2013届中考英语语法考点知识复习7

数词

数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词有：一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、十一、十九、二十、百、千、万、百万、千万、亿、兆等。

基数词

数词

1）基数词写法和读法：345three hundred and forty-five；

2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：

a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；

b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里；如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。

c. 表示"几十岁":dozens of ages；

d. 表示"年代"，用in the 数词复数；

e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

部分基数词

1 one,

2 two,

3 three,

4 four,

5 five,

6 six,

7 seven,

8 eight,

9 nine, 10

ten, 11 eleven, 12 twelve, 13 thirteen, 14 fourteen, 15 fifteen,16 sixteen, 17 seventeen, 18 eighteen, 19 nineteen, 20 twenty, 30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 60 sixty, 70 seventy,80 eighty, 90 ninety,100 a hundred, 1,000 a thousand, 1,000,000 a million, 1,000,000,000 a billion.

基数词1-12 是独立单词,需逐个记忆。

基数词13-19是个位数词的词干后加-teen 构成。其中thirteen, fifteen, eighteen, 变化不规则。

基数词20-90 是在十位数词后面加-ty 构成。

基数词21-99 是在十位数词后面加上个位数词合成,中间加上连字符" ━ " 。例如: 21 twenty ━ one 95 ninety ━ five

基数词三位以上的数词, 在百位和十位之间,一般要用连词"and "。例如: 132 one hundred and thirty ━ two. 1340 one thousand three hundred and forty . 表示"万"的词英语中没有.如1万可用10千来表示。ten thousand. 30万可用three hundred thousand 来表示。

基数词注意事项

（1）十位数于个位数之间通常用连字符号“-”，一百以上的数词通常在百位与十位之间加and，没有十位数时百位数与个位数之间通常也要加and，例如231 two hundred and thirty-one，509 five hundred and nine,1465 a/one thousand,four hundred and sixty-five

（2）用阿拉伯数字书写千以上的数目时，要由右向左每三位数间由一个空格。第一个空格前为thousand；第二个空格前为million；第

三个空格前为thousand million（英）或billion（美）。

英语中没有万，十万，千万，亿这样的单位数词，故每两个空格间的三位数都被看作“十位数或百位数的千”或“十位数或百位数的百万”。例如56 000 fifty-six thousand 600 000 000 six hundred million （3）dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million等数词前面有基数词或某些表示数量的形容词时，不加-s。例如a few hundred meters 几百米several million people 数百万人two thousand teachers 两千位老师，但如表示“几百”“几千”“几百万”等笼统的数目时，则应用-s of构成短语。如：hundreds of books 几百本书thousands of workers 几千个工人

（4）表示一百，一千，一百万时需加上one或不定代词a。如：1000 a thousand 1031 a thousand and thirty-one 1100 one thousand ,one hundred 1498 one thousand,four hundred and ninety-eight 比较数字的开头多用不定代词a（见前两例），但在一个有百位数的数目前或在一个数目中间，则要用one（见后两例）。

基数词的位置

（1）位于another,all之后，如：Can you have another two cakes? 你还能吃2块蛋糕吗？The boy lost all the five pencils last week.这孩子上周把5枝铅笔全丢了。（2）位于such和more之前，如：I can finish reading two such books in two days.两天里我能读完这样的两本书。Please give me one more apple to eat.请再给我一个苹果吃。

（3）可置于last,next,other之前或之后，如：His last two books are written in English.他的后两本书是用英语写的。

巧记基数词

基数词不难记，找清规律很容易，十二以内词名异；

十三数到十九数去，后加-teen莫忘记。

二十三十至九十，整十之后有-ty；

要说“几十几”，中间“-”号别丢弃，

hundred是“一百”，请你记住莫大意。

序数词

序数词的缩写形式：first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 1.first (1st) 2. second (2nd) 3. third (3rd) 4.fourth (4th) 5.fifth (5th) 6.sixth (6th) 7. seventh (7th) 8. eighth (8th) 9. ninth (9th) 10. tenth (10th) 11. eleventh (11th) 12. twelfth (12th) 13. thirteenth (13th) 14. fourteenth (14th) 15.fifteenfifteenth (15th) 16.sixteensixteenth (16th) 17.seventeen seventeenth (17th) 18.eighteen eighteenth (18th) 19.nineteen nineteenth (19th) 20.twenty twentieth (20th) 21.twenty-one twenty-fist (21st) 22.twenty-two twenty-second (22nd) 30.thirty thirtieth(30th) 40.forty fortieth (40th) 50.fifty fiftieth (50th) 60.sixty sixtieth (60th) 70.seventyseventieth (7th) 80.eighty eightieth (80th) 90.ninety

ninetieth (90th) 100.a/one hundred one-hundredth (100th) 101.one hundred and one one hundred and first (101st) 1000.a/one thousand one thousandth (1000th) 1,000,000.a/one million one millionth (1,000,000th)

除了first, second, third以及和它们一起组成的高位序数词以外，序数词的构成方法是在相应的基数词之后加-th，但要注意fifth, eighth, twelfth等不规则拼法。twenty, thirty等在变为序数词时，要把y变成i, 再加-eth。

用法

一、整数的表示方法

1．表示二十以上的十位数，要在个位数与十位数之间加连字符号。表示百位数，要在百位数与十位数之间(无十位数，则在百位数和个位数之间)加and。在美国英语中，and往往省去。如：68 ─ sixty-eight 156 ─ one/a hundred(and) fifty-six 602 ─ six hundred (and) two

2.书写千位数以上的阿拉伯数字，从后往前每隔三位用一分节号，如：1,000 = one/a thousand 10,000 = ten thousand 100,000 = one/a hundred thousand 1,000,000 = one/a million 在一些科技文章中，千位以上的数不使用分节号，而用一个空白字符表示分节，如：56 112 482。

3．hundred, thousand, million等词前面有具体数字或several修饰

时，不加-s。如：The magazine has two million readers.

不与数词或several连用，可以复数形式出现，表示“数以百计”、“成千上万”等。如：Mr. Smith has donated (捐赠) hundreds of books to the school. (数以百计)

二、倍数的表达方法

1．用…times表示。如：My room is three times as large as yours. 我的房间是你的三倍大小。如果表示“是……两倍数”，一般用twice。如：My room is twice as large as yours. 我的房间是你的两倍大小。

2．用-fold表示。如：The value of the stock has increased two-fold since we bought it . 股票的价值已涨至我们购买时候的两倍。

3．用-%表示。如：The collection of our school library is 200% up compared with 1998. 我们学校图书馆藏书量与1998年相比增长了一倍.

4.用double(翻一番)，triple(三倍于)，again等词表示倍数。如：This coat cost me as much again as the coat I have just bought. 这件外套和我刚买的那件外套的价格一样。

三、分数、小数和百分数表示法

1.分数的分子以基数词表示，分母以序数词表示，当分子大于1

时，序数词要用复数，其写法与读法如下：1/2 —a/one half 1/3 —a/one third 1/4 —a/one fourth; a/one quarter 2/5 —two fifths

2.小数是以基数词加小数点表示，小数点前面的数按基数词的规则读，小数点后面的数按个位基数词依次读出，如：0.5 — zero point five 0.006 — zero point zero zero six 0.257 — zero point two five seven 148.06 —a/one hundred and forty-eight point zero six 其中zero可替换为naught或读作oh。

3．百分数是由基数词或小数加百分号组成，百分号(%)读作per cent，如：0.6% — zero point six per cent 5% — five per cent 100% — one hundred per cent 12.34% — twelve point three four per cent

四、时间的表示法

1．十二小时计时制

使用十二小时计时制，为了避免午前、午后时刻的混淆，有时要在时刻后面加a.m. /am 或p.m. /pm以示区别。如：10:11 a.m.、6:20 p.m.。

2．二十四小时计时制

用于军事或国际时刻的二十四小时制，书写时用四位数字。“时”和“分”之间可用“：”，也可省略。如：0000(零时)、1300(十三时)、18：30(十八时三十分)。年、月、日的表示法

五、年份的表示法

1.年份通常用阿拉伯数字表示，用基数词读。公元前用B.C.表示，公元用A.D.表示，读其字母音。A.D.

一般用于公元1年到公元999年之间的年份。如：公元前502年写作502 B.C. 公元429年写作429 A.D. 公元1000年写作1000。

2．年代表示法年代用年份的阿拉伯数字加-’s或-s表示。如：十七世纪二十年代写作1620’s或1620s。初期、中期、末期分别用early，mid-和late表示。如：三十年代初期写作the early thirties。三十年代中期写作the mid-thirties。三十年代末期写作the late thirties。二十世纪五十年代初期写作the early 1950’s；中期写作the mid-1950’s；末期写作the late 1950’s。

3．月、日的表示法表示月、日既可以先写“月”再写“日”，也可先写“日”再写“月”。如：9月1日写作September 1，读作September the first；或1 September，读作the first of September。表示年、月、日，要将年份放在最后，用逗号和月、日隔开，如1998年7月1日写作July 1, 1998或1 July, 1998。在非正式文体中，年、月、日可以全用数字表示。如：1996年6月10日写作6,10,1996或10,6,1996。为避免误解，宜将月份拼出。

不定数目的表示法

六、“大约”的表示法

(1) about, approximately, around, more or less, roughly, some等词数词，或数词more or less, or so, or t hereabouts等词。如：about / some 1,000 books 2,000 seats more or less approximately 86 miles sixty or so pages / sixty pages or so / sixty pages or thereabouts somewhere也可表示“大约”，如somewhere about 300 people。(2) 基数词或阿拉伯数字末尾-ish。如：I’ll come (at) tenish tomorrow morning. (十点左右) She is 40ish. (五十岁左右) (3) 十位数-s。如：He is in his teens. She is in her forties.

七、“多于……”、“大于……”表示法

(1) above, more than, over等数词。如：above 90 Yuan students over 45

(2) 数词odd。如：20-odd chairs

3.“少于……”、“不到……”表示法almost, below, less than, under等数词。如：almost ten years old less than a minute under two hours

八、数词的特殊用法

1．a 序数词(再一……，又一……)和the 序数词(第……) I’ll see the movie a second time.(再看一次) This is the second time I have seen

the film. (第二次)

2. 具有夸张含义的成语中的数词并不表示具体的数。如：The glass broke into a hundred pieces.(摔得粉碎) Once bitten, twice shy.(一次被咬，下次胆小) A thousand thanks to you.(万分感谢) 形容词是指用来修饰名词的词。

形容词最典型的位置是位于限定词与名词之间，在这种位置上的形容词被称为定语，如：all those three old trees. 所有那三棵老树。形容词的第二个重要位置是在be或其它系动词之后，作主语补语用，如：The door is close. 门是关的。

作主语补语的形容词还可以作宾主补语，如：He pushed the door open. 他把门推开了。

形容词除了作定语、主语补语和宾语补语外，还可以作状语，如：ark brown hair .深褐色的头发。

此外，某些形容词在某些条件下具有名词的句法作用，作主语或宾语。许多形容词没有形式特征，但有些形容词具有形式特征，形容词的典型词尾包括：-able / -ible, 如：comfortable, contemptible -ish / -like, 如：childish, childlike -ful / -less, 如：powerful, powerless -ous, 如：delicious, anxious -y, 如：pretty, dirty

基数词和序数词的用法

1. 基数词的用法

(1) 作定语。如：There are only three boys in the class. 班上

只有3名男生。Ten people will come to the party. 十个人要来参加聚会。

(2) 作主语。如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是个不吉利的数字。Three of them will play football. 他们中有三人要去踢足球。

(3) 作宾语。如：It is worth three hundred. 这件东西值300。The city has a population of three million. 这个城市有三百万人口。

(4) 作表语。如：I am eighteen. 我18岁。Two and two is four. 二加二等于四。

(5) 作同位语。如：Are you two coming? 你们俩来吗？They ten will go abroad. 他们十个人将出国。

2. 序数词表示法

(1) 有时序数词前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思。如：We'll have to do it again. 我们得重做一次。Shall I ask him a third time? 还要再问他一次吗？When Nash sat down,

a fourth man rose to speak. 纳什坐下后，第四个人又起来发言。

(2) 序数词的主要作用作主语。如：The first day of May is International Labour Day．五月一日是国际劳动节。作表语。作表语时，序数词前的定冠词往往省去。如：Lynd was second last year. 林德去年是第二。作宾语。如：He was among the forst to arrive. 他是首批到达的人员之一。作定语。如：May is the fifth month of the year. 五月是一年中的第五个月。作同位

语。如：Who is the woman, the second in the second line? 在第二列第二个的那个妇女是谁？但要注意：在很多情况下，我们可以用基数词代替序数词来表示顺序。如：the second part = Part two （第二部分）the first chapter = Chapter one （第一章）the fourth section = Section four （第四节）

小数、分数、百分数和运算符号

1. 小数表示法

(1) 小数的读法

小数点左边的数通常按基数词读，若为三位以上的数，也可按编码式读法读出，即将数字单个读出；小数点右边的数通常按编码式读法单个读出。如： 6.86 six point eight six 14.15 fourteen point one five 345.456 three four five point four five six 或three hundred and forty－five point four five six

(2) 小数中“0”的读法

“0”在小数中通常读作nought（英）或zero（美），也可读作字母o。如：0.08 （nought）point nought eight 或（zero）point zero eight 9.07 nine point o seven

2. 百分数表示法

百分数中的百分号％读作percent。如：6% 读作six percent 0.6% 读作（nought）point six percent 500% 读作five hundred percent

3. 倍数表示法

倍数表示方法很多，如：This room is four times as big as mine. 这个房间是我房间的四倍。This room is three times larger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大两倍。The output of coal has doubled. 煤的产量增加了一倍。My aunt is as old again as I am. 我姑姑年龄比我大一倍。Productivity is increased three fold. 生产效率提高了两倍。The volume of the Sun is about 1,300,000 times that of the Earth. 太阳的体积约为地球的1300000倍。

4. 加减乘除式的读法

6+5＝11 Six plus five is eleven 或Six and five is eleven. 11-6＝5 Eleven minus six is five. 或Six from eleven is five. 4×5＝20 Four multiplied by five is twenty.或Four times five is twenty. 20÷4＝5 Twenty divided by four is five. 或Four into twenty goes five. 15:5＝3 The ratio of fifteen to five is three. 32 Three squared is nine.

23 Two cubed is eight. 24 The fourth power of two is sixteen. X^(1/2)=Y The square root of X is Y. X^(1/3)=Y The cubic root of X is Y. a ＞b a is more than b. a ＜b a is less than b.

a ≈

b a approximately equals to b. a ≠ b a is not equal to b.

5. 分数表示法

(1) 较小分数的一般读写方法。如：1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds 3/5 three-fifths

(2) 较复杂分数的简明读写方法。如22/9 twenty-two over

nine a/b a over b 或 a divided by b 43/97 forty-three over ninety-seven

(3) 整数与分数之间须用and连接。如：four and a half nine and two fifths

(4) 分数用作前置定语时，分母要用单数形式。注意下列写法与读法。如： a one-third mile1/3英里a three-quarter majority3/4的多数

数词的时间、货币和编码

1. 时刻表示法

(1) 二十四小时计时法

二十四小时计时法通常采用“小时数：分钟数”、“小时数．分钟数”或“小时数分钟数”的形式，如：01:00 凌晨一点(ou) one hour 或one o'clock 01:20 凌晨一点二十分(ou) one twenty或twenty past one 02:00 凌晨两点(ou)two hours或two o'clock 02:10 凌晨两点十分(ou) two ten或ten past two 3:05 凌晨三点五分(ou) three(ou) five 或five past three 09:45 上午九点四十五(ou) nine forty－five 或 a quarter to ten 10:15 上午十点一刻ten fifteen或a quarter past ten 12:00 中午十二点twelve hours或midday或noon 12:45 中午十二点四十五twelve forty－five或a quarter to thirteen 13:00 下午一点thirteen hours 15:30 下午三点半fifteen thirty或half past fifteen 21:15 晚上九点一刻

twenty one fifteen 23:00 晚上十一点twenty-three hours 23:05 晚上十一点零五分twenty-three(ou)five 23:45 晚上十一点四十五分twenty-three forty-five 00:00 零点midnight或zero hour 00:15 零点十五分midnight fifteen或zero hour fifteen 00:30 零点三十分midnight thirty或zero hour thirty

(2) 十二小时计时法

十二小时计时法通常采用“小时数：分钟数” 或“小时数．分钟数”的形式，如：8:12或8.12。为了避免误解，通常加上in the morning / a.m.（上午）或in the afternoon p.m.（下午）以示区别。a.m.是拉丁语ante meridiem的缩写形式，读作/'ei'em /，意思是“上午”，p.m.是拉丁语post meridiem的缩写形式，意思是“下午；晚上”，读作/'pi:'em/。若表示整点钟，可加o'clock，也可不加。如：8.00 a.m./8：00 a.m. 上午八点读作：eight a.m. 或eight in the morning. 8.45 a.m./8：45 a.m. 上午八点四十五读作：eight forty-five a.m. 或a quarter to nine in the morning. 2.00 p.m./2：00 p.m. 下午两点读作：two(o'clock) p.m. 或two (o'clock) in the afternoon. 3.30 p.m./3:30 p.m. 下午三点半读作：three thirty p/m. 或half past three in the afternoon 5.15 p.m./5:15 p.m. 下午五点一刻读作：five fifteen p.m. 或a quarter past five in the afternoon. 8.55 p.m./8:55 p.m. 晚上八点五十五读作：eight fifty-five at night 或five to nine at night (at night指日落后到半夜零时。）

2. 年月日表示法

(1) 在表示年、月、日时，“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。如：June 8, 1946或June eighth 1946：1946年6月8日year two thousand：2000年1950's或nineteen fifties：20世纪50年代250 B.C. 或two fifty B.C：公元前250年240 A.D. 或two forty

A.D：公元后240年

(2) 表示“年”和“月”时，在“年”和“月”前用介词in；表示具体日期时，在“日”前用介词on. 如：in 2003：在2003年in July：在七月on June 24, 1998：在1998年6月24日

3. 英美货币单位表示法

(1) 英镑的符号“￡”放在数字前面，但单位词“pound(s)”放在数字后面。￡50读作：fifty pounds50英镑

(2) 便士可用“P”表示，单数为penny，复数为pence，放在数字后面。1P读作：one penny1便士5P读作：five pence 5便士￡54.36读作：five-four pounds thirty-six pence54英镑36便士They imported nine thousand pounds worth(or value)of tea. 他们进口了价值九千英镑的茶叶。

(3) 美元的符号“$”放在数字前面，但单词“dollars”放在数字后面。$2.25读作：two dollars twenty-five cents2美元25美分$563读作：five hundred sixty-three dollars563美元I got the coat for 90 cents. 我花了90美分买了这件衣服。在借据、文书、帐单等重要文件中，钱数多以英语和阿拉伯数字两种形式写出。如：I owe you (IOU) two thousand dollars($2，000). 今借到两千美元（$2，

000）。

4. 数字的编码式读法

编码式读法指将数字逐一按基数词读出的方法。通常门牌号码、房间号码、电话号码、邮政编码、车牌号码及其他专用编码都采用编码式读法。凡采用编码式读法的数字都应在三位以上，两位数字通常按基数词读，如：Room 34 34号房间读作：room thirty-four extension 2258 2258号分机读作：double two five eight page 518 第518页读作：page five one eight

英语数词学习要点

1. 数词的种类

数词有基序数和序数词两类。基数词表示数量的大小，如one, two, three, four等。序数词表示序数，如first, second, third, fourth等。数词与不定代词、冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词等被称作限定词。

2. 基数词变为序数词的规则

(1)第1至第19一般是在基数词后加th，但变化特殊的有one—first, two—second, three—third, eight—eighth, nine—ninth, five—fifth, twelve—twelfth。

(2)逢十的twenty, thirty…ninety，分别改y为ieth。如

twenty—twentieth, ninety—ninetieth。(3)表示第几十几或第几百几十几，只需将个位数改为序数词。如56—fifty-six—fifty-sixth，635—six hundred and thirty-five—six

hundred and thirty-fifth

3. 基数词的读写方法

(1)三位数的读写法：个位与十位之间用连字符“-”；百位与十位之间加and；十位为零时也要加and。如：365读作three hundred and six-five 605读作six hundred and five

(2)大于三位数的读写法：从个位起每三位打一个撇号“’”，第一个撇号读thousand，第二个撇号读million，各撇号之间的数按三位及三位以下的数的读法读。如：23, 589读作twenty-three thousand five hundred and eighty-nine 6, 632, 900读作six million six hundred and thirty-two th ousand nine hundred 28, 000, 000读作twenty-eight million

4. 序数词与冠词

(1)序数词前一般要加定冠词the。如：It’s the third time I’ve been here.这是我第三次到这里来。

(2)表示在原有的基础上增加，即“又一，再一”时，用不定冠词。如：Shall I ask her a third time? 我还要问她一次吗?

(3)下列4种情况不用冠词。

1. 序数词前已有物主代词或名词所有格时，不能再用冠词。如：This is Tom’s second visit to China.她是汤姆第二次访问中国。

2. 表示比赛或考试的名词时，通常省略定冠词。如：He was (the) second in the English exam.在这次英语考试中他得了第二名。

3. 序数词被用作副词时不用冠词。I have to finish my

homework first.我得先把作业完成好。

4. 在某些习语中不用冠词。如at first起初, first of all首先, at first sight乍一看。

5. 数词的语法功能

(1)作主语：The second was better.第二个好些。

(2)作表语：She was second in her class.她在班上是第二名。

(3)作宾语：I was among the first to arrive.我是第一批到的。

(4)作定语：There are fifty states in the US.美国有五十个话别州。

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