英国文学及选读上册复习资料

Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066 AD)

· What is the most representative work of this period? : Beowulf.

· What is it about?

· It is the story of a hero among the ancient Scandinavians, who was considered a protector of the people for fighting against a monster named Grendel, his revengeful mother and a fire-breathing dragon, all representatives of evil forces in society and human life.

· What is its importance?

· It is the first great English literary work and the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons, handed down orally through the centries, and is called "national epic of English people".· The whole poem tresents and all-round picture of the tribal society. It is not Christian but a pagan（异教徒的）poem, despite the Christian flavour given by the monastery scribe （修道院抄写员）, which shows the mixture of pagan and Christian elements as well as the mixture of tribal society（部落社会，原始社会）and feudal（封建）elements.

· The poem is written in alliteration verse（压头韵）, employing the device of alliteration with certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant or vowel.

· It uses the devices of metaphors（暗喻）and understatements（降格）.

E.g. Sea→whale-road; swan-road Monster→soul-destroyer

2. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)

· What are the main kinds of literature in this period? : Romance（骑士文学）and ballads（民谣）.

· What are their respective themes?

· Romance are often about knightly adventures（骑士的冒险）or other heroic deeds, and usually emphasizes the chivalric（骑士的）love of the Middle Ages in Europe.

· Ballads traditionally deal with the pagan supernatural, with tragic love, or with historical or semi-historical events, e.g. the English-Scottish border（边境）ballads, or the Robin Hood ballads, with brave, intelligent and kind-hearted out-law characters who hate the cruel oppression and help the poor.

3. The Age of Chaucer / Late Middle English Literature

· What is the most important author of this period? : Jeoffrey Chaucer.

· Why is he important?

· Jeoffrey Chaucer is considered "the father of English poetry". His masterpiece The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English literature.

He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas（押韵的诗节）to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. It was he who used for the first time in English rhymed couplet of iambic pantameter（五步抑扬格which was later called the "heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）He is considered as the first realistic writer in English literary history and a massenger of humanism（人文主义）. His works presented us an array of characters from all walks of life（各式各样的人物）, affirming man's right to earthly happiness（世俗喜乐）, praising man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.He is

the first to wirte in the current English language. He did much in making the dialect of London for modern English language.

The Canterbury Tales: What is the book about? : It is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, influenced by Boccaccio's Decameron（《十日谈》）. Taking the standerd of the rising bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, the poet affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church（教会所主张的禁欲主义信条）.

· What are the main literary innovations brought about by The Canterbury Tales? :: heroic couplet 英雄双韵体参见上上条

Tips:由十音节双韵诗体（couplet演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音（iambic pantameter。）五步抑扬格），两句句尾押韵·举例：A worthy woman from beside Bath city, Was with us, somewhat deaf, which was a pity.

· Can you identify and briefly describe some of its most memorable characters?

· 1）The tale of the Wife of Bath巴斯夫人的故事:/l 巴斯城里住着一个彪悍的女人，她正经结过五次婚，面容姣好不戴面纱，开着一家制衣厂，谁都不敢冒犯她。她见多识广，喜欢精心打扮和开朗谈笑，是中世纪末期、资本主义上升时期世俗社会新女性的代表。A well-traveled middle-aged woman who has been married five times, not counting other lovers she did not marry. She has a large amount of knowledge from experience, and when she questions the authority of the bible, she does it with a very good background from which to debate it. She is the owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry, somewhat vulgar , and exceedingly talkative.It is a vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s day. The wife of Bath shows Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for characterization.

She dominates her husbands in every way: physically, financially and legally. 2) the

Knight（骑士的故事）, a warrior who relies on the code of chivalry. Represents the romanticized standards of the feudal system.Social Significance: It gives a comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet’s dayPraise …Expose and satirize…AttackAs a

forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life.He attacks the

degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, the corruption of the Church and so on. 3) the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者的故事）, A clergyman who is outwardly corrupt. His main motivating factor was money, and so if the sinner had the gold, the Pardoner would favor the sinner and help pardon him.

4. The Renaissance and the Elizabethan Age

· What are the dominant forms of literature in this period?: :: Drama, essay, poetry.

·Francis Bacon: What were his main ideas? What was his most significant contribution to literature?

· He is the founder of materialism（唯物主义）in philosophy and science in England. He advocates the inductive method（归纳法）of reasoning, lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and free investigation of nature, rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. 他强调通过科学实验和调查而来获得知识，而不是一味遵从权威，制定了系统的归纳逻辑，强调实验对认识的作用。Contribution：Bacon is the first English essayist, whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature. Bacon's language is neat, priest and weighty. 作品: Of Studies《论学习》;The Advancement of Learning《论学问的进步》; Novum Organum(New Instrument)《新工具》

Poetry: Who are the most important poets? What is the key poetic form, famously adopted, for example, by Shakespeare? What is its structure? (You should be able to identify this structure in specific poems.) Poets: 伊莉莎白时代的诗人我不知道你们讲了哪些，大概会有斯潘塞（Edmund Spenser）吧，他被称为the poet’s poet（诗人中的诗人），代表作是The Faerie Queene（《仙后》），是为了称赞伊丽莎白一世而写的一个寓言诗（allegorical poem）。他创造了斯潘塞诗节（Spenserian stanza），一种9行

诗节，前面8行是五步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），最后一行是六步抑扬格（iambic hexameter），押韵方式是ababbcbcc。

Key poetic form：sonnet 十四行诗

Structure：sonnet is a lyric consisting 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme（押韵模式）.

十四行诗有两种形式，一种是彼特拉克体Petrarchan sonnet（又称意大利体, The Italian sonnet），由一节八行诗（octave）和一节六行诗（sestet）组成，押韵模式是abba abba cde cde, 具体诗歌有John Donne（约翰·多恩）的Death Be Not Proud. 另一种是很有可能考到的莎士比亚体Shakespearean sonnet，又称伊莉莎白体，由三节四行诗quatrain和一节两行诗couplet组成，押韵模式是abab cdcd efef gg，具体诗歌有莎士比亚的Sonnet 18等。

Sonnet 18: Rhythm: iambic pentamter Rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.

Theme: Love is more enduring than the physical beauty. Although beauty may be fleeting, love endures all. Physical beauty is transient, but the beauty of an artistic creation is eternal. the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last foreverSing highly of the man’s power of creation.Declare man’s eternity. Affirm human being’s value.

Summer in England: warm, sunny, temperate, pleasantBut sometimes it is short, windy, hot and will be darkened by the cloud.

Drama: What are the most significant authors and works?

v Christopher Marlowe: What is his most famous play? What are its main themes? The Tragical History of Dr Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》

v A play based on a popular old German legend, reshaped to express the Renaissence man's desire for infinite power and happiness through knowledge. Aspiring for knowledge and power, the main character Dr Faustus surrendered his soul to the devil. It reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.

v Ben Jonson: Can you identify some of his plays?

v Every Man in His Humour《人人高兴》v Volpone《狐狸》v The Alchemist《炼金术士》v Bartholomew Fair《巴托罗缪集市》

v William Shakespeare:

? Can you identify his main literary achievements in poetry and drama? :>: Poetry:

? 1) 154 sonnets, among which more than 100 are for a handsome young man, possibly his patron, expressing his selfless but not entirely unciritcal devotion to him. 20 are for a "dark lady" whose identity is still a mystery. 都是莎士比亚体的十四行诗

? 2) Themes of his sonnets: ①of time as a destroyer of all mortal things; ②his disillusionment with the falseness of the earthly life.

? 3) Other poems: two narrative poems（叙事诗）→Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece

? Drama：三个创作时期：

? 1590-1600 Early period 历史剧historical plays和喜剧comedies为主

? 1601-1609 Mature period 悲剧tragedies为主

? 1609-1612 Last period 传奇剧tragic-comedies为主

四大悲剧：Hamlet；Othello；King Lear；Macbeth

? What are the main subjects of his drama? Can he be considered an elitist or “intellectual” playwright?

? 1) Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.

? 2) He was a humanist of the time and accepted the Renaissance views on literature.

? How do Shakespeare’s plays (esp. the tragedies) reflect the Renaissance worldview and beliefs? 哈姆雷特是一个理想主义者、人文主义者，他代表了莎士比亚自己的思想，不为封建迷信所困扰，也对人类有一种由衷的崇敬。哈姆雷特的困惑在于他爱他的父母和未婚妻，为他的叔父而感到恶心，为他母亲的浅薄和多变而感到震惊，想要复仇，又怕这种复仇是出于嗜血的冲动，因此他很纠结要不要果断下手，他的纠结充分体现了文艺复兴时期人文主义者对人类的热爱和尊崇、对智慧的追求和对真理的渴望。奥赛罗和苔丝狄蒙娜也都是人文主义者，苔丝狄蒙娜处于爱情而愿意抛弃优越的身份地位跟一个黑人私奔，她是一个柔顺的妻子，也是一个敢于反抗父权、反抗封建家庭权威、追求现实幸福的坚定的女性。奥赛罗更是一个人文主义者，他把苔丝狄蒙娜和她纯洁的爱视为他的全部理想，当这个理想破灭的时候，他毫不犹豫地选择毁灭.（个人观点，你们考试的时候挑着写就行了，围绕人文主义humanism来回答问题。Tips:人文主义主张一切以人为本，反对神的权威，把人从中世纪的神学枷锁下解放出来。宣扬个性解放，追求现实人生幸福：追求自由平等，反对等级观念：崇尚理性，反对蒙昧。）

? What is a tragedy? What are its main purposes and intended effects on the audience?? A tragedy is a drama in which a person of significance has tragic flows which lead to his final catastrophe. The purpose of a tragedy is to arouse the audience's pity and fear.

? What is a tragic hero?

? A tragic hero is a person, often a noble and significant person who has tragic flows which lead to his final catastrophe.

? Why is a character like Macbeth a tragic hero? (You should be able to point out specific examples of his behaviour and actions in the play) 这个跟下一题一起，很有可能作为大题考

? Macbeth's flow: ambition ------? As one of King Duncan’s chief generals and closest military advisers, Macbeth is led to perform wicked deeds by the prophecies of three witches and the machinations of his wife. When he is pronounced Thane of Cawdor for his military victories – a prophecy come true before his ascension to the kingship – he is tempted into murder to fulfill the second prophecy. Once he is crowned king, his brutal plans are made all the easier as he begins killing indiscriminately to ensure his throne. He is not subtle, nor effective as he riles the entire Scottish nobility against his tyrannous ways and ultimately falls before the might of his own psychological pressure and the might of his opposition.

? Is Macbeth master of his fate or a mere puppet at the hands of his wife and/or the witches? What is your personal view on this?

跟莎士比亚有关的Tips:

Similarities among the four tragedies ------1. Hero of noble birth 2. Characteristic flaw: weakness of nature

3. sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society.

4. similar themes:Humanistic ideas condemn human being’s common characteristic flawsFor state’s reunionagainst the tyrannyAgainst the usurper// usurp the throne…Shakespear’s Artistic Features

1. Structure Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots, instead, he borrows them from old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.

2. Characterization: :Not simply typed ones but individual characters with strong and distinct personalities.

A. the use of comparisons and contrasts比较和对比by portraying the characters in pairs or setting them against one another.

B. the use of soliloquy独白to reveal their inner world.

3. Style-------A. experimented freely with sentence structure and vocabulary B. Most of Shakespeare’s plays are verse dramas, written mainly in blank verse无韵诗.

5. The 17th Century

· What are the main characteristics of the literature of this period, taking into account the religious context (the Puritan revolution清教徒革命)? The English Bourgeois revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.The influence of Puritanism on

literature.Puritanism: thrift, simplicity of life, sobriety(自制), hard work, and unceasing labor; pleasure-seeking are regarded as harmful and evil. influenceSonnets, love poetry and drama watching are disapproved.In 1642, the theaters were closed. Literature is largely religious and instructive（宗教性、说教性）.

· Who are the key authors and works of this period?

· John Milton: Why is he considered the most important poet of this period? What is his major poem? What is this work about? Who seems to be the real hero at the beginning of the poem and why? What does this character represent for Milton?

· Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century, as well as an outstanding political pamphleteer. He devoted to the revolution. He has extreme far-reaching influence on the later English poetry. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the forerunner to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. His blank verse is full of poetic imagination and never monotonous.

· Masterpiece: Paradise Lost《失乐园》

Real hero: Satan. Santan questioned the authority of the God. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down the hell. Though wounded, he triumphs and remains noble, because he is invincible（不可战胜的）, prefers independence to happy servility（奴性）. The character of Satan represents Milton as a republican, a revolutionist and a Renaissance humanist who speak fiery words of rebellion against "the tyranny of heaven".

· Can you identify other poets of the period and some of their works?

· John Dryden约翰·德莱顿，代表作Alexander's Feast《亚历山大的宴会》, An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》, All for Love《一切为了爱》Alexander pope

亚历山大·蒲柏，代表作The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》，The Dunciad《群愚史诗》，An Essay on Criticism《论批评》

John Bunyan: What is his major work? What is it about? Why is it considered an allegory? Why is it such an influential work?

· The Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》

· It tells of the experience of a devout Christian the Pilgrim with a neighbour named

Faithful in a world full of vice and wickedness. It is the most successful religious allegory in

prose form, tells Christan who flees from the City of Destruction, meets with many adventure and temptations of the Slough of Despond（绝望的深渊）, Vanity Fair（名利场）, Doubting Castle and faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, finally comes to the Celestial（天堂的）City. ====An allegory（寓言）is a story told to explain or teach somethhing, with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. It depicts the pilgrim of a human soul in search of salvation, with the prominant metaphor of life as a journey. Through this allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons.

· Bunyan wrote in a simple but lively and vivid prose style, he introduced the biblical（圣经的）language into his own direct way, which is easy to understand. There are also satires centered upon the ruling class（比如名利场里面什么都可以拿来买卖，哪怕是贞洁、欲望、欢乐和生命，到处都是欺骗和谋杀，讽刺了封建大资产阶级社会feudal-bourgeois society的堕落）.

6. The 18th Century: The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism

· What are the main cultural and intellectual consequences of the Enlightenment?

·The Enlightenment Movement was in full swing in England during this period, an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe, a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education.Many intellectuals wanted to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical, scientific and artistic ideas to replace feudalist thoughts and the noble-class ideology with bourgeois ideology. It celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science, advocated universal educaion. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England include Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson, etc.

四个关键词：the age of reason, the age of enlightenment, the age of satire, the rise of novel

What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism in literature?

· In the field of literature, the 18th Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is called neoclassicism.

· The neoclassicits held that forms of literature were to be moldeled after the classicial works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer（荷马）and Virgil（维吉尔）, and those of the contemporary French ones（同时代的法国作家）.

· They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.

The “rise of the novel”: What is new about the novel (in comparison to previous prose genres such as romance)? Who are the most important novelists of this period? Can you identify some of their key works?

· New: the beginnings of the modern novel；the appearance of sentimentalism（感伤主义）

· Daniel Defore(father of modern novel): Robinson Crusoe; Jonathan Swift(the greatest English satirist): Gulliver's Travels;

· Henry Fielding(the "prose Homer"): The History of Tom Jones: a Foundling

How does a character like Robinson Crusoe represent the spirit of this age?·Robinson Crusoe is here a real hero: a typical 18th century English middle-class man with a great capacity of work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles and in struggling against the hostile natural forces. He is an empire-builder, a colonizer, a pioneer colonist and a foreign trader.

Jonathan Swift: Why is he considered a master of prose? What are the characteristics of his prose style?

· Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity and an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful 就是说，他的文章看起来是一本正经的，其实是在讽刺

· Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems and novels.

? What is a satire?------==? A satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals/groups/institutions/humanity in general, to set a moral standard for society, and attempts to persuade to reader to see the writer's point of view through the force if laughter.

? What are Swift’s two major satires? What are they about? What are their messages? ------- 我不知道。也许是Lilliput和Laputa。

? Was Swift a misanthrope, a hater of humanity? What is your personal view on this, based on what you know about his work?

?又是personal view哦。可以结合格列夫游记里面的houyhnhnms和Yahoos来写。Part One

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).

②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.

③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in

tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.

④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.

⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the

matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好

汉》).

⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里' 乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His

best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序

言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the E nglish society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue

their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France

the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.

⑦【William Langland威廉-朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

8.The English Bible: The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰?威克

里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.

9 .Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.

10.Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..” “Studies

serve for delight.” “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”

11.William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation（改革）. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night. ②The great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.

12.12.John Milton: His nickname was “The lady of the Christ’s” when he was in college. Milton was political in both his life and his art. He wrote the greatest epic Paradise Lost《失乐园》in English literature. Milton is a master of the blank verse. He first use blank verse in non-dramatic works. Milton is a great stylist and famous for his grand style. He has always been admired for his sublimity(高尚) of thought and majesty of expression. Paradise Lost: It is Milton’s masterpiece. It’s a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation, the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angles; their defeat and expulsion(驱逐) from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angles in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.【The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. He is firmer than the rest of the angles and the spirit questioning the authority of God.】Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》: It is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It deals with the story of Samson from the “Books of the Judges” in the Old Testament.

13. John Bunyan: John Bunyan, the son of a poor tinker, was born in the little village of Elstow. He had a sensitive imagination. When he was about 17, Bunyan enlisted in the parliament army, and served during the decisive battle of Naseby in 1645. After the Restoration, he was flung into Bedford prison in 1660, for refusing to obey the law prohibiting religious meetings. With the characteristic diligence Bunyan set to work in prison making shoelaces, and so earned a living for his family. In the prison, he wrote the book “The Pilgrim’s Progress”（《天路历程》）which was published in 1687. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government.

The Pilgrim’s Progress: It is a religious allegory(讽喻). It tells of the spiritual pilgrimage(朝圣) of the Christian, who flies from the City of Destruction(毁灭之城), 【meets with the perils and temptations(诱惑) of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle(疑虑之城), faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the Celestial City.】Bunyan intends to satirize the state trials in the reactionary(反动派的) reigns of Charles II and James II.

Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人): About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “metaphysicals” by Samuel Johnson, t he 18th century writer. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.

14.John Donne(约翰????多恩): He is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry, lived and wrote during the succeeding reigns of Elizabeth I, James and Charles I. His poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyrics(抒情诗) and sacred(宗教的) verse(诗篇).

15. Classicism: English literature of the Restoration period was modeled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. The classicists upheld reason, law and order in literature. According to classicism, drama, poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules. The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors. Rimed couplet obeys the three unities (三一律)of time, place and action, regularity in construction. Poetry following the ancient divisions, should be lyric, epic, didactic(教诲的)，satiric, or dramatic.

16. The English enlighteners: The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people. The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. 【These writers criticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private life. The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.】Richard Steele(斯梯尔) and Joseph Addison(艾迪生): They are linked together by the ties of a life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the

18th-century. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre(流派). Addison’s chief contribution to literature lies in his essays written for The Tatler and The Spectator.

The Spectator: It was a daily paper, publishing one essay every day. Its general purp ose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper(缓和) wit with morality.” It preached moderation, reason, self-control, civility(礼貌), refinement(高尚) and good taste.

Alexander Pope(亚历山大?蒲柏): He is the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century. When he was only 22, his poem Essay on Criticism《论批评》was published. He is a

great master of verse in England and in Europe. Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry, though he lacked the lyrical gift.

【Essay on criticism: It tells the poet and critics to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers.】【Essay on man《论人》: It is a philosophical poem in heroic couplets. It consists of 4 letters addressed to Lord Bolingbroke, a philosopher of the time. The idea is summed up in a well-known line: “One truth is clear, whatever is, is right.”】

Jonathan Swift: Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly which as shown in his Modest Proposal《温和的建议》and his greatest work is Gulliver’s Travels.

Gulliver’s Travels: It is Swift’s greatest work. The first part of it appeared in October 1762 and by November the book was in everybody’s hand. In the first part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput(小人国). In the second part, the voyage to Brobdingnag(大人国) is described. The third part is a satire on philosophers and projectors. In the last part, Gulliver’s satire is of the bitterest. Gulliver’s Travels gives an unparalleled(无与伦比的) satirical depiction of the vices of his age. 【Pamphlets on Ireland: two of the most famous ones are The Drapier’s Lett ers《德拉皮尔的信》and A Modest Proposal. The Irish series reached its climax in A Modest Proposal (1729), in which Swift suggested, with bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children “at a year old”, as food for the rich. “I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and herefore very proper for landlords.”】

Daniel Defoe: Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. His other interesting books are Captain Singleton(1720)《辛格尔顿船长》, Moll Flanders(1722)《摩尔弗兰德斯》and Colonel Jacque(1722)《大疫年记事》.

Robinson Crusoe: The story takes place in the middle of the 17th century, in the family of an old English gentleman, Mr. Crusoe. The old man designs his son, Robinson, for the law, but the young man has set his mind on becoming a sailor. The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact. Samuel Richardson: He wrote a long tale, Pamela《帕米拉》【Richar dson “had enlarge the knowledge of human nature.” His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves with the author himself absent from the stage, refusing to intervene in the action.】

Henry Fielding: His first novel Joseph Andrews《约瑟夫?安德鲁传》was published in 1742. 【His Jonathan Wild《大伟人乔纳森.菲尔德传》appeared in 1743. Amelia (1751)《阿米莉亚》was his last novel. 】In the brief space of 9 years, Fielding wrote 26 plays. His plays include regular comedies, adaptations from the French, farces(闹剧), burlesques（滑稽戏）, and dramatic satires. As a satirist, he had the zeal(热心) of a social reformer. Fielding’s greatest work is the

history of Tom Jones《汤姆?琼斯》. He is the founder of the English realistic novel. Some features of Fielding’s novels: 1) Fielding’s method of relating a story: The story may be told directly by the author. 2) Satire in Fielding’s novels: Satire abounds everywhere in Fielding’s works. There are 2 kinds of satire. One is the humorous satire which is meant to be instructive and corrective. On the other hand, there is a kind of grim satire, which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling classes. 3) Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. 4) Style: Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.

Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal《造谣学校》

Samuel Johnson: He is a lexicographer(词典编纂者), critic and poet and he was buried in Westminster Abbey. His dictionary was published in 1775 which marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage(赞助) of noblemen for support.

Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗?哥尔德斯密斯: He was a poet , novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He is an i mportant writer of Johnson’s circle. His two poems, The Traveler《旅游人》and The Deserted Village《荒村》, are both written in heroic couplet,

consisting of two iambic pentameter(五音步诗行/英雄诗体) lines linked by rhyme, which was the ruling poetic form in the 18th century. The vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德的牧师》, The

Good-Natured Man, The Citizen of the World《世界公民》.

Edward Gibbon爱德华?吉本: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire《罗马帝国衰亡史》Sentimentalism: sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart.”

Thomas Gray: He took 6 years to compose his famous Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓

园挽歌》, which is a model of sentimentalism poetry. It shows a keen interest in the English countryside and a sincere feeling for the life of common people. The poet meditates(沉思) in

village cemetery(墓地) on the graves of the humble and poor that surround him.

William Cowper: He is one of the representatives of sentimentalism.

William Blake(威廉?布莱克): The best of Blake’s short poems is to be found in these two little

collections of lyrics, Songs of innocence《天真之歌》, contains poems which were apparently

written for children, and Songs of experience《经验之歌》. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

《天国与地狱的婚姻》is important for its expression of Blake’s spirit of revolt against oppression. The whole temper o f Blake’s genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age. Blake’s revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley. For these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-

Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.【The contrast between songs of innocence and songs of experience is of great significance. It makes a progress in the poet’s outlook on life. In the earlier collection, port’s first glimpse of the world was a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. Later years, experience had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil.】Robert Burns(罗伯特?彭斯): Burns is the national poet of Scotland. He is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subject. Numerous are Burn’s songs of love

a nd friendship, which describes the poet’s own emotions with such vividness and simplicity. Bruce at Bannockurn is a typical song of patriotism(爱国主义). 【This patriotism is inseparately bound up with Burn’s passionate love of his native country.】Burns was an outspoken supporter of the

French Revolution. Burns also achieved success in the field of satire. His songs are Scottish to the core. It is here that we have the best, the truest and fullest revelation of the poet’s mind and heart.

They are entirely his own. He was himself in his own rural theme. His great success was also largely due to his comprehensive(广泛的) knowledge and excellent mastery(精通) of the old song tradition.

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还

多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方

英国文学复习资料汇编

Pre-Renaissance period Beowulf : the first English national epic I. The position of the Beowulf: the first English national epic II.The story: (to simply narrate it ) Beowulf←→ Grendel and his mother Beowulf←→ Fire dragon III. Its artistic features 1. I t’s a 3183-line verse written in true epic style and in Old English; 2. the most evident feature: the use of alliteration; (refer to the history of literature By Liu Bingshan,) 3. to use compound-words to serve as metaphors; 4. the use of understatements: the impression and a color of humor. △5. the mixing of pagan elements with Christian colouring. Geoffrey Chaucer I. life : 1. He was born in a wine merchant family in 1340; 2. His early life as a page and his marriage acquainted him with knowledge about upper class; 3.he was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”. II. His Work: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue ...

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

英国文学选读-安顺学院外语系

《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲 一、课程说明 1. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读 2 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature 3. 课程总学时数：32 4. 课程学分数： 2 5. 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 6. 本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。 二、教学基本要求 1. 本课程的目的、任务 英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。 2. 本课程的教学要求 了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言

英美文学复习资料

英美文学 I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作 II．名词术语: Ode ——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. Alliteration ——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme. It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other. e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at last Rage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped open Kenning ——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object. e.g. Helmet bearer—— warrior Swan road——the sea The world candle—— the sun Repetition &Variation e.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature / the foe / horrible monster A host of young soldiers / a company of Kinsmen / a whole warrior-band Caesura ——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura. e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.

“英国文学选读”课程研究论文写作规范和要求

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