英国文学史及作品选读习题集

1 Old & Middle English Literature

Ⅰ. Essay Questions

1. What are the three parts told in the story of Beowulf? How is heroic ideal reflected in Beowulf?

2. State the social significance of William Langland’s Piers the Plowman and comment on the poem’s w riting features.

3. Compare Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales with old English poetry and the works of other Middle English poets to illustrate that Chaucer is the first realistic writer in English literature.

4. What is the function of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1. Old English period (the Anglo Saxon period)

2. Alliteration

3. Prose

4. Courtly love

5. Morality play

6. Couplet

7. Meter

8. Foot

9. Scottish Chaucerians

10. Ballad (Popular ballad)

11. Middle English period

12. Anglo-Norman period

13. Arthurian legend

14. Romance

Ⅲ. Fill the blanks.

1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the_____ poetry and the ____ poetry.

2. _____ is regarded as the “Father of English Song”, the first known religious poet of England.

3. The history of English literature begins in the____ century.

4. _____is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.

5. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d’ Arthur concerning with____ legend.

6. The only important prose writer in the 15th century is Sir______.

7. Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s literary career into three periods: the ____ period, the___ period and the____ period.

8. Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The other two are ____ and ____.

9. The Canterbury Tales contains the ____ and 24 tales, two of which left unfinished.

10. Chaucer employed the _____ couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.

11. The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a ____.

12. When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in ____.

13. Besides Chaucer, King James I also wrote in verses of seven lines, so this kind of verse came to be called the________

14. Compared with Chaucer, “Father of English poetry”, __________ in the 14th century can be called “Father of Scottish Poetry and Scottish History”.

15. The ___________is an important stream of the British literature in the 15th century.

16. The __________century has traditionally been described as the barren age in English literature.

17. Poetry can be classified as narrative or Lyric. Narrative poems stress action, and Lyrics__________.

Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.

1. Beowulf is a ______ poem, describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.

A. pagan

B. Christian

C. romantic

D. lyric

2. Caedmon’s life story is vividly described in _____’s Historic Ecclesiastica.

A. Grendel

B. Bede

C. Cynewulf

D. Beowulf

3. The most important work of Alfred the Great is ____, which is regarded as the best monument of the Old English prose.

A. The Song of Beowulf

B. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People

C. Apollonius of Type

D. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles

4. In the 14th century, the important writers are the following EXCEPT_______.

A. William Langland

B. John Gower

C. Thomas Malory

D. Geoffrey Chaucer

5. Chaucer Was once influenced by Italian Literature. His major work during this period is _____.

A. Troilus and Criseyde

B. The Romaunt of the Rose

C. The Legend of Good Women

D. The Canterbury Tales

6. Chaucer’s active career provided him not only with knowledge but also experiences, which accounted for the wide range of his writings.

7. Chaucer’s narrative poem _____ is based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.

A. The Legend of Good Women

B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

C. The Book of the Duchess

D. Troilus and Criseyde

8. All the following writers belong to the Scottish Chaucerians EXCEPT_______.

A. Robert Henryson

B. William Dunbar

C. Thomas Malory

D. King James I

9. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called____.

A. heroic couplet

B. quatrain

C. Spenserian stanza

D. terza rima

10. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely _______.

A. William Langland’s Piers the Plowman

B. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales

C. J ohn Gower’s Confessio Amantis

D. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Ⅴ. Short-answer questions

1. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?

2. What are the artistic features of Old English poetry?

3. What are the major subjects that the English romance mainly deals with?

4. Summarize Chaucer’s literary ca reer and the representative works of each period.

5. How many groups do the popular ballads fall into according to the contents or subjects?

6. What are the stylistic features of ballads?

Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.

When the sweet showers of April fall and shoot

Down through the drought of March to pierce the root,

Bathing every vein in liquid power

From which there springs the engendering of the flower,

When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath

Exhales an air in every grove and health

Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun

His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run,

And the small fowls are making melody

That sleep away the night with open eye

(So nature pricks them and their heart engages)

The people long to go on pilgrimages

And palmers long to seek the stranger strands

Of far-off saints, hallowed in sundry lands,

And specially, from every shire’s end

In England, down to Canterbury they wend

To seek the holy blissful martyr, quick

In giving help to them when they were sick.

Questions:

1. What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales?

2. How does the author emphasize the transition from nature to divinity?

3. Comment on Chaucer’s contribution of rhymed stanzas.

Keys

Ⅰ. Essay questions.

1. Structurally speaking, Beowulf is built around three fights. The first part deals with the fight between Beowulf and the monster Grendel that has been attacking the great hall of Heorot, built by Hrothgar, the Danish King. The second part involves a battle between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother, a water-monster, who takes revenge by carrying off one of the king’s noblemen. The last part is about the fight between Beowulf and a firedrake that ravages Beowulf’s kingdom.

Beowulf is a pagan poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and

kingship in North Europe. Battle is a way of life at that time. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.

2.Piers the Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It was very popular throughout the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It is a realistic picture of medieval England. But Piers is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem.

Writing features:

(1) Piers the Plowman is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells his

story under the guise of having dreamed it.

(2) The poem is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism.

(3) The poem uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by the

corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. (4) The poem is written in alliteration.

3. The vast bulk of Old English poetry is specifically Christian, devoted to religious subjects. More importantly, it is almost all in the heroic mode due to the great influence of the heroic ideal, i.e. Beowulf is the ideal of kingly behavior. The idealized hero figures predominantly in Old English literature. Middle English romance generally concerns the knight. It makes liberal use of the improbable, ofte4n of the supernatural. Religious writing reflects the unchanging principles of medieval Christian doctrine, which looked to the world to come for the only answer to men’s troubles. William Langland’s Piers the Plowman reflects the great religious and social issues of his day, yet it is written in the form of a dream vision. It is Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.

4. The General Prologue is usually regarded as the great portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely composed of a series of sketches differing widely i8n length and method, and blending the individual and the typical in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also to reveal the author’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavour, to set the tone for the story-telling-one of jollity which accords with the tone of the whole work: that of grateful acceptance of life, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion of

the pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and social groups. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the Prologue. Ranging in status from a knight a humble plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th-century English society. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complementing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): The Old English Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.

2. Alliteration: alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.

3. Prose: Prose is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or written, which is not patterned into the li8nes either of metric verse or free verse.

4. Courtly love: It is a doctrine of love, together with an elaborate code governing the relations betwe4en aristocratic lovers, which was widely represented in the lyric poems and chivalric romances of western Europe during the Middle Ages.

5. Morality play: Morality plays are medieval allegorical plays in which personified human qualities acted and disputed, mostly coming from the 15th century. They developed into the interludes, from which it is not always possible to distinguish them, and hence had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.

6. Couplet: A couplet is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.

7. Meter: Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.

8. Foot: A foot is the combination of a strong stress and the associated weak stress or stresses which make up the recurrent metric unit of a line. The relatively stronger-stressed syllable is called, for short, “stressed”; the relatively weaker-stressed syllables are called “light,” or most commonly, “unstressed”. The four standard feet distinguished in English are: (1) Iambic (the noun is “iamb”): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (2) Anapestic (the noun is “anapest”):two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (3)Trochaic (the noun is “trochee”):a stressed syllable. (4) Dactylic (the noun is “dactyl”):a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.

A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it: Monometer: one foot

Dimeter: two feet

Trimester: three feet

Tetrameter: four feet

Pentameter: five feet

Hexameter: six feet

Heptameter: seven feet

Octameter: eight feet

9. Scottish Chaucerians: The name is traditionally given to a very diverse group of 15th-and 16th- century Scottish writers who show some influence from Chaucer, although the debt is now regarded as negligible or indirect in most cases.

10. Ballad (popular ballad): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad. It is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Ballads are thus the narrative species of folk songs, which originate, and are communicated orally, among illiterate or only partly literate people.

11.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably “modern English”, that is similar to the language we speak and write today.

12. Anglo-Norman period: The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo-Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe.

13. Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.

14. Romance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. The romance and the epic are similar forms, but epics tend to be longer and less concerned with courtly love. Romances were written by court musicians, clerics, scribes, and aristocrats for the entertainment and moral edification of the nobility. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur Charlemagne. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.

1. secular, religious

2. Caedmon

3. 5th

4. Romance

5. Arthurian

6. Thomas Malory

7. French, Italian, English 8. William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer 9. General Prologue 10. Heroic

11. pilgrimage 12. Westminster Abbey

13. rhyme royal 14. John Barbour

15. popular ballad 16. 15th

17. songs

Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.

1. A

2. B

3. D

4. C

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. C

9. B 10. B

Ⅴ. Short-answer questions.

1. Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It was passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Most of its creators are unknown. There are two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group is the pagan poetry represented by Beowulf, the second is the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.

2. (1) The use of alliteration. Each full line has four stresses with a number of

unstressed syllables, three of which begin with the same sound or letter.

(2) The use of vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single idea, such

as the sea is called” swan-road” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”,” battle-hero” or “spear-fighter, etc.

3. The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: the “Matter of France”, the “Matter of Ro me”, and the “Matter of Britain”.

The “Matter of France” means a collection of tales about Charlemagne, the mighty ruler of France and neighbouring countries around 800 A.D., and his peers and their wars against the Saracens.

The “Matter of Rome” covers ev erything from the ancient Romans and the Greeks. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of Greece, Egypt, India and Persian Empire is the favorite hero of this group. Beside this, Trojan War is also dealt with in this group.

The “Matter of Br itain” means the legendary history of Britain. It mainly deals with the exploits of King Arthur and his knights.

4. Chaucer’s literary career is usually divided into 3 periods: the French period, the Italian period and the mature period.

The French period refers to the period of French influence (1359-1372). During this period Chaucer wrote his earliest work: the Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a 13th-century French poem and his first important original work, The Book of the Duchess.

The Italian period refers to the period of Italian influence (1372_1386), especially of Dante and Boccaccio. During this period, Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines: The House of Fame, Troilus and Criseyde, The Legend of Good Women.

The mature period refers to the period when Chaucer had reached full maturity in his literary creation. His masterpiece The Canterbury Tales was produced in this period in which the heroic couplet was used.

5. According to the contents or subjects, popular ballads can divided into different groups. A number of ballads narrating incidents on the English-Scottish border are

known as “Border Ballads”, which deal with bloody battles fought on the border of English and Scotland.

Another important group of ballads is the series of 37 ballads of different lengths in Child’s collection, which tell of the wonderful deeds of Robin Hood, the famous outlaw, and his men. Most ballads do have a love or love-triangle theme. Sometimes love is present in a tender, romantic, even sentimental way.

The fourth group is the sea ballads concerning sailors. The best-known is Sir Patrick Spens.

Quite a few ballads are presented with themes of the domestic life, particularly of the relations between different members of a family. Unnatural relations such as murder and treachery are not infrequently appearing in this group.

6. (1) Its simple language. The simplicity is reflected both in the verse form and the

colloquial expressions. By making use of a simple, plain language of the common people, the ballad leaves a strong dramatic effect to the reader.

(2) The priority of the ballad is the story which deals only with the culminating

incident or climax of a plot.

(3) Most of the ballads are quasi-historical, such as the ballad “Judas” and “Robin

Hood” ballad.

(4) Ballads also tell their stories in a highly characteristic way; they are intensely

dramatic. To strengthen the dramatic effect of the narration, ballads also make full use of hyperbole; actions and events are much exaggerated.

(5) Music has and important influence on the ballads.

(6) Using of refrains and other kinds of repetitions.

Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.

1. The magnificent eighteen-line sentence that opens the General Prologue is a superb expression of a double view of the Canterbury pilgrimage. The first eleven lines are a chant of welcome to the spring with its harmonious marriage between heaven and earth which mellows vegetations, pricks foul and stirs the heart of man with a renewing power of nature. Thus, the pilgrimage is treated as an event in the calendar of nature, an aspect of the general springtime surge of human energy which wakens man’s love of nature. But spring is also the season of Easter and is allegorically regarded as the time of the Redemption through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ with its connotations of religious rebirth which wak ens man’s love of God (divine love). Therefore, the pilgrimage is also treated as and event in the calendar of divinity, an aspect of religious piety which draws pilgrims to holy places.

2. The structure of this opening passage can be regarded as one from the whole Western tradition of the celebration of spring to a local event of English society, from natural forces in their general operation to a specific Christian manifestation. The transition from nature to divinity is emphasized by contrast between the physical vitality which conditions the pilgrimage and the spiritual sickness which occasions the pilgrimage, as well as by parallelism between the renewal power of nature and the restorative power of supernature (divinity).

3. Chaucer introduced various rhymed stanzas to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. He first introduced into English octosyllabic couplet and

the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic couplet. And in The Canterbury Tales, he employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

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