语言学真题

形态学

1. open-class words [浙江大学2007；武汉大学2007研]

【答案】Open-class words refer to words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited and with the emergence of new ideas, inventions, and so on; new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. For example, nouns, verbs, and adjectives all belong to this class.

2. determiners [中山大学2005研]

【答案】Determiner is a word which is used with a noun, and which limits the meaning of the noun in some way. For example, in English, the determiner can be realized by a, this, her, some, etc.

3. lexical word [武汉大学2005研, 浙江大学2005研]

【答案】Lexical word. lexical words are also called content words, referring to those which have lexical meanings，that is，those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

二、选择题

1. Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are items. [北京第二外国语学院2003研]

A. open-class

B. closed-class

C. neither open-class nor closed-class 【答案】B

2. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into . [大连外国语学院2008研]

A. grammatical words and lexical words

B. content words and lexical words

C. grammatical words and function words

【答案】A

三、填空题

1. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different

parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones . [中山大学2008研]

【答案】function words

2. In traditional grammar, is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. [中山大学2006研]

【答案】pronoun

3. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into words and words. [南开大学2007研]

【答案】lexical, grammatical

四、判断正误

1. Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. [大连外国语学院2008研]

【答案】T

2. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. [清华大学2001研] 【答案】F

3. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. [北京第二外国语学院2008研] 【答案】T

一、术语解释

1. Blending [四川大学2008研；西安交通大学2008研；中山大学2008研；武汉大学2004研；南开大学2004研]

【答案】Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two words. For example, teleprinter + exchange→telex; transfer + resister →transistor. And the word “smog”is blended from “smoke”and “fog”.

2. Loanshift [武汉大学2007研]

【答案】Loanshift is a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native. For example, bridge is an English word，but when it refers to a type of card game，the meaning was borrowed from the Italian ponte. The English word artificial satellite is also a case of loanshift to counteract the Russian sputnik.

3. Back-formation [上海交通大学2005研；四川大学2006，2007，2008研；南开大学2004研]

【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor”the word “edit”was generated.

. compound [四川大学2007研]

【答案】Compound refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as the compound words “blackboard”and “well-known”.

5. folk etymology [武汉大学2006研]

【答案】Folk etymology refers to a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification, the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus.

6.meaning shift [中山大学2006研]

【答案】meaning shift: In a narrow sense, meaning shift is used to refer to the change of meaning that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction such as broadening or narrowing of meaning.

二、简答题

A number of interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?

(a) The deceased’s remains were scattered over the hill.

(b) He’s always taking pills, either uppers or downers. [上海交通大学2007研]

【答案】The words “deceased”“upper”and “downer”have undergone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as

zero-derivation，or conversion. In the sentences above, “deceased”, “upper”and “downer”are originally adjectives, meaning “dead”, “higher”and “lower”respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “dead people”, “a drug used as a stimulant.”and “a depressant or sedative drug”, which are nouns.

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