. The cause of the flood.

D.Floods of the past twenty years.

能够概括对话中物价上涨的应该是A。

7. 肯定与不肯定相对,含义不肯定的是解

这一技巧用于解答说话者言外之意的听力题。如:

(1) W: I intend to buy some fruits for the children. These apples and pears seem to be in season. I'll get two dozen of each. M: I hope they're as good as they look.

Q: What does the man mean?

A. The apples and pears might no be so good.

B. The apples are not as good as the pears.

C. The apples and pears are very good.

D. The apples and pears are as good as they look.

hope的使用说明答案应该是不太可能的选项,自然是A。

(2) W: If this weather keeps up, I'm going to have to buy a warmer coat.

M: Sounds like a good idea. Spring is still a long way off, you know.

Q: What does the man mean?

A. The woman should wait to buy new clothes.

B. The cold weather will probably continue.

C. The weather will warm up soon.

D. He already has a warm coat.

Sounds like a good idea说明了语气的不可能,答案应该是B。

8. “同意”是解

一般情况下,如果四个选项中有一个表示“同意”的概念,那么,此选项就是正确选项。如:

(1) W: It's a wonderful film, isn't it?

M: Y ou can say that again.

Q: What does the man mean?

A. He agrees with the woman.

B. He didn't hear what the woman said.

C. He is surprised by her opinion.

D. He thinks she should look at it again.

请同学们注意以下表示同意对方观点的常用语。如果听到这些,就可以选择含有“同意”的选项:

Y ou said it.

Y ou can say that again.

Y ou are telling me.

Y ou may/might well say so.

I'll say.

I couldn't agree more.

二、关于段子题

改革与分析:从出题的形式,考察的重点,以及题目的数量来看都和原来考察的题目一模一样。

(一) 短文听力的体裁和题材

从历年四级听力短文题材体裁分布情况看,四级听力短文的体裁主要是记叙文和说明文,而题材出现频率最高的是小故事,几乎每年都有一篇。幽默小故事一般以记叙文的方式出现,这类文章有一定的情节,比较有趣,浅显易懂。应该特别注意人物的语言,同时捕捉并记录可以回答who, what, when, where, how and why等问题的有关信息,从而抓住故事发展的脉络,理解全文。人物传记属于记叙文,一般是对真人真事的记叙,大多记叙中外历史上一些杰出的政治家、科学家、文艺家的生平事迹或事业上的成就,也可以继续普通人物的特殊经历和业绩。应该特别注意人物的生卒年月地点、主要业绩年代,以及对人物的社会评价,这些一般都是明显的考点。

说明文也是常见的体裁。它通常是用来说明一些科普知识、生活常识或社会问题。说明文中科普短文比较多,不像小故事,缺乏趣味性,一般比较难懂。有时短文的句子结构较为复杂,有时会夹杂一些专业术语,这都增添了短文的难度。

风土人情类文章包括对英美等西方国家的机构设施介绍以及西方文学艺术的说明,真题中涉及过的主题多种多样,如英国监狱介绍、伦敦出租车司机情况、吉普赛人的历史、美洲农作物历史、著名作家及其作品等。而学校教育类文章也着重于英美教育体系的介绍,如英语学习和教育情况、美国学校教育制度、图书馆使用介绍等。

日常生活类文章包括以说明文形式描述的日常使用的生活用品,如电脑、服饰、书籍等,以及以议论文形式表述的日常生活中经常谈论的话题和活动,如家庭生活、独生子女、税收等。

(二) 短文听力提问方式及应试策略

短文听力的提问方式最常见的有4种类型。

1. 中心思想题。这类问题主要是测试文章的主题思想。

提问方式有:What is the main idea of the passage? What can we learn from this passage? What is the best title for this passage? What is the passage mainly about? What is the speaker talking about? 等等。

做这一类题时一定要注意集中精力听好短文的开头,因为四级听力短文一般会开门见山,把中心思想置于文章的开头。另外,如果文中反复出现同一词汇或同一类词汇,同样也值得我们特别注意,因为包含有这类词汇的选项能较好地体现中心思想,通常就是正确答案。

2. 事实细节题。所考察的细节包括具体时间、地点、主要人物或事件、各种数字等,问题一般为wh-question的形式。

这类题要求我们听到文中出现时间、数字时一定要特别敏感,及时做好笔记;另外,文中一旦出现以因果连词(如because, so, due to 等)和转折连词(如but, however, though等)引导的句子也要格外留心,这些地方往往就是考点。

3. 对错判断题。这类题常用以下提问方式:Which of the following is true/not true, according to the passage? Which of the following is not mentioned? 等等。

听到这类题时,一定要听清提问,对于有没有not一词要弄清楚。一般情况下,not一词会重读。

4. 推理推测题。这类题需要对文中的信息进行分析推断,才能做出正确的选择。提问方式有:What can be inferred from the passage? What does the speaker think about the problem…? What does the speaker most concerned about? How does the writer feel about…?等等。

做这类题时一定要注意与短文内容一样的不是推断,而且一定要根据短文的观点而不是根据自己的观点来推断。

(三) 短文听力答题步骤

先浏览分析选择项,在此基础上猜测测试的内容及题型;然后带着问题去认真聆听材料,并有针对性地记录题目中涉及到的信息点;最后根据所给的提问,快速选择答案,其中考生一定要注意跟上录音节奏,决不可出现为了某一个词而停下来揣摩许久的情况。因此听的时候,即使遇到生词听不懂意思,或者是“似曾相识”但一时想不起来的词,一定不要停下来,而是必须继续往后听,或许听到后面,一下会恍然大悟,即使某一个或几个词听不懂,大多数情况也无大碍。

下面以实例具体说明做题步骤:

第一步:浏览分析选项,抓住高频词,概括文章梗概。(预测法)

1.A. The silk T-shirt in white color

B. The cotton T-shirt with a slogan on picture

C. The nylon T-shirt worn on playground

D. The wool T-shirt worn for work

2. A. T-shirts feel soft and wash well

B. T-shirts are smart and comfortable

C. T-shirts go well with trousers

D. T-shirts are suitable for evening

3. A. New technology is being employed

B. Advertisements are being widely used

C. New designs are being adopted

D. More synthetic materials are being introduced

我们可以在听录音读Section B前一大段答题要求时快速浏览一下此题各选项。很显然,T-shirt是出现最多的一个词,这样我们就能大致预测出短文的大意:介绍T恤衫。再具体地看各题的选项。

第一题的四个选择项分别是“白色丝织T恤”,“有文字和图案的棉T恤”,“运动场上穿的尼龙T恤”,“工作时穿的羊毛面料的T恤”。说的是各种T恤的质地,材料,图案及用途。因此,听材料时需要留意相关部分。

第二题四个选项都说的是T恤的特点,如“感觉柔软,洗涤方便”,“美观舒适”,“便于搭配裤装”,“适于晚上穿着”。那么材料中究竟提到哪几项或者会在怎样的情况下提到哪几项呢,需要到时仔细听并稍作归纳和总结。另外,可能还要特别注意一下提问,因为提问方式也许会是:“Which of the following is NOT mentioned?”

第三题四个选项分别是“采用了新技术”,“大量的广告宣传”,“采用新的设计”,“引入更多的合成材料”,对于这些选项,较为合理的提问方式也许是:T恤的发展状况如何,为什么T恤会更受欢迎等。这样我们就基本能预测出文章大致讲了哪几部分内容了。

第二步:仔细听录音,注意记录相关信息。(笔记法+模糊法)

下面是原文材料:

For many years T-shirts were simple short-sleeved undershirts for men and boys. T-shirts used to be of one color —white. Today the T-shirt has become fashionable. It can be seen everywhere and on anyone. Women and little children wear T-shirts, so do teenagers, university students and men from all walks of life. T-shirts are worn on the playground, at the beach or in town. They can also be worn for work. Yet, T-shirts remain relatively inexpensive and long wearing as well as easy to care for: smart but comfortable and convenient to wear, they have become one of America’s newest ideas on fashion. Although T-shirts are now available in wide variety of bright materials and styles, the most popular kind is the traditional cotton T-shirts with a slogan on picture printed on the front. A T-shirt may bear a simple word, a popular phrase, and pictures of popular singers or an advertisement. As T-shirts are becoming more and more popular, new designs are coming up all the time.

第三步:听清提问,确定答案。(预测法+排除法)

以下是三个问题:

1. What’s the most popular kind of T-shirt?

2. Why do people like to wear T-shirts so much today?

3. What’s being done to make T-shirts more attractive?

在听的过程中通过不数地核实信息,再根据后面的提问,我们就能很快地选出各题正确答案,文章倒数第3句是与第1个问题直接对应的信息,并且还有很明显的most popular kind语句,只要在听的过程中听懂了这一句,就能马上选出B为正确答案。而且,倒数第2句还具体讲了这种T恤的款式,可以帮助确认信息。smart but comfortable and convenient to wear, they have become one of America’s newest ideas on fashion是对第2个问题的直接回答,听清了这一句,就能选出B为正确答案。第3题,文章最后一句直接与提问对应。正确答案为C。

(四) 短文听力备考训练方法

一般说来,短文听力备考训练必须抓住竖听和横听两点结合来进行。所谓竖听,是指一套题目从头听到尾,从第一题听到最后一题。

所谓横听,是指把相同题材和体裁的文章放在一块对照比较着听,从而迅速抓住同类型文章的规律,真正做到以不变应万变。

考生可以在历年考题中选取10-20篇不同题材和不同体裁的文章,依据以下几个步骤,横竖结合来进行精听训练。

Step 1:第一遍听磁带时认真做题,对所选取的每段文章都认真仔细,注意时间,模拟考场氛围。做完以后还需注意统计对错个数,并分析选项设置特点,练习快速扫描选项的能力。

Step 2:脱离文字材料再听4-5遍磁带。此时绝对不允许照着文字材料听,应该反复使用录音机上的重复键,尽最大努力听懂全文内容。听第5遍或第6遍的时候,可以一边听一边将全文笔录下来,然后对照文字材料,看看笔录有什么问题,分析听不懂的原因,是语音、词汇还是语法?然后有的放矢地加以解决。

Step 3:在足够熟悉此段落中的内容后,打开文字材料,一边听录音一边看,并在段落中相应考点和问题答案,仔细体会,分析自己为什么被某些干扰项误导。

Step 4:跟着磁带大声朗读,以提高自己的语速。如果自己的语速能基本跟上听力材料的语速,再做同类型题目,困难就不大了。

另外,大家在练习中一定要养成良好的习惯,尽量避免:

1. 鸵鸟式听法。很多同学听力过程中没有动手的习惯,听就是听,在做题时才努力回忆与该题有关的信息。甚至有同学喜欢闭着眼睛听

或者把头低下来,伏在桌子上听,并认为这样注意力更集中,但这样往往容易走神,听的效率非常低。

2. 多而不精。对于已经听过的材料,很多同学都很少再听,这是一个错误的观念。片面追求练习的量,并不能有效提高做听力题时的悟

性,必须用心去感受才能收到显著的效果。

3. 不愿对着文字材料大声朗读,认为听力就是听力,没有必要和朗读口语联系起来。其实听力考的是口头语言,口语提高了,听力也就

自然而然上去了。同时朗读可以培养正确的语音语调,可以加强我们对文章的领悟力。

4. 训练时间安排不得当。听力训练需要思想高度集中,故时间安排以每天精神最佳时候为宜。时间不宜过长,每次连续听半小时到一小时

就可。另外,由于听力是一种习惯成自然的技巧训练,所以最好每天安排一段时间,切忌三天打鱼,两天晒网。

总之,四级短文听力并不可怕,如果我们能够宏观把握,平时坚持"用心去听",我们肯定能够从不同角度、不同层次提高自己的英语语言能力。

三、关于复合式听写

(一) 改革与分析

复合式听写就其本身形式与考点而言没有作太大改变,尤其是词汇听写部分,秉承了以往一贯的考试特点与出题作风:·词汇类型:

历年来复合式听写中词汇部分基本为实词。除1998年1月考过一个despite以外到目前为止都是对实词的考察。

·名词的单复数:

名词的单复数问题一直是复合式听写考察名词的一个重点。其问题不仅出现在听力上,也考察考生的语法功底,因为单复数问题往往是听写检查工作中至关重要的一个部分,语法功底薄弱的考生往往在检查时将正确答案改错,这样的例子屡见不鲜。

·同音、近音词分辨:

同音词一直是听写部分最大的障碍之一。同音词涉及的范围很广,很多时候是考生无法想象得到的。

·难词考察:

四级词汇从广义上来说包括了四级本身以及四级前所有词汇,所谓难词一般是指在四级内而不属于四级前的词汇或四级考生一般不太熟悉的词汇,这些词往往是四级考试词汇部分的重点考察对象,而听力中也时不时涉及一些来考察考生对这些单词的掌握能力,当然,这里所说的掌握是从听力角度而言的,而不是仅仅停留在认知或理解层面的,至少是在听到后第一时间能反应出该词的一种能力的体现。

·容易拼写错误的单词:

拼写错误在复合式听写中自然是不被允许的,所以一些拼写比较奇怪,或者容易拼写错误的词汇也常常成为我们的考点,虽然不是很突出,但也不容忽视。

·词性变换使用:

利用考生对词汇使用和理解的片面性,考察考生对词汇的全面运用的把握。这类词往往以考生所不熟悉的用法出现,从而体现考生的真实能力。

复合式听写的句子部分仍为3句,长度仍然没有超过25词,样卷中最长一句为23词,而最短一句为16词,可以说与以往考试相仿,但句子本身难度有所提升,当然,这与文章本身难度的提升是不可分割的。

总之,复合式听写完全是体现考生真实水平的一个项目,需通过广泛涉猎各类体裁内容文章(以说明、议论文为主,记叙文为辅,结合新闻题材)经过日积月累的听写训练后方可收放自如,VOA、BBC、VOA Special甚至历年考题中的短文和复合式听写内容都不失为相当优秀的训练素材。

(二)“复合式听写”应试方法

1. 通过卷面文字捕捉信息,找出线索、了解大意

“复合式听写”材料多为说明文(Exposition),这一体裁的文章具有主题突出,条理分明,层次清楚、语言简洁、逻辑性强的特点。

文章的开头或段首多半有主题句(topic sentence),之后的段、句进一步具体扩展、说明或论证主题句。根据“复合式听写”样题,听写第二部分二、三自然段首和段尾均有完整的主题句。考生应利用一切机会,如考前空隙或播放考试指令时间,浏览试卷该项下文字部分,尤其是主题句,根据主题句预测文章发展线索和大意。

以四级改革样题为例,根据第二段未题句“Often people like to take with them a gift for the host's wife of a party they have been invited to.”及"Again, you may choose something for the host's wife alone or for the entire family." 考生不难推测所记要点应是做客时,客人应带些什么礼品及所赠对象,而决不会涉及做客时应穿什么样的服装或到、离主人家时间等方面的内容,这样便增强了考生对文章的认知度)熟悉感。缩小了内容范围,考生听音时更具针对性和准确性,心理放松,更为自信,使自己在考试中处于主动地位。

即使“复合式听写”材料为其它体裁的文章,听音前浏览下试题也大大有裨益。因为文章具有一致性和连贯性的特点,从试题中我们总会搜索到一些有参考价值的材料。

2、听写结合,双管齐下

根据“复合式听写”新题型通知说明,第一遍是全文朗读,要求考生注意听懂全文内容。由于听音前考生已浏览了卷面文字,对听力材料有了大致的了解,因此听读第一遍时,考生可以适当地填写些单词和做些笔记,听为主,记为辅。要做好“复合式听写”,考生需多多实践,获取较强的边听边记能力。听音贯穿着期待、预知、分析、综合、推理和判断等一系列过程,考生应同时快速记下几个关键词,专注地去听,获取信息理解全文。

听写中边听边记具有必要性;听和记两种不同的语言技能在“复合式听写”中有着紧密的联系,相互促进。第一遍记下关键词有助于第二遍听写时启发记忆,提示要点,同时也减轻了第二遍笔记的任务,使笔记更加充实、完整,依次与出的内容要点才会更加全面、准确。另一方面,边听边记也具有可行性。只要多加练习,其实也不难做到。

3. 提高记笔记的效率

一般考生听完两遍基本可听懂句意;但只凭记忆写要点,往往容易有疏漏和错误。足够信息量的笔记是写好要点的重要条件;如何在有限的时间内记下更多的内容?

首先,使用缩略语。如,用esp. 代especially,sth代something, apprec代appreciation等。没有缩略语的词汇,如字母较少的单词,可完整写出该词,如gift,take,字母较多的单词(只写该词前几个字母)。缩略语不一定要求规范,甚至可用些符号,所记内容不一定要求完整,只要能起到提示的作用,自己能看懂就行。

其次,由于“复合式听写”第二部分朗读时没有停顿,即使用缩略语也难记下全文,因此考生应有选择地记笔记。英语中实词具有表意功能,所记词应以实词为主。

另外,因为“复合式听写”第二部分只要求写出内容要点,这样考生应重点记下句中的中心词。(同样以样题为例)短语a thank-you gift,greatly appreciated和quite acceptable中的定、状语便可略去不记。

通过这几种方法,考生压缩了所记的词语,赢得了时间,精练了内容,增大了笔记的信息量,为写好内容要点创造了条件。

4. 书面表达内容要点

7

“复合式听写”全文朗读两遍后停顿五分钟,让考生根据所听和所记内容写出第二部分主要意思。答题时,考生应针对以上内容及第一部分和第二部分的主题句进行诊折、判断、概括。文章要点显然不可缺漏,但也无需有闻必录,多多益善,考生应分清主次,有所取爱。从这个意义上说,“复合式听写”还要求考生具有一定的逻辑分、归纳能力。文字表达应简洁、通顺、准确。

5. 检查、核对内容要点

“复合式听写”第三遍朗读供考生进行核对,核对是最后必不可少的环节,考生应抓住时机弥补前两遍听音时所忽略或遗漏的内容,进一步修改和完善答案。

听写第一部分要求考生填入所缺单词,有时考生只凭辩音仍难以准确地判断出应为何词,此时考生可运用自己的语言知识,修正听力细节上的不足。主要从语法结构、词语搭配、意义连贯、上下文等多角度去推测、分析和判断;并正确拼写出单词。而在核对听写第二部分内容要点表达时、则应注意力求要点完整、准确,尽量减少语言中语法、拼写等错误。

总之,听写是一种有效的综合性测试,它不仅考查学生词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等方面的要素和技能,还考验学生的心理素质。所以考生在加强自己英语水平的同时,还应该本着沉着应战的状态去应试。

第二章阅读理解

第一节阅读理解十大解题技巧

根据四级英语大纲的阅读技能要求和文章的特点以及题目设置的方式,可以将阅读理解的题型分为以下十种类型,针对不同题目类型总结出十大解题技巧:

(一)细节事实题

这是四级英语阅读中数量最多、也最重要的一种题型,可以从下列几个方面把握:

1. 题型特点

根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问。细节事实题的考查内容和形式可以归纳为二种类型:(1)According型:题干一般围绕5W和1H而展开。即who,what,where,when,why,how;(2)隐含的事实和细节型:需要在读懂全文的基础上,综合概括作者展示的各种细节。

2. 标志

(1)题干中明确提到人名、地名、数字时间等细节性信息;

(2)往往针对文章中可以定位的一句话或几句话设计问题;

(3)题干和选项之间有时是因果关系。

3. 关键词

包括数字、时间、专有名词——如人名、地名、学科名词或带引号的词。

4. 命题模式

According to the passage / the author,who(what, where, which, when, why, how etc。)

5. 做题关键:准确定位、返回原文。

(1)根据题干中的明确关键词返回原文;

(2)根据题干中的重点词或其同义词(如名词、动词、形容词等)返回原文;

(3)根据原文中的特殊语言现象,要善于利用因果、类比、时间、空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个逻辑分明的有机体。如转折词but、

however、yet等定位。

6. 做题步骤

(1)根据段落中主题句的名词粗略确定段落内容方向;

(2)利用题干提问的内容,大致定位对应的段落;

(3)利用题干中的重要信息词准确确定相关信息句,进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案。

7. 注意事项

干扰选项的特征:

(1) 正反混淆选项的内容和作者在原文中提到的信息相反。

(2)偷换概念选项提到了原文的内容,但是却将原文对应部分中的另一个关键词或短语换成了意思不同的其他词汇。

(3) 无中生有就是说选项中出现了原文没有提到或推导不出的形容词或名词。

(4) 因果倒置选项中涉及的两部分之间的因果关系与原文所说的因果关系正好相反,将原文的因换成了果或者将原文的果换成了因。

(5) 扩大范围将原文的特指(只适用于部分的情况)变为泛指(适用于全部的情况)。例如,

在选项中出现表示泛指的复数名词作主语时,要注意该名词在原文的范围。如果选项中所说的情况只适用于主语所指的一部分,那么这一选项就是干扰选项。注意,上述干扰选项的特征也适用于判断其他题型的干扰选项。

(二)中心主旨题

该类题型考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力,要求考生通过对文章的阅读,迅速把握文章或段落的中心主旨。该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高,每年必出。中心主旨题可以分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。

1. 题型特点

命题方式中含有“main idea,subject,purpose”等词。

2. 标志

题干中出现下列词之一:best title,main idea,main problem,mainly about,mainly discuss,mainly deal with或问本文的写作目的的词(purpose,the author intends to…)。

3. 关键句

文章首段的句子以及各段的首末句。

4. 命题模式

(1) The passage is mainly about。

(2) Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage ?

(3) The best title for this passage might be。

(4) What is the main idea of the passage ?

5. 做题关键

这种题目应主要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构入手,利用推理能力,对文章信息进行系统分析,归纳总结,从而得出主题。

6. 做题步骤

(1) 运用宏观阅读技巧做题,就是根据文章结构判断主题。

(2) 运用首段和首末句信息做题。就是说综合各段的首末句的内容,可以得出主题。注意:只看首段有时容易以偏概全,因为首段有时只是在引出文章主体之前起抛砖引玉的作用。

(3) 运用写作方法做题。2003年以后的文章,以报刊文章为主,文章首段常以类比、故事、今昔对比等方式引出主题。问文章使用的写作方法时,正确答案一般是类比等;问使用类比、故事、今昔对比等写作方法的目的时,正确答案是引出主题。

(4) 运用快速构思成文法进行判断。在两个选项难以分辨时可以分别以它们为题,在脑海中快速构思两个写作提纲,若所构思提纲与原文内容大致吻合者为正确答案,否则为干扰选项。

(三)词汇题

1. 题型特点

词义题的考查有两种:一是超纲词含义的推断,另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思。

2. 标志

题干中具体给出原文中某处的单词或短语,要求推测其意思。

3. 关键词

能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义、重述、解释、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词或标点符号等等。如通常使用信号词,如is,

are,is(are) called,mean,refer to,known as 等来引导定义。

4. 命题模式

(1) The word “…”(in line…)most probably means 。

(2) From the passage, we can infer that the word “…”is 。

(3) From the first paragraph, we learn that。

5. 做题关键

注意单词所在的上下文,尤其是上下句。假如所考单词是常见词汇,那么其字面意思一定不是正确答案,要根据上下文得出其在特定场合更深刻的意思,该含义也许和其字面意思没有任何的关系。

猜测词义的方法:(1)构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义;(2)词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测;(3)找同义词、同义解释、反义词、反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义;(4)找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。

6. 做题步骤

(1) 返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方;

(2) 注意结合上下文理解该单词的含义;

(3) 如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案;

(4) 词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。特别注意不能靠单词词义直接往下过分推理;

(5) 寻找时要注意特殊标点、定语从句、构词的前后缀等,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。例如,冒号前的词汇的意思可以由冒号后的部分归纳,破折号之后词汇的意思可以由破折号之前的部分推测;

(6)代入法。将确定的答案代入原文,看上下文逻辑是否通顺,如果通顺就是正确答案。

7. 注意事项

干扰项特点:(1)与所考词汇形似。(2)如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。

(四)句子理解题

1. 标志

题干中给出原文中具体的一句话,要求理解其意思。

2. 命题模式

(1) By“…”,the writer means 。

(2) According to passage, what is “…”?

(3) By s aying “…”the author implied that…

(4) The phrase(sentence)“…”(in line…)most probably means 。

3. 做题关键

做这类题时要立足于本句,借上下句帮助理解。

4. 做题步骤

返回原文找到所考的句子,找出句子的主干或看出作者所表达的态度,也可以利用微观阅读技巧,如标点符号或关联词对句子进行精确理解。

5. 注意事项

正确答案与原句之间是一个同义关系,其中一般不存在推理过程。干扰项特点:(1)根据命题原则,正确选项不会使用与原文过多相同的字眼,因此,对句子的解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。(2)四个选项中与原句意思最接近的为正确答案,选项与原文之间没有任何推理过程。

(五)作者态度(观点)题

1. 题型特点

态度题是四级英语阅读中的一种重要题型,主要考查对文章中作者态度的辨别。作者态度大致分为两种:(1)支持或赞同;(2)中立或客观;

(3)怀疑、批评或反对。

2. 标志

题干中有attitude或think, believe,deem(认为, 看法),consider,regard等词汇,选项中是一些表示态度的名词或形容词。

3. 关键词

可以反映作者观点的动词、形容词等。

4. 命题模式

作者态度题:

(1) The author is most critical(批评的, 挑剔的, 决定性的)of 。

(2) Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards…?

作者观点题:

(1) What is the author’s idea about?

(2) The author believes that 。

5. 做题关键、技巧

(1) 不要把自己的态度揉入其中,还要注意区分考查是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度。

(2) 当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的语言去判断作者的态度,如,wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully等。

(3) 某一事物是好是坏,作者对它是支持是反对,态度一般都很明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时,表示“客观”的词多为正确选项,如objective(客观的), impartial(公正的, 不偏不倚的), unbiased(公正的)等;问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时,答案多是肯定或否定,支持或反对。如,critical, approval, opposed(反对), supporting 等。

(4) 既然作者写了文章,他的态度就不可能是漠不关心的,因此见到indifferent, uninterested 可以首先排除。

6. 注意事项

解答态度观点题应注意以下几点:

(1) 区别作者的态度与其他人的态度。

(2) 下列选项一般为干扰选项:indifferent(冷漠的),subjective(主观的),biased(有偏见的),puzzling(令人感到迷惑的)。

(六)文章态度(观点)题

1. 题型特点

问文中某人对某事物的态度。作为作者态度题的一种新形式,命题也开始注重考查文章中某人对某事的观点和态度。

2. 标志和关键词

题干中常有attitude,opinion,tone(语气)等。选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词,而改为带有程度限制的词语。比如guarded(慎重的),qualified(有条件的,有限制的),reserved(有保留的),tempered(温和的,缓和的)。

3. 命题模式

(1)What is the tone(mood)of “…” ?

(2)What is “…” opinion about?

4. 做题关键

要注意区分作者的态度与其他人的态度。因为持有保留态度的观点比较客观,往往是正确答案。文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点,要注意区分,这是命题最具有迷惑性的地方。因此,作者引用别人的观点时,是作为支持或抨击的对象,别人的观点通常是为了证明作者的论据来给出的。

5. 注意事项

这类试题与作者态度题不同,作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联,而文章某人的观点则不一定紧密相关。一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错。比如:strongly,completely,entirely等。

(七)推理题

1. 题型特点

该题型最大的两个特点:(1)文章中往往没有答题的依据;(2)一旦文中有依据,往往A,B,C,D表面上都对,很难判断谁是谁非。

正确项特点:(1)不是文中明确说明的内容,因为即使符合原文,没有引申或归纳总结的内容就不是正确选项;(2)如果四个选项全能凭常识判断,其中含义深刻的是正确选项,有时唯一不是常识项的是正确选项。

干扰项的特点:(1)只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理;(2)看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上

与原文不符,例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果,把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的;(3)根据常识判断是正确的,然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点,因此,考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理,因为命题者考查的是考生理解作者意图的能力;(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度;(5)有部分选项的内容纯属编造,无中生有。

抓住三错一对的关系,即有三个选项与原文相矛盾,只有一个符合原文的意思。

2. 标志

题干中出现下列词汇之一:infer,conclude,imply,suggest,learn等。

3. 命题模式

推理引申题题干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,indicate,conclude等词出现,常见的命题模式有:

(1) It c an be inferred from the first paragraph that…

(2) Which of the following can(not)be inferred from the passage?

(3) The author indicates in the passage that 。

(4) It can be concluded from the passage that 。

(5) We can infer(assume ,deduce(演绎,推断)) that。

(6) By…the author implied (suggests, indicates) that。

4. 做题关键

返回原文,将选项与原文一一进行比较。

5. 做题步骤

推理题的答案一般是这么编写的:

(1) 将原文的某句话换个说法,如换成同义词。

(2) 将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下,就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案。

(3) 由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物,二者形成对比,而且已知其中一个事物的特点,那么可以推断另一事物的特点。所以,找推理题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方,这些往往是出推理题的地方。

(4) 根据作者的态度进行推理。推理题如果涉及态度,一般应与作者的态度一致。正确答案应该支持作者的观点或驳斥与作者相反的观点。

6. 注意事项

(1) 考生在浏览全文时,一要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。二是留意含义深刻或结构复杂的长难句型。考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透,它们往往是命题点所在。

(2) 根据题干的关键词迅速搜索定位以便确定推理依据的范围,利用语法、词汇、语境线索,了解单句的含义,弄清上下文的逻辑关系,然后按题意进行推理。题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确理解或释义,也可能从某句话或某段话中深刻理解,分析一些细节事实。

7. 新趋势

推理题按照难易可以分为:简单推理题和复杂推理题。而后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。

(八)例证题

1. 题型特点

该题型要求考生(1)区分论点和论据;(2)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系:主要是考察考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、支持的观点等。

2. 标志

题干中出现下列词汇之一:case,example,illustration(说明,例证),d emonstration(示范,表达,实证),exemplify,illustrate,demonstrate。

3. 命题模式

(1) The case of…demonstrated that。

(2) The author wants to prove the example of…that。

(3) The example of…is used to show 。

4. 做题关键

重要找出例子所支持的论点,而不是看是否完全理解例子本身的含义。一般例子支持它之前的论点,段落性的例子(涉及整个段落的例子)说明段落主题(一般位于段首或段落首尾两处),全文性的例子(涉及两个或两个以上段落)说明全文主题。

5. 做题步骤

(1) 返回原文定位该例子;

(2) 一般向例子前(有时向例子后)寻找该例子所支持的论点;

(3) 与所找到的论点意思最接近的选项为正确答案。

6. 注意事项

干扰选项的特征:就事论事。

(九)指代题

1. 题型特点

指代题主要考察考生整体理解文章的能力,并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。

2. 标志

在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词要求辨别其指代关系,常考的指代词有it,that,one。

3. 做题关键

返回原文定位该指代词。

4. 做题步骤

(1) 返回原文找出该代词所在的句子,并且仔细分析,正确理解该可话;

(2) 向上搜索,找出离该代词最近的名词、短语或句子,以之替换该代词,看句子是否通顺;

(3) 在四个选项中找出与所找到的名词、短语或句子意思最接近的一个作为正确答案。

(十)判断题

1. 标志

题干为下列两种形式之一:

(1)Which of the following statements is(not) mentioned /true /correct?

(2)All of the following statements are mentioned /true /correct except…

2. 做题步骤

(1)先判断是三错一对还是三对一错。所谓“对”是指符合原文意思或作者态度,而所谓“错”是指和原文相矛盾、与作者态度相反,或原文未提及的信息。

(2) 返回原文,找到各选项所对应的原文,将它们与原文一一进行比较,切忌凭印象进行判断。注意:这种题的选项有时考查的是集中于某段的信息或者具备一些共同的特征,所以做题时可以先看一下四个选项,找出其中的共同点,再返回原文定位。

3. 注意事项

文章中容易出现考点的地方:(1)转折处(2)最高级后面(3)带有褒贬义的句子(4)虚拟语气的句子(5)长难句。

第三章快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)

考试形式与所考察能力

快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7个题是判断正误(包括NOT GIVEN),2007年12月以后的前7题是多项选择题,后3个是填空题(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。快速阅读测试的重点就是考生在短时间内获取篇章主旨和特定信息的能力。因此,它更强调了正确的阅读方法和技巧的贯彻。只要我们巧妙地运用了略读和寻读,必要的时候辅助以研读的方法,培养好的阅读习惯,还是很容易取得满意的成绩的。

略读(或称为跳跃式阅读)(skimming)的重点在于快速了解文章的中心思想。略读的方法是首先看一下标题(在有标题的情况下),接着读第一段,抓住中心思想。再浏览一下其他段落的首句和末句,最后读完结尾段。

寻读(scanning)就是有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信息。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围,同时明确查询信息的特点。如:问题或选项中所涉及到的人名、地名,则主要寻找首字母大写的单词;有关日期、数目的问题,则主要查找具体数字;有关某个事件、某种观点等,就需要寻找与此相关的关键词,而与所查信息无关的内容可一掠而过。

除了在阅读理解中运用略读法和寻读法之外,有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分,力求对其有较深的理解,或对其进行归纳、总结、推断等,这时就需要对这部分进行仔细阅读,理解作者的言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方法就是研读法(study reading),通常适用于推断型阅读理解试题。这种方法在快速阅读中使用并不多,但它对于快速阅读的解题方法来说绝对是一个有力的补充。

第一节应试策略与解题思路

为了更好地说明快速阅读的应试策略和解题思路,下面以一道真题为例进行详细地说明。

Highways

Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容纳)automobiles.

With the increase in auto production, private turnpike(收费公路)companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John Mac Adam (for whom the macadam surface is name [D], whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army's first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: "The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany's Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land."

It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway sy stem of 33,920 miles, and Congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled design criteria.

The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000mile web of highways, bridge, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, desserts, and plains. V ariables included the slope of the land, t he ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way acros s the country, forever altering the face of America.

Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels like Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt, Baker in Washington, met many of the nation's physical challenges. Traffic control syst ems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.

Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all ot her roads).

By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provide people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most personal freedom of mobility.

The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent pf the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstat es for the last leg of the journey by vehicle Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.

By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built t o support millions of vehicles. The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said: Together,

the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear-United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts."

1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America.

3. It was in the 1950 that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

4. Many of the problems presented by the country's geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.

5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in America.

7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway system.

8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was____________.

9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than_____________.

10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of______.

第一步:略读全文,确定结构(0.5-2分钟)

快速浏览文章的第一段以及各部分的小标题,搞清文章的大体结构和主要内容(一般都可以判断第一道主旨题目的答案)

警告:不要一上来就看后面的问题,对文章没有了解,后面的问题会让你摸不着头脑,增加挫败感.

第二步:分析题眼,原文定位 (1分钟)

按顺序做每一道小题,正确理解题目所表达的内容,根据题目中的关键词——题眼,在文中找到相应的位置。定位词找2-3个就行,多了也记不住。最好是位置不同的两个词。

特别注意:比较容易定位的词是:

1. 比较长,难的名词容易定位,好找。

2. 时间、数字、地点、人名、大写字母的单词容易定位。

划定位线索应遵循以下原则:

(1)形式最鲜明的专有名词和数字时间,而且多多益善。因为这些也有可能是不止一次出现,有两个或者以上,就能比较确定。如:

1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.

3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

例1的定位词是1921;例2的定位词有General Eisenhower, 再加上German, 还有America(但America定位的意义不大,因为它是贯穿全文的――文章讲的就是美国的事情);例3也有鲜明的1950s, 参照American government.

同时要注意读出隐性的数字,也就是本身没有数字,但暗示文章里有数字。如:

5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate(死亡率)on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

这里Death rate当然可能用数字来表达。

9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.

More than后面也可能是数字。

(2)如果没有如此鲜明的标志,可以找本句的核心概念。还要注意这是为了在原文中寻找相应的东西,所以不一定是意义最重要或者对文章最重要,而是在原文中最可能明确找到的。

4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.

5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in America.

7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway system.

例4中,在原文中最容易找的会是什么?是“很多问题”,还是“地理特征”,还是“创造性的工程”?应该说都可能。这时候problem 好,还是geographical feature等好?对定位而言,可能长得比较怪异的更打眼一些,虽然可能不认识。

例5中,safety consideration可以考虑,而death rate要么是原词,要么是数字,很好用。至于American roads这个概念太泛,不专一,就很难说了。

例6中,interstate highway system是文章的核心概念,反复出现,反而是最不好的定位词。Access between military installations比较怪异,是应该留意的对象。America再次出现,再次贬值。

例7当然是主语重要,宾语是文章主题,对定位无益。

(3)如您不知道一个词的意思的话,您可试估计这字词是正面的(positive)还是负面的(negative),这对您认识文章的意思和作者的意图很有帮助;另外,还需注意文字或句子的形式变化,在文章中寻找答案的难度很多时候是看对字句的形式变化的认识能力。

需注意的3种不同形式:

第一种:相同词性的同义替换

rules and regulations——regulations T5

第二种:动-副同义替换

speed up——quickly

第三种:同义、文与数的替换

most of ——57 percentage

(4)一时之间,难以判断,就多划几个词,或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的划出来了核心,有一个两个模糊,问题不大。

第三步:分解对应,三项对比

7个是非判断题 (9-10.5 分钟)

找到题目在文章中的出处后,将题干的句子进行简单的成分划分,然后将

句子的主谓宾各个部分与原文对应,判断Y、N、NG。

首先我们需要分清楚Y,N,NG的真正含义,不要在读找到了也读懂了原文的情况之下冤枉失分。看看下面的例子,再总结如何区别。

原文:I love you.

选项:

1.I have some strong feelings for in you.

2.I hate you/I am indifferent.

3.You love me/I love you fervently/I love you better than he/I will love you always.

以上1是对原文意思的解释,故为Y。

2和3在以前都是错的。但按照三分标准,2才是N,而3是NG。

标准是:是否有逻辑上的否定关系。

原文与选项有逻辑上的否定关系,则为N,也就是原文对,则选项必错,是N。

原文与选项不同,但无逻辑上的否定关系,为NG,也就是原文对,选项不一定对,但也不一定错,是NG。

“我爱你”,则必然不是“我恨你”或者“冷漠无情”,故N。

但“我爱你”时,“你爱我”与否并不确定;我是否“很热烈的爱你”、是否“爱你甚于他爱你”、是否“将会永远爱你”都是不一定的,故为NG.

由此可以归纳如下:Yes

1、同义表达;

2、原意转化;

3、根据原文概括或归纳而成的。

No

1、题目与原文直接相反;

2、原文是多个条件并列,题目是其中一个条件(出现must or only);

3、原文为人们对某种事物的理论感觉,题目则强调是客观事实或已被证明;

4、原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、程度的词。

5、将原文中的不确定因素转化为确定因素

Not Given

1、题目中的表述无中生有;

2、题目中的范围小于原文的范围,也就是更具体 (note:但是大于就是true了);

3、将原文中的特殊情况推广为普遍现象

4、原文是可能性,题目是必然性;

5、题目有比较级,原文没有比较。

6、两段判定(判断NG最好方法)法,在四级快速阅读中,如果上一题已经确定了在原文中的位置,读过两段后仍无下一题所需信息,则可以判定该题为NG,而不用通读全文。

如果前7个题型为选择题,则根据第二步的定位词到相应的段落寻找答案。

第四步:分解问题,填写准确

对于填空题,先看所缺的句子成分,然后根据小标题或者题眼找到原文。尽量照抄原文,但要抄得恰到好处,抄得简练,也就是说,题干问什么或缺什么,就抄什么,其余不相干内容不要抄上,保证所填内容的准确性。

第三节阅读技巧

1、略读和寻读巧妙搭配

面对快速阅读这样一种新题型,考生应该巧妙地将略读和寻读两种方法结合起来。而不要机械、孤立地使用某一种阅读方法。在使用这些方法时候,还要注意几个问题:

(1)注意首尾句的出现

如果短文包括几个自然段,则应注意第一、二段和最后一段,力求抓住文章的主旨大意。注意了解文章的主题句及结论句。

(2)注意标点符号的使用

可以运用标点符号(破折号、小括号、冒号)了解抽象的词汇或句子的含义。因为这些标点符号的出现就是为了更进一步地解释其前的信息。但同时,由于快速阅读用词相对比较简单,很容易理解和把握标点前的被解释信息,所以,可以将这些标点符号后面的信息删除,从而更加快速地把握文章,提高阅读效率。

(3)注意逻辑关系的运用

逻辑关系分布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种:

因果关系:as a result ,therefore,hence(因此,从此以后),consequently(因此,所以),because, for, due to等等。

并列、递进关系:and, or, then,in addition,besides,in other words,moreover等等。

转折关系:however,but, yet, in fact等等。

这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果,并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子,从阅读的角度来看,它们同时在给我们某种提示,告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息,相对重要的信息,哪些信息是相对不重要的信息,因为我们在处理文章的时候,有一条清晰的思路,你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行阅读,而是为了获取某些信息而进行阅读,所以,要利用逻辑关系简化阅读。

例如,并列、递进关系词,意味着它们前后衔接的信息从主旨的体现上没有发生变化,而更多的表现为前后句子主旨的相似性,所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读。这样,在保证了阅读质量的基础上,也极大地提高了阅读速度。

(4)注意特殊标记的使用

用最快的速度通读文章,找到自己需要的细节描述部分,并在有关的句子下做出各种记忆符号。文章浏览完毕,再将划线部分(或做其它符号)重新详读一次,并进行适当的判断。

例如:在阅读文章时候,对于首段第二行的“Sept.11”,第二段第二行的“Operation Safe Travel”、“14”第三段第一行的“1956” 等位置就应该做特殊的标记,因为这里可能涉及到问题,阅读时就应该通过标记尽可能缩小寻找答案的范围。而“1956S”恰好和后面第三题“It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.”中的“1950S”形成对应。

再例:文章倒数第二段:the interstate system has bee n an essential element of the nation’s economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use int erstates for last leg of the journey by vehicle.

以上这段文字中,“creation”之后出现一个冒号,它说明后面内容是对前面内容的解释,后面的信息可以考虑放弃阅读,但是,之后有“75”这个一个数字,可以仅将数字做特殊标记,其他部分忽略。

2、研读法以辅助

例如第8题:

The great benefit brought by the interstate system was_______________.

由于文章阅读我们使用略读和寻读相结合的方法,所以,定位相对不是很容易,这个时候要刻意放慢解题速度,在原文倒数第三段发现这么一句:

Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility.

问题中的“The great”就相当与原文中的“Above all”,所以答案就在该句中的冒号之后的信息:“personal freedom of mobility.”

3、句子抓主干

抛弃一些段落后,如果要读的段落每句都要读得清清楚楚,也是不现实的也不必要的。在读句子上,速度也要提起来,关键也是在选择。这个选择原则是:以考点为准,抓住主干,尽量少看。

1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

找到的是第二段首句:With the increase in auto production, private turnpike(收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads.

此句只是讲到1921年,有多少paved roads. 是否有national standards,要继续看后面。下一句很长:

Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage.

这一句漫无目的读下去,只有两个结果,一是死在路上,因为后面不但长而且是很怪异的东西。二是终于读出来了,但考试时间已到!横竖是个死。

其实最多读到19th century Scottish engineer就完全够了。标准就是“考点”。我们现在要知道的是那时有没有national standards国家标准,用的是十九世纪苏格兰某工程师的东西,这个工程师是谁重要否?它的那个东西有什么特点重要否?无关!是不是国家标准才是重要的。有人敏感一点,已得出没有国家标准。如果不确信,下一句就清楚了:Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs.

第四章十五选十(Banked Close)

第一节选词填空(Banked Cloze)解题技巧

选词填空篇章长度为200—250词,考查考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力;要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文,然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空,使短文复原。

(一)解题步骤

对于这种新题型,我们怎么应对呢?

时间分配:7分钟= 25 –18 (18 分钟留给Section B的两篇常规阅读,选词填空题要给出7分钟)

第一步:通读全文(1分钟)

通读全文是用较快速度,一行一行地读,目的是把握至少90% 的文章内容。选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联,词性也不同,而且还有5个干扰项,切不可先看选项,乱了脑子。一定要先了解文章大意,带着文章脉络去找选项。所以,务必先沉着地把文章读一遍,尤其注意gap 前后的位置,为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。

提醒:先居高临下,花5秒钟把短文各个自然段的段首扫一遍。比如样题的各段是这样开头的:

When Roberto Feliz came to the USA…

Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him…

Today, he is a ________ doctor, run his own clinic…

Roberto’s story is just one of ________ success stories.

一眼就能看出短文的主要内容:Roberto开始不行,随着时间的推移(When –Then –Today )后来在别人帮助下成功(success stories)了。心里有了底,再读文章就轻松多了。

提醒:Banked cloze 的短文(text)第一句是不允许出题的,它对全文起概括、提示的作用。所以,一定要认真看懂第一句。

第二步:整理选项(1分钟)

这一步,公认的做法是先标出15个选项的词性。目前四级考试只考实词中的四种:名词做主语和宾语, 动词做谓语,形容词做定语,副词做状语。不考代词和数词;也不考虚词(冠词, 介词, 连词, 感叹词)

四种实词中,考得最少是副词, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。研究样题和真题后发现,动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性,有两个,也有四个。

标词性时的切入点是后缀,也就是词尾。以ion, age, ness, ty, ship, ace, ance, ancy, ence, ency, dom, itude, um, mony 结尾的大都是名词;以ize, ise, fy结尾的大都是动词;以ive, ent, ant, ful, ous, able, ary, ic, cal, less结尾的是大都是形容词;以ly, s, ways, wise 结尾的大都是副词。

这里有两个问题:一、有的词做名词和做动词都很常见,没有上下文不好判断,这时两个都要标出来,先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。

二、以ing, ed 结尾的词既可能是动词,也可能是分词转变而来的形容词。这时怎么办?很简单,新四级考试中的banked cloze 还没有到考分词作形容词的难度,所以,碰到这种情况,一律看成是动词,包括非谓语动词。

第三步:选词填空(4分钟)

调动语法知识,先确定单词的词性,再去词表中找同一词类的选项,挑出正确答案。

动词的确定:动词最容易确定,因为一个句子没有动词就等于没有谓语,是很明显的缺陷。而且动词的关联性、可比性最差,选这个和选那个有天壤之别。

名词的确定:

1.冠词a, an, the 的后面。

2.介词in, on, from…的后面。

3.形容词(包括指示形容词demonstrative adjectives或称限定词determiners,如this, that, these, those )的后面。

形容词的确定:名词的前面。

副词的确定:

1.动词的附近(指前面或后面)。

真题:…jobs that used to be done primarily by women…

2.形容词的前面。真题:…but they are still not completely sure what leads to it…

3.句子的前面。如:Not surprisingly, the jury found them both guilty.

上面谈的是根据语法确定词性,现在谈谈根据上下文确定词义。默念这句话:“答案就在周围!”如果你留心的话,空白附近的暗示无处不在。

真题举例:

1.the income …gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now ____ about half of all cars. 正向并列:buying 同义词暗示purchase. (2006-12)

2.The hot, humid air over the ocean causes sever _____ thunderstorms. 正向并列:hot, humid(潮湿的)同义词暗示tropical(热带的,炎热的).(2006-6)

3.…other parts face drought, poor crops and _______. 正向并列:poor crops 同义词暗示starvation;欠收自然导致饥荒。(2006-6)结论:眼尖一点,脑子勤一点。

第四步:回顾检查review (1分钟)

速度要快,只看有题的句子即可。

(二)解题五绝招:

1) 词性判断2) 常用搭配3) 内在逻辑4) 感情色彩5) 语法常识

(四)实例分析(以四级考试大纲中的样题为例,结合解题方法,命题特点进行剖析)

When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a __47__ "I couldn't understand anything," he said. He__48__ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.

Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his__49__ Spanish. "She helped me stay smart while teaching me English," he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he__50__ confidence and began to succeed in school.

Today, he is a__51__ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he__52__ through bilingual education to treat his patients.

Roberto's story is just one of__53__ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most__54__ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students__55__outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college__56__rates of more than 90%. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation.

A) wonder B) acquired C) consistently D) regained

E) nightmare F) native G) acceptance H) effective

I) hid J) prominent K) decent L) countless

M) recalled N) breakthrough O) automatically

解题思路与命题点剖析:

1.通读完文章后,对所给备选词汇进行词性分类:

名词: E) nightmare G) acceptance N) breakthrough A) wonder

形容词: J) prominent F) native L) countless K) decent H) effective

副词: C) consistently O) automatically

动词: B) acquired I) hid D) regained M) recalled

2.根据上下文的衔接,基本语法知识,固定搭配,词义感情色彩进行答题。

47) 根据基本语法常识判断,在该空前有一个冠词“ a” ,说明该空应填一个名词,而且进一步推断,一定为可数名词并且是单数名词,然后我们就从刚才词性归类后的名词中寻找答案。由此可以进一步缩小范围,由15选1变成了4选1。根据上下文还可以看到,上一句提到Roberto Feliz只知道一些英语单词,而该空后面一句的意思是他说我不理解任何事情,由此可以判断出47空的名词感情色彩应该为负面或者说为贬义,由此缩小了包围圈,在这4个名词中,贬带义的只有E) nightmare(恶梦, 使人极其痛苦的事情或经历, 梦魇),因此我们锁定答案。

总结: 该题目的考查重点为词性分类以及对上下文感情色彩的判断。

大学英语四级考试模拟试题

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