tpo30-l4
12.What does the professor mainly discuss?#
Musical genres that feature the electric guitar.#
Technological advances that made electric guitar possible.#
The popularity of rock-roll music.#
The evolution of the electric guitar.#
13.What does the professor say about the sailors who were stationed in Hawaii after the Spanish-American War?#
They helped popularize steel guitar music among the people of Hawaii.#
They were among the first to play the steel guitar in musical groups.#
They introduced the steel guitar to the mainland United States.#
They altered the second of the steel guitar by redesigning its slide.#
14.Why does the professor mention that the steel guitar was played horizontally?#
To show how it influenced musical styles such as jazz and blues.#
To explain one way of distorting the sound of a guitar.#
To emphasize the versatility of acoustic guitars.#
To explain the need to amplify the sound of acoustic guitars.#
15.What distinguished Les Paul's guitar from electric guitars that preceded it?#
It had a solid body.#
It was played with a sliding steel rod.#
It relied on distortion to create special effects.#
It projected sound toward the audience rather than the ceiling.#
16.What can be inferred about the woman who mentioned Jimi Hendrix?#
She previously did not understand the significance of Les Paul's contribution to the development of electric guitar.#
She enjoys listening to music played on an electric guitar more than the professor does.#
She prefers listening to electric guitar music that is played with no distortion or special effects.# She is convinced that Hendrix's style was influenced by Les Paul's guitar design.#
17.What does the professor mean when he states that Jimi Hendrix's reinvented the electric guitar?#
Hendrix simplified the guitar design to make it easier to play.#
Hendrix discovered and corrected defects in previous guitar designs.#
Hendrix redesigned the guitar to make it louder.#
Hendrix manipulated the guitar to create a distinctive sound.
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Professor=
And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?
#
Student=
The electric Guitar?
#
Professor=
Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n' roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before
that even,people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars. The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK? But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues. Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger. So what would you do?
#
Student=
Find a way to amplify the sound?
#
Professor=
Yes. And to do that,inventors started attaching electronic devices,electrical coils to the acoustic guitars. And the electronics worked! But attaching electronics didn't just affect how loudly you could play. It also changed the quality of the sound. These early electric guitars were hollow and these early amplifiers caused vibrations in the bodies of the instruments. So as the sound got louder,it became more distorted,fuzzy-sounding. And what musicians at the time wanted was a pure,clean sound.
#
Student=
So where does Les Paul fit in? Wasn't he the first to electrify acoustic guitars?
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Professor=
Uh…no. Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.
#
Student=
Excuse me. But when I think of electric guitar music,I think of Jimi Hendrix.
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Professor=
Jimi Hendrix,one of my favorites.
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Student=
But Hendrix's style really was all about distortion,that's what's so great about his music,all those special effects. I think a lot of rock ‘n' roll fans prefer that to a pure sound.
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Professor=
Yeah. You are getting ahead of me here. But good,because the point I was going to make is that the sound of rock ‘n' roll changed over the years. And the designs and technology of electric guitars made those changes possible. So whereas Les Paul's goal was to remove the distortion,later musicians wanted to produce it. And by the time Jimi Hendrix came around. Well,essentially,Hendrix reinvented the electric guitar,in the sense that he created amazing effects and vibrations that changed the sound of rock ‘n' roll completely. So eventually,people tried to improve on Les Paul's model,well,to modify it I should say.
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正确答案，D。内容主旨题。开头介绍不同时期吉他的发展，下文展开了发展和改进。因此本题选D。#
正确答案，C。细节题。介绍弦吉他首次引进美国的情况，教授讲了夏威夷美国士兵倾心那里听到的的音乐。学会弦吉他并带回家。因此，夏威夷士兵是是首次把弦吉他带入美国本土的人。#
正确答案，D。观点组织题。教授说人们听不到乐器的声音因为乐器放置水平演奏，弦发出的声音向上传播而不是对着观众。因此，提到吉他水平演奏的作用是为了解释人们需要更大声音的吉他。#
正确答案，A。细节题。保罗电吉他之前有电吉他，保罗为了去除之前电吉他的扭曲音效，他设计了一个实心的吉他。因此，保罗吉他和之前电吉他的不同是保罗吉他是实心的。# 正确答案，A。推断推理题。学生说一提到电吉他音乐，想到的是Jimi Hendrix。这暗示了学生熟悉Hendrix而不了解保罗，也就不了解保罗对电吉他发展的贡献。#
正确答案，D。细节题。教授提到：Hendrix改造了电吉他，改造在这里指他创造了惊人的音效和振动，这些完全改变了摇滚乐声音。也就是，改造电吉他的具体内容是：Hendrix处理电吉他使其产生与众不同的效果。
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教授=
当你想到摇滚的时候会想到什么乐器？
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学生=
电吉他？
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教授=
非常正确。我觉得说电吉他之音代表着在二十世纪五十年代流行的摇滚乐乐派一点也不过分。但是实际上我们今天知道的乐器是在二十世纪二十年代的基础上以实用为目的不断演化的结果。但是，即使是很久之前，人们也尝试了很多方法去改造传统吉他。第一把吉他是木制的。那是一把西班牙吉他，它的琴弦来自动物制品。然后是钢弦，这产生了膝上吉他，也叫钢吉他，因为演奏者要在脖子上下划动琴弦。这些都是原声吉他。大家听明白了吗？然后终于我们有电吉他了。在过去的几年中，很多发明者和音乐人对于这些乐器的发明都有很大
的贡献。每一种设计都在一些方式上改变了声音，最初，至少它让电吉他变得更响。所以让我们回到弦吉他第一次出现在美国的时候。那时候刚好是在十九世纪九十年代晚期西班牙和美国战争之后不久。驻扎在夏威夷，那里之后变成了美国的一个基地，的水军非常迷恋他们在那里听到的音乐。啊，夏威夷的音乐就是在我刚刚介绍的弦吉他的基础上形成的。一些水兵学会了怎样演奏弦吉他并把它带回了美国的家中。不久,夏威夷吉他音乐在美国大陆风靡一时。实际上它对几个音乐流派的发展都有强烈影响,“摇滚乐”是最典型的,除此之外还有爵士乐和蓝调。不管怎样，到了二十世纪二十年代。对着公众的舞蹈运动，人们开始聚集成一大群听钢吉他。但是他们听不到吉他声，尤其是在大型的公共场所。正如我提到的，吉他是在膝盖上水平演奏的。由于弦是朝上方的，声音被投射到天花板上而不是观众。必须要做一些改变了，因为音乐场馆和观众群越来越大。所以你会怎样做？
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学生=
找个方法扩大声音？
#
教授=
是的。为此，发明者开始将电子设备，电线圈连接到原声吉他上。这些电器很有效！但是连接上这些电器不仅仅影响到你能演奏多大声音，他也改变了声音的音质。这些早期的电吉他是中空的，早期的扩音器就是引起震动的仪器。所以声音越大，音质越扭曲，失真。所以当时音乐家们想要的是一个纯粹干净的声音。
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学生=
所以让Les Paul介入？他不是第一个给原声吉他接上电的人吗？
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教授=
呃。。。不，在二十世纪四十年代左右Les Paul走进这个圈子时，电吉他已经存在了。Pual 做的实验是找到消除电吉他声音失真的方法，他成功了。他设计了一个完全依靠电的实心吉他。Paul设计的实心吉他消除了振动，和因振动产生的声音失真。
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学生=
打扰一下，但是当我听到电吉他音乐，我想到的是Jimi Hendrix
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教授=
Jimi Hendrix是我喜欢的明星之一。
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学生=
但是Hendrix的风格都是失真的，这也是他的音乐伟大的原因，所有的都有特殊效果。我认为有很多摇滚迷更喜欢纯粹的声音。
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教授=
是的。在这里你比我先提出来了。但是很好，因为我正要提到的一点是在过去的这么多年中，摇滚乐的声音是不断改变的。而对电吉他的设计和技术使得这些改变成为可能。所以虽然Les Paul的目标是去除失真，之后的音乐家却想要产生失真的效果。直到Jimi Hendrix的出现。嗯，从本质上讲，Hendrix改造了电吉他，从某种意义上讲，他创造了惊人的效果和振动完全改变了摇滚乐声音。所以，最终，人们是在试图改进Les Paul的模式，嗯，应该说是
修改它。