Unit 6 (1999年)
(71)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place,each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
(72)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
(73)During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
(74)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences,the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
(75)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Unit 6 翻译题解:
71)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析:
第一、句子可以拆分为三段:
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
第二、句子的结构:
1)主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句,While引导让步状语从句,从句中as... as结构是比较级,这句话直译为有多少历史学家,就有多少关于历史的定义。
2)主句中one是宾语,后面的that从句是它的定语从句。
3)sees history as把……看作是,不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt 的定语。
第三、词的处理:
While 虽然,尽管;definitions 定义,界定;modern practice 现代(补词:史学家的)实践;conforms to 符合于,趋向于认为;attempt 试图,尝试;to recreate 再现,重现(不能说重新创造历史);events 事件,结合上下文引申为史实
完整的译文:
71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为,历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析:
第一、句子可以拆分为三段:
Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是一个简单句:Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...
2)并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键,through和from意思完全相同,表示原因,直译比较少的是因为……,更多的原因是……
3)challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语,直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议,internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。
第三、词的处理:
Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣);arisen 来自于,产生于challenge 质疑,挑战;validity 真实性,正确性;as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域);internal quarrels 内部意见不统一,内部分歧
完整的译文:
72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部意见不一,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
句子分析:
第一、句子可以拆分为三段:
During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的结构:
1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句:...methods were augmented by...
2)过去分词短语designed to...作句子宾语methodologies的定语。
第三、词的处理:
transfer 转变;augmented 充实,补充;additional methodologies 新方法;designed to
用来;interpret 阐释,解释,说明;the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式,根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料;in the historical study 在(补译:历史学家)研究历史时
完整的译文:
73)在这种转变中,历史学家研究历史时,那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析:
第一、句子可以拆分为三段:
There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的结构:
1)主干结构是存在句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长,整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。
2)whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。
3)the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语;the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。
第三、词的处理:
agreement 统一的意见,一致看法;whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指……
the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念;the research techniques 研究手段;appropriate to 适用于,合适于the various branches 各个领域;historical inquiry 历史探究
完整的译文:
74)所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
75)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析:
第一、句子可以拆分为三段:
It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是:It applies equally to..., and to ...直译这既适应于……又适应于……
引申为这既存在于……又存在于……
2)traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate...
with...是并列结构,指两种历史学家,各有定语从句修饰。
第三、词的处理:
It主语指示代词,联系上下文意思是这种谬论;traditional historians 传统历史学家,历史传统派;view history as 把历史看作是;sources 源泉,引申为史料来源;social science historians 社会科学历史学家,历史社科派;their activity 活动,引申为历史学研究活动,历史研究;equate... with 把……等同于,认为……是;specific techniques 具体方法
完整的译文:
75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
situations. 【参考译文】 ①玩视频游戏鼓励孩子的即刻满足。 ②连续数小时看带有预录笑声的电视节目,只会使孩子以消极的方式处理信息。 ③同时,长时间通过耳机听节奏单调的音乐鼓励孩子待在自己封闭的天地里,而不是去做其他的尝试。 ④所有这些行为会阻止重要的交流与思考技能的提高,并且使孩子很难发展持久的注意力,而这将是未来他们从事的众多工作所需要的。 ⑤他们应该知道如何处理挫折、压力和不称职感。 ⑥他们还应该学习如何解决问题和化解冲突,学习开动脑筋和批判性思维的方法。 ⑦家庭讨论可以帮助孩子练习,并且帮助他们将这些技能应用到日常生活当中。 “搭配记忆法”对我们记忆单词、攻克翻译题有很大的帮助,但任何巧妙的方法都需要在长久的练习中熟能生巧,希望大家在以后的复习过程中,能按照这种方法把真题吃透,学英语贵在积累,三天打鱼两天晒网的学习方式要不得,只要坚持下去,终有一天,你的英语会变得很不一样!
【参考译文】 ①想要申请攻读博士学位的每一个学生都应该阅读一下这本精妙的、睿智的小书:《思想的市场:美国大学的改革和抗拒》。 ②然后他们可能会决定另觅他路。 ③因为在美国大学里已经发生了某种奇妙的事情,哈佛大学英语教授Louis Menand敏锐地捕捉到了这一点。 ④他关注的主要是人文学科:文学、语言、哲学等类似的学科。 ⑤这些都是要过时了的学科:现在美国大学的研究生中有22%的学生选择商务为自己的专业,与之相比只有2%的人主修历史专业,4%的学生主修英语专业。 “搭配记忆法”对我们记忆单词、攻克翻译题有很大的帮助,但任何巧妙的方法都需要在长久的练习中熟能生巧,希望大家在以后的复习过程中,能按照这种方法把真题吃透,学英语贵在积累,三天打鱼两天晒网的学习方式要不得,只要坚持下去,终有一天,你的英语会变得很不一样!
2019年CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题及参考答案 【第一篇】 So where there is financial connection, we see that rapid improvements in quality of life can quickly follow. In our modern context, there are several important channels to achieving this greater financial connectivity. I want to highlight two today: increased capital mobility and increased financial inclusion. First, enabling capital to flow more freely. Allowing capital to flow across borders can help support inclusive growth. Right now, foreign direct investment —FDI — is only 1.9 percent of GDP in developing countries. Before the global financial crisis, it was at 2.5 percent. Making progress on major infrastructure needs will require capital flows to rise again and to be managed safely. Greater openness to capital flows can also bring down the cost of finance, improve the efficiency of the financial sector, and allow capital to support productive investments and new jobs. Challenges that come with opening up capital markets. Thankfully, we know from experience the elements that are required for success. These include sound financial regulation, transparent rules for investment, and attention to fiscal sustainability. We also need increased financial inclusion. A few numbers: close to half of the adult population in low and middle-income Asia-Pacific economies do not have a bank account. Less than 10 percent have ever borrowed from a financial institution. And yet, we know that closing the finance gap is an “economic must-have” for nations to thrive in the 21st century. IMF analysis shows that if the least financially inclusive countries in Asia narrowed the finance gap to the level of Thailand — an emerging market economy — the poverty rate in those countries could be reduced by nearly 4 percent. How can we get there? In part, through policies that enable more women and rural citizens to access financial services. The financial gender gap for women in developing countries is about 9 percent and has remained largely unchanged since 2011. There is no silver bullet, but we know that fintech can play a catalyzing role. In Cambodia, for example, strong public-private partnerships in supporting mobile finance has led to a tripling in the number of micro-financial institutions since 2011. These institutions have now provided loans to over 2 million new borrowers, representing nearly 20 percent of the adult population. Many of these citizens had never had a bank account. Now they can save for the future and perhaps even start a business of their own. These are ideas that can work everywhere. But countries have to be willing to partner and learn from each other. That is one of the major reasons why last October, the IMF and World Bank launched the Bali Fintech Agenda. The agenda lays out key principles — from developing financial markets to safeguarding financial integrity — that can help each nation as it strives for greater financial inclusion. 【第一篇参考答案】
考研英语翻译技巧之英译汉 汉英互译一直是考研英语中的难点,小编整理英译汉中常涉及的难点提出一些建议,并以实际案例进行解析,帮助大家掌握英译汉的翻译技巧,快速掌握英译汉,为考研成功进行最后的冲刺。 难点 1.多为长难句 英译汉句子平均的单词量在30个左右,而且结构复杂,修饰成分多,考生很容易因没有理清句子结构而造成翻译得南辕北辙的现象。 2.需要联系上下文来理解词义 考研英语的英译汉是给你一篇文章,然后从中划出5个句子,因此就必须把词句的含义放到原文中来理解,切不可断章取义,有的词语翻译出来的意思与其本意可能会有不同,这正是英译汉要考察的要点之一。 建议 首先要拥有一定的单词量,背单词不能只知道其常用的意思,还应知道其作为其它属性或者完全与本意看似不相关的其他含义,这样才能在联系上下文翻译的时候对单词的含义做到触类旁通;其次,要有对长难句的“免疫”能力,可以在做阅读题的时候,把典型的复杂长难句记下来,试着划分句子结构,做到熟能生巧。最后,平时可以多看一些英文文章,培养一下语感,有助于对句子含义的整体把握。 真题解析 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)(2014年考研英语真题Part C) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music。(46)It is also the reason why when we try to
英译汉历年真题全文翻译 1994年真题参考译文 新学派科学家们认为,在扩大科学知识范围的过程中,技术是一股被忽视了的力量(71)他们认为,科学之所以向前发展,与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见,还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。(72)一位新学派的领袖人物坚持说,简言之,所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用;这一系列工具的改进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域。(73)多年来,工具和技术本身作为根本性革新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和思想家们所忽视了。肯定技术的现代派认为,诸如伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的著名科学大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都十分重视各种不同的、可用于科学实验的工艺信息和技术装置并从中获益匪浅,提倡肯定技术、否定天才的论点之核心是对伽利略在科学革命的初期所起作用的分析。当时人们对天体的认识源于公元二世纪时的天文学家托勒密。他认为,在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。(74)伽利略最伟大的成就在于,在l 609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人,以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。但故事中真正的英雄,新学派科学家们认为,是改进制作眼镜的机器的漫长过程。 联邦政府的政策不可避免地卷入了这场“技术”对“天才”之争。(75)政府是应该以牺牲技术作为代价来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。
1995年真题参考译文 广泛用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的,因为在抨击这些测试的时候,批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者。测试本身只是工具,其特点是在具体条件下可以得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者有误导作用在部分程度上取决于工具本身,但在很大程度上取决于使用者。 所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解:学习成绩、研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。(72)这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性,还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何认真记分的人都知道,能获得的信息往往不全面,而且预测很容易出现错误。应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识,他所掌握的技能或者他是哪种类型的人,标准化测试提供了快捷,而客观的获取信息的办法、和其他种类的信息一样,按这种方法获得的信息从质量上来讲也有其自身的长处和短处。(73)因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试,(采用)其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据,还取决于诸如费用和可获取性之类的因素。(74)一般来说,当所要测定的特征能够最为精确地界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当,测试提供一种快速获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法,有时还会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生,但测试无法做到的事情也很多。(75)例如,这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现
英汉翻译 一、给下列的英译汉作出判断,正确在括号用T表示,错误用F表示。 1、I’d die first. 我宁愿先死。(F ) 2、Kill it please. 别干了,你!(T ) 3、I find it hard to get going in the morning. 我发现早上起来就懒得动。(T ) 4、The troops of the two countries are kept at arm’s length.两国军队相距很远。(T ) 5、He knew that Shanghai was the bastion of Far East imperialism. 他知道上海是远东帝国主义的堡垒。( F ) 6、The importance of electronic computers cannot be over-estimated.电子计算机的重要性不能过高地估计。(F) 7、The importance of electronic computers cannot be over-estimated.电子计算机的重要性不能过高地估计。(F) 8、I don’t care about going. 我愿意(可以)去。(F ) 9、That’s the door. 门在那儿。( F ) 10、Let the cat out of the bag. 露出马脚。(T) 11、If I want you I will ask for you .请不要插嘴。(T ) 12、If I want you I will ask for you .请不要插嘴。(T ) 13、I could not feel better. 我感觉很好。( T ) 14、I could not feel better. 我感觉很不好。( F ) 15、It leaves nothing to be desired. 这已完美无缺。(T ) 16、Mary is a girl of a boy.玛丽是个男孩式的女孩。(F ) 17、There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。(T ) 18、Domestic shame should not be made public.家丑不可外扬。(T ) 19、That’s too much for me. 那对我来说太多了。( F ) 20、Keep it dark . 这事不可泄露出去。(T )
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities,and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little, if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B.F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say,they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists,in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations,including the United States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact,as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
英译汉模拟试题30篇参考答案 Passage 1 1.参考译文:尽管世界上3350万艾滋病病毒携带者/患者中的大多数人都生活在非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区"~每年还有另外400万人感染艾滋病病毒,但上周召开的非洲统一组织首脑会议的主要议题却仍是解决沖突和发展经济。 2.参考译文:然而这一流行病对于经济发展,或者更确切地说对于经济发展目前所缺乏的因素产生的影响比许多政治家想像的更大。 3.参考译文:南非大都市人寿保险公司保险统计员迪恩莫尔认为,管理人员在工作场所如何对待艾滋病将决定他们的公司在21世纪的头几年能否继续存在。 4.参考译文:在南非,因种族隔离我们有过失落的一代,新的失落的一代将是因艾滋病而变为孤儿的一代。 5.参考译文:津巴布韦薄弱的国民经济在很大程度上依赖于非正式企业和小型商业,而随着艾滋病夺去雇主和雇员的生命,许多企业都自身难保。 Passage 2 1.参考译文:申请基因专利的最大问题就是当科学家们对于基因编码的特定股起什么作用至少有一个大体想法时,它常常就只是大体上的。 2.参考译文:这些所谓的已表达的序列标签可能携带有真正的基因信息,但确定这些小块在什么地方及它们的结构是什么样子需要更多的挖掘探究。 3.参考译文:比确定如何申请基因组专利更令人烦恼的是一个更大的问题,任何人到底该不该对人类DNA提出专利要求。 4.参考译文:专利申请者的支持者坚持说,他们可以提出同样有说服力的理由,即进行基因组绘诗作的大型团体需要专利保护以使他们的工作对他们来说是值得的。 5.参考译文:这种论点不是立足于法律,而是立足于对做人意味着什么的理解上——这是一个连联邦最高法院都不太可能解决的问题。 Passage 3 1.参考译文:重商主义学说与制度之所以重要是因为它们被具有影响力的商人和政府首脑们信奉,而正是这些人强有力地影响着国家公共政策与制度的变革。 2.参考译文:如果促进国内产业发展所需的物资难以获得,则最好是通过建立殖民地或友好的国外商栈来进口。 3.参考译文:重商主义者认为,这些增强国力的手段可以由通过并严格执行规范经济生活的法规来实现。 4.参考译文:几乎在弗吉尼亚的烟草刚开始大批运往英国时,英王詹姆士一世便对此征税,同时同意禁止在英国竞争性地种植烟草。 5.参考译文:凡殖民地的贸易,其所用船只必须是英国制造和拥有,船长和至少3/4的船员也必须是英国人。 Passage 4 1.参考译文:网上的东西目前正毫无管制地进入人们的家中,世界各国得找出一种办法,通过某种国际条约或联合国行动,对此加以控制。 1
英译汉的翻译: (1996) 科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同,其中有若干原因。(31)在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。然而,有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理,仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法,这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题,虽然可以避免,但其趋势却令人担忧。(32)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而,可以预见的是,往往会出现一些问题,要求有具体科学的解答。因此,把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器,应维持其良好的运行状态,这种做法通常很有价值。(33)给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 与所有资助项目一样,这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中,要做出抉择就困难得多。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科,而不资助“坏”的学科,这一点值得赞扬,然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。(34)然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(35)同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。(1997) 动物有权利吗?人们通常这样提问。这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。(31)事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。 诚然,根据对权利的一种看法,必然认为动物没有权利。(32)有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样,认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。然而,这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利,而且也剥夺了某些人的权利,例如婴儿,这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。此外,谁也不清楚,对于从来就不同意契约的人来说,这项契约又具有多大约束力,如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”,那你又如何回答呢? 问题的症结在于,如果对人的权利没有一致的看法,争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。(33)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物,要么完全冷漠无情。这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始:我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗? 许多人否认这种提法。(34)这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的,因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。 这种观点认为,折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴,这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上,这种看法非常肤浅,因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。道德推理的最初级形式,和学习爬行的理论一样,是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。那么,这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点,就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。(35)这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。 (1998) 迄今为止,科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是:离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。(1)更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶,又在人们的意料之中:美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号(宇宙
The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.(71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations,including the United States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.(74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact,as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives.(75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more unnatural food.
八级汉译英 1997年: Translation from CHINESE to ENGLISH (30 min) 1 来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样,大多非常刻苦勤奋,周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班,因而比起美国学生来,成果出的较多。我的导师是亚裔人,嗜烟好酒,脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生的勤奋与扎实的基础知识,也特别了解(v-n)亚裔学生的心理。因此,在他实验室所招的学生中,除有一名来自德国外,其余5位均是亚裔学生。(主动和被动改)他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌:“本室助研必须每周工作7天,早10时至晚12时,工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的,共有14位学生被招进他的实验室,最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1999年夏天,我不顾别人的劝阻,硬着头皮接受了导师的资助,从此开始了艰难的求学历程。 【参考答案】 Like other Asian Americans, most Chinese American students are very diligent. They often spare one day even two days of the weekend for the overtime work in the lab, so they harvest more than American students. My advisor, who was an Asian American, had a strong(准)addiction to smoking and drinking, a nd(连词)a n irritable temper as well.(合句,定从,插入语and,with,状从句子,或提一部分作成份)However, he appreciated the industry and the solid basic knowledge of students with Asian origins.He also had a particular keen insight into the mentality of these students. So it was not surprising(用it 句式,补词)that all the students in his lab were from Asia except one from Germany. The advisor was so straightforward as to paste an eye-catching notice on the door of his lab, which read: “It is )无人称句正式)a must that all the research assistants in the lab work from 10 to 12pm every day, and seven days a week. (调整句子)Furthermore, they should spare no effort in working hours.” The advisor was well-known for his strictness and severity through out the university. During the three and a half years of my work there, fourteen students were recruited into his lab, but only five stayed until after they had graduated with a PH.D degree. In the summer of 1999, regardless the dissuasion, I accepted my tutor’s subsidization and from then on I began my hard way of study. 1998年: CHINESE TO ENGLISH 1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店,送走了最后一批客人,已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡,披衣走到窗前,往外看去,只见四周峰峦叠翠,湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊,我想了许多,许多…… On February 24, 1997, our delegation stayed at ZhongXin hotel beside RiyueTan, It was already 3 o'clock of the next morning when we saw off the last group of visitors, I lay down on the