美国文学选读部分习题答案归纳
Unit2 Edgar Allan Poe
1) Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?
It is Montresor. Fortunato has given Montresor thousands of injuries that he has to bear before he has this opportunity of taking revenge.
2) What is the pretext Montresor uses to lure Fortunado to his wine cellar?
He claims that he has just got a cask of Amontilado and stores it in the wine cellar before he may find a connoisseur to testify to its authenticity.
3) What happens to Fortunado in the end?
The deceived Fortunado is killed because of his inability of getting out of the catacomb.
4) Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as contrasts. Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as seemingly contrasting characters chiefly by presenting their identical habit in wine and their different manners towards each other, but actually he intends to show some similarly defective aspects in their nature. The similarity in their nature is also suggested by their names as synonyms in Italian: Mortresor means “fortune” while Fortunado “treasure”. Their defective nature is highlighted when the revenger Mortresor, who is fully prepared on psychological and operating levels, throws the hardly prepared but totally deceived wrong-doer Fortunado into the deep and damp catacomb and blocks up its entrance with huge rocks.
Lecture 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne
Questions :1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?
No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, ev il, and death are unavoidable. This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized life
What is the implication of the description of the roses?
The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities. The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.
2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.
The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges. One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.
3.What has happened to Hester?
As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.
While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.
The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.
Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?
It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin. In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its s ymbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child. And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.
How does this tell us about her character?
Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.
Unit 5 Herman Melville
1. What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?
Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.
He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.
In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that
he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.
Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it.
Moby Dick, who has defied capture numerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men
2. Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?
First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.
Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil. Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?
Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.
3. What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?
In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.
Lecture 6 Herman Melville
1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.
2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?
No, he hadn’t.
He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life.
Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.
He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.
3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?
Yes, it is.
Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.
Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden.
It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.
4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?
Unit 7 19th Century American Poets
1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
(1)I Shot an Arrow…
1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song?
The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be seen by the speaker; whereas the song is naturally invisible.
2. In what circumstances did he find them again?
He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a friend.
3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem?
The images of arrow and song here may stand for friendship.
(2)A Psalm of Life
1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem?
The speaker is a man of action, always optimistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as possible in the short span of life.
2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death?
We should work harder and live happier.
3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time" (line 28).
The metaphor refers to human deeds in real life.
2. Walt Whitman
(1)One's Self I Sing
1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?
It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.
2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?
Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.
3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?
He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.
(3)O Captain! My Captain!
1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?
In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.
2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?
Life is a journey.
3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so
sad?
They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.
3.Emily Dickinson
(1) To Make a Prairie …
1. What things are needed to "make" a prairie? In what sense can one really do it? Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination.
2. How can "revery alone" create a prairie?
The prairie stays in one's mind.
(2) Success Is Counted Sweetest
1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?
Those who have tasted the bitterness of failure would have a keener desire for success.
2. Who are "the purple host"?
The so-called successful people in the world.
3. Who is "he" in the last stanza?
Anyone who is pursuing his success.
(3) I'm Nobody!
1. Who are the "pair of us" and "they" in this poem?
The "pair of us" refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader, and "they" refers to the public, especially those in power.
2. What does "an admiring bog" really mean?" (line 28).
It Implies the vain and empty common people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities.
3. What is the theme of this poem?
The real admirable life is a secluded and common one.
4. Do you want to be "nobody" or "somebody"? Explain your reasons.
Different persons would have different answers to this question. Personally, I prefer to be nobody.
Unit 17 20th-Century American Poets
1. Ezra Pound
In A Station of the Metro
1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?
These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.
2. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for?
Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.
2. Wallace Stevens
Anecdote of the Jar
1. What does the jar in poem symbolize? Why does the speaker place it on top of a hill?
The jar here symbolizes a certain perspective on looking at this world. If the perspective of the viewing is creative and unique, it will change the conventional order of the old world. When a new perspective comes out, it will certainly hold attention from the rest.
2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately importance. What effect does it have on surroundings when placed on the ground?
Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domineering figure, which helps to form a certain order out of the disordered surrounding.
3. How did the wilderness of Tennessee characterized? What words or phrases does the poet use to describe it?
Tennessee seems to a place full of life and energy. “Slovenly,” “sprawl” and “wild” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See Anecdote of the Jar )
4.Robert Frost
(1)Fire and Ice
1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this poem?
Fire symbolizes natural disaster, human passion, as well as war.
2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great for destruction? Explain what ice stands for here.
Ice, oppose to fire, is also a dreadful natural disaster in this world, and ice is always related to indifference, coldness, hatred, and the other negative sentiments of human beings.
3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is more destructive?
Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful world if they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore we should be open-minded and reduce our prejudice and pride so as to keep this world in peace.
(2)Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening
1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made the speaker stop by the woods on a snowy evening?
The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment.
2. Why did the horse give the harness bell a shake?
The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middle of the dark, cold woods at midnight. It was eager to go home.
3. Why couldn't the speaker stay longer by the woods to appreciate its mysterious beauty?
He realized that it was late at night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep, because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do.
4. What is the effect of repetition in the last two lines?
The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward in the journey of his or her life.
(3) The Road Not Taken
1. What is the speaker's initial response to the divergence of the two roads?
The speaker is at a loss which road he should choose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads at the same time.
2. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take?
Two roads are similar except one of them is more “grassy,” which implies that it is less traveled by people. The speaker prefers the less traveled one, because he likes adventure.
3. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker's mind?
One road stands for the traditional one and the other is unconventional one and full of challenges and difficulties. To follow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decision for us to make in our lives.
过程控制系统习题解答
《过程控制系统》习题解答 1-1 试简述过程控制的发展概况及各个阶段的主要特点。 答：第一个阶段50年代前后：实现了仪表化和局部自动化，其特点： 1、过程检测控制仪表采用基地式仪表和部分单元组合式仪表 2、过程控制系统结构大多数是单输入、单输出系统 3、被控参数主要是温度、压力、流量和液位四种参数 4、控制的目的是保持这些过程参数的稳定，消除或减少主要扰动对生产过程的影响 5、过程控制理论是以频率法和根轨迹法为主体的经典控制理论，主要解决单输入、单输出的定值控制系统的分析和综合问题 第二个阶段60年代来：大量采用气动和电动单元组合仪表，其特点： 1、过程控制仪表开始将各个单元划分为更小的功能，适应比较复杂的模拟和逻辑规律相结合的控制系统 2、计算机系统开始运用于过程控制 3、过程控制系统方面为了特殊的工艺要求，相继开发和应用了各种复杂的过程控制系统（串级控制、比值控制、均匀控制、前馈控制、选择性控制） 4、在过程控制理论方面，现代控制理论的得到了应用 第三个阶段70年代以来：现代过程控制的新阶段——计算机时代，其特点： 1、对全工厂或整个工艺流程的集中控制、应用计算系统进行多参数综合控制 2、自动化技术工具方面有了新发展，以微处理器为核心的智能单元组合仪表和开发和广泛应用 3、在线成分检测与数据处理的测量变送器的应用 4、集散控制系统的广泛应用 第四个阶段80年代以后：飞跃的发展，其特点： 1、现代控制理论的应用大大促进了过程控制的发展 2、过程控制的结构已称为具有高度自动化的集中、远动控制中心 3、过程控制的概念更大的发展，包括先进的管理系统、调度和优化等。 1-2 与其它自动控制相比，过程控制有哪些优点？为什么说过程控制的控制过程多属慢过程？ 过程控制的特点是与其它自动控制系统相比较而言的。 一、连续生产过程的自动控制 连续控制指连续生产过程的自动控制，其被控量需定量控制，而且应是连续可调的。若控制动作在时间上是离散的（如采用控制系统等），但是其被控量需定量控制，也归入过程控制。 二、过程控制系统由过程检测、控制仪表组成 过程控制是通过各种检测仪表、控制仪表和电子计算机等自动化技术工具，对整个生产过程进行自动检测、自动监督和自动控制。一个过程控制系统是由被控过程和检测控制仪表两部分组成。 三、被控过程是多种多样的、非电量的 现代工业生产过程中，工业过程日趋复杂，工艺要求各异，产品多种多样；动态特性具有大惯性、大滞后、非线性特性。有些过程的机理（如发酵等）复杂，很难用目前过程辨识方法建立过程的精确数学模型，因此设计能适应各种过程的控制系统并非易事。 四、过程控制的控制过程多属慢过程，而且多半为参量控制 因为大惯性、大滞后等特性，决定了过程控制的控制过程多属慢过程；在一些特殊工业生产过程中，采用一些物理量和化学量来表征其生产过程状况，故需要对过程参数进行自动检测和自动控制，所以过程控制多半为参量控制。
陶洁版美国文学选读_第三版_课后习题答案解析
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学选读名词解释
1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.to some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义):a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period. associated with imagination and boundlessness, as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries.(Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.) II.Features of American romanticism (1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained. (3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” . Ideals：Individualism; political equality Dream：America: a new Garden of Eden (4)American romanticism was both imitative and independent. 3.Transcendentalism 超验主义 The major features of Transcendentalism: ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙 ② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. ③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s ove rwhelming presence. 自然+上帝 Ralph Waldo Emerson. American Transcendentalism:As a philosophical and literary
(完整版)数学归纳法经典例题详解
例1．用数学归纳法证明： ()()12121217 51531311+=+-++?+?+?n n n n Λ． 请读者分析下面的证法： 证明：①n =1时，左边31311=?=，右边3 1121=+=，左边=右边，等式成立． ②假设n =k 时，等式成立，即： ()()12121217 51531311+=+-++?+?+?k k k k Λ． 那么当n =k +1时，有： ()()()()32121121217 51531311++++-++?+?+?k k k k Λ ????????? ??+-++??? ??+--++??? ??-+??? ??-+??? ? ?-=3211211211217151513131121k k k k Λ 322221321121++?=??? ??+-= k k k ()1 121321+++=++=k k k k 这就是说，当n =k +1时，等式亦成立． 由①、②可知，对一切自然数n 等式成立． 评述：上面用数学归纳法进行证明的方法是错误的，这是一种假证，假就假在没有利用归纳假设n =k 这一步，当n =k +1时，而是用拆项法推出来的，这样归纳假设起到作用，不符合数学归纳法的要求． 正确方法是：当n =k +1时． ()()()()32121121217 51531311++++-++?+?+?k k k k Λ ()() 3212112++++=k k k k ()()()()()() 321211232121322++++=++++=k k k k k k k k
()1 121321+++=++=k k k k 这就说明，当n =k +1时，等式亦成立， 例2．是否存在一个等差数列{a n }，使得对任何自然数n ，等式： a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+na n =n (n +1)(n +2) 都成立，并证明你的结论． 分析：采用由特殊到一般的思维方法，先令n =1，2，3时找出来{a n }，然后再证明一般性． 解：将n =1，2，3分别代入等式得方程组． ?????=++=+=603224 26321 211a a a a a a ， 解得a 1=6，a 2=9，a 3=12，则d =3． 故存在一个等差数列a n =3n +3，当n =1，2，3时，已知等式成立． 下面用数学归纳法证明存在一个等差数列a n =3n +3，对大于3的自然数，等式 a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+na n =n (n +1)(n +2)都成立． 因为起始值已证，可证第二步骤． 假设n =k 时，等式成立，即 a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+ka k =k (k +1)(k +2) 那么当n =k +1时， a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+ka k +(k +1)a k +1 = k (k +1)(k +2)+ (k +1)[3(k +1)+3] =(k +1)(k 2+2k +3k +6) =(k +1)(k +2)(k +3) =(k +1)[(k +1)+1][(k +1)+2] 这就是说，当n =k +1时，也存在一个等差数列a n =3n +3使a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+na n =n (n +1)(n +2)成立． 综合上述，可知存在一个等差数列a n =3n +3，对任何自然数n ，等式a 1+2a 2+3a 3+…+na n =n (n +1)(n +2)都成立． 例3．证明不等式n n 21 31 21 1<++++Λ (n ∈N)． 证明：①当n =1时，左边=1，右边=2．
过程控制系统习题答案
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英语文学文化及影视赏析
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(完整版)数学归纳法经典例题及答案(2)
数学归纳法（2016.4.21） 一、用数学归纳法证明与正整数有关命题的步骤是： （1）证明当n 取第一个值0n （如01n =或2等）时结论正确； （2）假设当0(N ,)n k k k n *=∈≥ 时结论正确，证明1n k =+时结论也正确． 综合（1）、（2），…… 注意：数学归纳法使用要点： 两步骤,一结论。 二、题型归纳： 题型1.证明代数恒等式 例1．用数学归纳法证明： ()()12121217 51531311+=+-++?+?+?n n n n Λ 证明：①n =1时，左边31311=?=，右边3 1121=+=，左边=右边，等式成立． ②假设n =k 时，等式成立，即： ()()12121217 51531311+=+-++?+?+?k k k k Λ． 当n =k +1时． ()()()()32121121217 51531311++++-++?+?+?k k k k Λ ()() 3212112++++=k k k k ()()()()()() 321211232121322++++=++++=k k k k k k k k ()1 121321+++=++=k k k k 这就说明，当n =k +1时，等式亦成立， 由①、②可知，对一切自然数n 等式成立．
题型2.证明不等式 例2．证明不等式n n 21 31 21 1<++++Λ (n ∈N)． 证明：①当n =1时，左边=1，右边=2． 左边<右边，不等式成立． ②假设n =k 时，不等式成立，即k k 2131211<++++ Λ． 那么当n =k +1时， 11 1 31 21 1++++++k k Λ 1 1 1211 2+++=++ 第一章 思考题与习题 1－3 常用过程控制系统可分为哪几类? 答：过程控制系统主要分为三类： 1. 反馈控制系统：反馈控制系统是根据被控参数与给定值的偏差进行控制的，最终达到或消除或减小偏差的目的，偏差值是控制的依据。它是最常用、最基本的过程控制系统。 2．前馈控制系统：前馈控制系统是根据扰动量的大小进行控制的，扰动是控制的依据。由于没有被控量的反馈，所以是一种开环控制系统。由于是开环系统，无法检查控制效果，故不能单独应用。 3. 前馈－反馈控制系统：前馈控制的主要优点是能够迅速及时的克服主要扰动对被控量的影响，而前馈—反馈控制利用反馈控制克服其他扰动，能够是被控量迅速而准确地稳定在给定值上，提高控制系统的控制质量。 3－4 过程控制系统过渡过程的质量指标包括哪些内容？它们的定义是什么？哪些是静态指标？哪些是动态质量指标？ 答：1. 余差(静态偏差）e ：余差是指系统过渡过程结束以后，被控参数新的稳定值y(∞)与给定值c 之差。它是一个静态指标，对定值控制系统。希望余差越小越好。 2. 衰减比n:衰减比是衡量过渡过程稳定性的一个动态质量指标，它等于振荡过程的第 一个波的振幅与第二个波的振幅之比，即： n ＜1系统是不稳定的，是发散振荡；1,系统也是不稳定的，是等幅振荡；n ＞1,系统是稳定的，若4,系统为4：1的衰减振荡，是比较理想的。 衡量系统稳定性也可以用衰减率φ 4．最大偏差A ：对定值系统，最大偏差是指被控参数第一个波峰值与给定值C 之差，它衡量被控参数偏离给定值的程度。 5． 过程过渡时间：过渡过程时间定义为从扰动开始到被控参数进入新的稳态值的±5%或±3％ （根据系统要求）范围内所需要的时间。它是反映系统过渡过程快慢的质量指标，越小，过渡过程进行得越快。 6．峰值时间: 从扰动开始到过渡过程曲线到达第一个峰值所需要的时间，（根据系统要求）范围内所需要的时间。称为峰值时间。它反映了系统响应的灵敏程度。 静态指标是余差，动态时间为衰减比（衰减率）、最大偏差、过程过渡时间、峰值时间。 B B n ' = B B B '-= ? 美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight 欢迎阅读数学归纳法典型例题 一. 教学内容： 高三复习专题：数学归纳法 二. 教学目的 掌握数学归纳法的原理及应用 三. 教学重点、难点 四. ??? ??? （1 ??? （2（）时命题成立，证明当时命题也成立。??? 开始的所有正整数 ??? 即只 称为数学归纳法，这两步各司其职，缺一不可，特别指出的是，第二步不是判断命题的真伪，而是证明命题是否具有传递性，如果没有第一步，而仅有第二步成立，命题也可能是假命题。 【要点解析】 ? 1、用数学归纳法证明有关问题的关键在第二步，即n＝k＋1时为什么成立，n＝k＋1时成立是利用假设n＝k时成立，根据有关的定理、定义、公式、性质等数学结论推证出n＝k＋1时成立，而不是直接代入，否则n＝k＋1时也成假设了，命题并没有得到证明。 ??? 用数学归纳法可证明有关的正整数问题，但并不是所有的正整数问题都是用数学归纳法证明的，学习时要具体问题具体分析。 ? 2、运用数学归纳法时易犯的错误 ??? （1）对项数估算的错误，特别是寻找n＝k与n＝k＋1的关系时，项数发生什么变化被弄错。 ??? （2）没有利用归纳假设：归纳假设是必须要用的，假设是起桥梁作用的，桥梁断了就通不过去了。 ??? （3）关键步骤含糊不清，“假设n＝k时结论成立，利用此假设证明n＝k＋1时结论也成立”，是数学归纳法的关键一步，也是证明问题最重要的环节，对推导的过程要把步骤写完整，注意证明过程的严谨性、规范性。 ? 例1. 时，。 ，右边，左边 时等式成立，即有，则当时， 由①，②可知，对一切等式都成立。 的取值是否有关，由到时 （2 到 本题证明时若利用数列求和中的拆项相消法，即 ，则这不是归纳假设，这是套用数学归纳法的一种伪证。 （3）在步骤②的证明过程中，突出了两个凑字，一“凑”假设，二“凑”结论，关键是明确 时证明的目标，充分考虑由到时，命题形式之间的区别和联系。 第1章思考题与习题 1-1 过程控制有哪些主要特点？为什么说过程控制多属慢过程参数控制？ 解答： 1．控制对象复杂、控制要求多样 2. 控制方案丰富 3．控制多属慢过程参数控制 4．定值控制是过程控制的一种主要控制形式 5．过程控制系统由规范化的过程检测控制仪表组成 1-2 什么是过程控制系统？典型过程控制系统由哪几部分组成？ 解答： 过程控制系统：一般是指工业生产过程中自动控制系统的变量是温度、压力、流量、液位、成份等这样一些变量的系统。 组成：参照图1-1。 1-4 说明过程控制系统的分类方法，通常过程控制系统可分为哪几类？ 解答： 分类方法说明： 按所控制的参数来分，有温度控制系统、压力控制系统、流量控制系统等；按控制系统所处理的信号方式来分，有模拟控制系统与数字控制系统；按控制器类型来分，有常规仪表控制系统与计算机控制系统；按控制系统的结构和所完成的功能来分，有串级控制系统、均匀控制系统、自适应控制系统等；按其动作规律来分，有比例（P）控制、比例积分（PI）控制，比例、积分、微分（PID）控制系统等；按控制系统组成回路的情况来分，有单回路与多回路控制系统、开环与闭环控制系统；按被控参数的数量可分为单变量和多变量控制系统等。 通常分类： 1．按设定值的形式不同划分：（1）定值控制系统 （2）随动控制系统 （3）程序控制系统 2．按系统的结构特点分类：（1）反馈控制系统 （2）前馈控制系统 （3）前馈—反馈复合控制系统 1-5 什么是定值控制系统? 解答： 在定值控制系统中设定值是恒定不变的，引起系统被控参数变化的就是扰动信号。 1-6 什么是被控对象的静态特性？什么是被控对象的动态特性？二者之间有什么关系？ 解答： 被控对象的静态特性：稳态时控制过程被控参数与控制变量之间的关系称为静态特性。 被控对象的动态特性：。系统在动态过程中，被控参数与控制变量之间的关系即为控制过程的动态特性。 二者之间的关系： 1-7 试说明定值控制系统稳态与动态的含义。为什么在分析过程控制系统得性能时更关注其动态特性？ 解答： 稳态： 对于定值控制，当控制系统输入（设定值和扰动）不变时，整个系统若能达 到一种平衡状态，系统中各个组成环节暂不动作，它们的输出信号都处于相对静 止状态，这种状态称为稳态（或静态）。 动态： 从外部扰动出现、平衡状态遭到破坏、自动控制装置开始动作，到整个系统 又建立新的稳态（达到新的平衡）、调节过程结束的这一段时间，整个系统各个环节的状态和参数都处于变化的过程之中，这种状态称为动态。 在实际的生产过程中，被控过程常常受到各种振动的影响，不可能一直工作在稳态。只有将控制系统研究与分析的重点放在各个环节的动态特性，才能设计出良好的控制系统。 1-8 评价控制系统动态性能的常用单项指标有哪些？各自的定义是什么？ 解答： 单项性能指标主要有：衰减比、超调量与最大动态偏差、静差、调节时间、振荡频率、上升时间和峰值时间等。 衰减比：等于两个相邻的同向波峰值之比n； 过渡过程的最大动态偏差：对于定值控制系统，是指被控参数偏离设定值的最大值A； y与最终稳态值y（∞）之比的百分数σ； 超调量：第一个波峰值 1过程控制部分习题答案
陶洁版美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案解析
数学归纳法典型例习题
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